TYPES OF CLAUSES & SENTENCE STRUCTURES - VALDENOR SOUSA.

Hey, what's up guys!!!...How have you been?!

1) Phrase(It is a group of words) 

2) CLASUE(it is a group of words that contains a NOUN PHRASE and a verb)

• CLAUSE = NOUN PHRASE(subject) + PREDICATE.

• NOUN PHRASE = A noun phrase can be a single noun (or pronoun) or a group of words will act as the SUBJECT of the clause:

SINGLE NOUN

PRONOUN

ADJECTIVE + NOUN

DETERMINER + NOUN

QUANTIFIER + NOUN

• PREDICATE = A predicate is everything that is said about the subject of the clause.

- It contains an action verb or a linking verb (a linking verb describes a condition of the subject: it looks, it is).

- A verb phrase ou verb group consists of a main verb and other auxiliary verbs (including modal verbs).

3) TYPES OF CLAUSES: 

• Independent Clause(or Main Clause)

- It makes sense on its own as a sentence.

- It is independent because it has a complete thought or full  ideia and it makes perfect sense.

• Dependent Clause(or Subordinate Clause)

- It doesn't make sense on its own as a sentence)

4) THREE TYPES OF SUBORDINATE CLAUSE:

• Noun Clause or Nominal Clause.

- It is used as a noun.

- Noun Clauses that start with THAT;

- Noun Clauses that start with IF or WHETHER;

- Noun Clauses that start with a question-word(WHERE, WHO,HOW, WHEN, WHY).

 • Adjective Clause or relative clause.

- It is used as an adjective.

- DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSE.

- NON-DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSE.

• Adverb Clause.

- It is used as an adverb.

5) SENTENCE STRUCTURES:

• Simple Sentence:(1 independent clause, 0 subordinate clause)(Perído Simples)

- It contains ONE independent clause.

- It is also known as Independent Clause.

- For example:

- I like guava juice.

- I woke up in the morning.

• Compound Sentence:(2 independent clause, 0 subordinate  clause)(Período composto por coordenação)

- It contains TWO independent clause and they are linked by a coordinating conjunction(For, And, Nor, But, Or, Yet, So)(FANBOYS).

- REMEMBER: Coordinating conjunction always preceded by a comma. 

- For example: 

- I woke up in the morning, and I brushed my teeth. 

• Complex Sentence:(1independent clause, >1sub. clause)(Período composto por subordinação)

- It contains 1 independent clause and 1 or more subordinate clause, and they are linked by a subordinating conjunction(after, because, even though, etc) or a relative pronoun(who, which, that, etc).

- REMEMBER: A complex sentence always has a subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun.

- For example:

- She brushes her teeth in the morning after waking up.

- I can't wait to meet everyone at the reunion dinner, which is tomorrow.

• Compound-Complex Sentence:(2independent clause, >1sc)

- It contains TWO independent clause and 1 or more subordinate clause.

- For example:

- I woke up in the morning and I brushed my teeth even though everyone else was sleeping.

• QUESTION 1:

She watches the movie.

(A) Simple Sentence

(B) Compound Sentence

(C) Complex Sentence

(D) Compound-Complex Sentence

- "She watches the movie." is a simple sentence.

- A simple sentence has one independent clause.

• The first type of sentence structure:(dêFôrsTáip-óv100têns-sTrókXôr)

• 1 independent clause.

- This is a sentence that has a SUBJECT(dêssêzêi100têns-déRRézêiSâbJéktch) end a PREDICATE(endêi-Prérikê).

- So the subject is just (êzDjêssê) WHO or WHAT(rru-ô-uátch) the sentence is about.

- The predicate is talking about 'what the subject does'.(dêprérikêi-êzTókénabáu-uôta'SâbJékt-Dáz)

- And the predicate is going to include the verb(êzgõin-thuinklu-dêVôrb).

- So let's look at this sentence right here(sôLétslûké'dê100têns-ráiThiôr) "She watches the movie." it is a simple sentence.

- Now let's break it down into its different parts.(ets-Díférên-Pórts) because an indepedent clause it's going to have a SUBJECT and a PREDICATE.

"She watches the movie."

- Who is the sentence about? uhmm well it's about she, so SHE is my subject.

- What does she do?(uóta-xidu) uhmm that's my predicate, she watches the movie.

- Predicate = verb + object.

- The independent clause simple sentence is going to have a subject and a predicate.

- "she" is the subject and "watches the movie" is the predicate.

- And If I want to break that further apart (en-êFáiuãnthuBrêik-dâ-Fôdôr'apór) because the predicate (bikóz'dêprédêkê) it has a verb(êrêrréz-êiVôrb), it's always going to have a verb(óuêisGõin-dêrrévaVôrb), and this case, it also has an object.(êRóusôu-RRézén-Âbjéktch).

- The entire predicate is watches the movie.

- This is a simple sentence(dês'êz-êiSímpôl100tens), it has a subject it has one predicate.

• QUESTION 2:

He plays basketball, but he doesn't play football.

(A) Simple Sentence

(B) Compound Sentence

(C) Complex Sentence

(D) Compound-Complex Sentence

- "He plays basketball, but he doesn't play football." is a compound sentence(kõmpãun100têns).

- A compound sentence has two independent clauses.

• The second type of sentence structure:(dêSSékén'Táip-óv100têns-sTrókXôr)

• 1 independent clause + 1 independent clause.

- If we're talking about a compound sentence, this is when you have 2 independent clauses.

- So it is a sentence with more than one Subject and Predicate.(uêfmôÔ-dênuã-SâbJéckt-end-Prérêkê)

- And it's going to be(ênNêtsGõéndubi) connected(kãNéktêd) by a CONJUNCTION(kõjõkxã).

- "He plays basketball, but he doesn't play football."(rriplêis-BáskêBól-barrí'Dózênt-plêi'FûtBól)

- It's a compound sentence with two(uêfthu) independent clauses.

- Let's break this down little bit for you.

- We have "He plays basketball," that is ONE independent clause, he is the subject, plays basketball is the predicate.

- We have the second independent clause "he doesn't play football", again subject and predicate.

- The conjunction that connects these sentences is the word but.(dêkõjõkxã-dékãNéks-díz100TÊNS-êsduôrd-bât)

• QUESTION 3:

Before I go to sleep, I like to read in bed.

(A) Simple Sentence

(B) Compound Sentence

(C) Complex Sentence

(D) Compound-Complex Sentence

- "Before I go to sleep, I like to read in bed." is a complex sentence(Kõmpléks100têns) and we're gonna get a little more detail.(uigãnagué-aLíromôr-ditél)

• The third type of sentence structure:(dêTôri'Táip-óv100têns-sTrókXôr)

• 1 independent clause + at least 1 dependent clause.

• at least 1 dependent clause + 1 independent clause.

- It is a sentence that it's going to have ONE independent clause and at least ONE dependent clause, it may have more than that.(êtMêi-rrévmôr-dênNé)

- But it's a sentence that's going to have ONE independent clause and at least ONE dependent clause.(ÉtLíst-uã-diPéndên-klóz).

- The dependent clause is likely going to begin with a subordinating conjunction.(uêFêi-sôBôrdNêirén'kõjõkxã).

- And you're probably thinking, what is a subordinating conjunction???(EníupróbaFênkên)

- So those are words like(sô12óuôrdsLáik): AFTER (Áftôr), BEFOR (bêfôr), WHILE(uÁiôu), WHEN(uén).

- They often come at the beginning of a dependent clause.

- "Before I go to sleep, I like to read in bed."(bêfôr-áigôrêsLíp-áiLáik-thuRírênBéd)

- "Before I go to sleep," that is a dependent clause because it is not a full sentence.

- If I just say something like "Before I go to sleep,"(êfáidjôssêi-SãmtêmLáik), you're probably thinking , what?well, I need more information.

- It is not a complete thought, it is not a full sentence.(êrêznara-kãPlít-Fó)

- BEFORE is a subordinating conjuction, it comes at the beginning of the dependent clause.

- Now "I like to read in bed." this is a full sentence, it is an independent clause, it is easy to understand, if I tell you this on its own you understand what it means.(Ãnêts'õ- iuãndôrsTên-uórêMîns)

- So when we put these together "Before I go to sleep, I like to read in bed." that is a complex sentence.(pôTízthuguédôr-Dárêz-êi-Kõmpleks100têns)

- Punctuation(põkthíuêixén), comma(cama).

- In this case, the dependent clause is first.

- The dependent clause it does not always have come first.

- It can come before the independent clause.

* dependent clause + independent clause

- It can come after the independent clause.

* independent clause + dependent clause.

• "Before I go to sleep, I like to read in bed."

(bêfôr'áigôrê'sLíp---áiLáikthuRíren'béd)

• "I like to read in bed before I go to sleep."

(áiLáikthuRíren-bédbêfôr-áigôrê'sLíp)

- What's changed?

-  When the dependent clause comes first you need to separate them with a comma.

- Dependent clause COMMA independent clause.

-  When the dependent clause comes after the independent clause there is no comma.

- This become important because there is a slight pause when you have that comma.

• "I like to read in bed before I go to sleep."

(áiLáikthuRíren-bédbêfôr-áigôrê'sLíp)

- Oftentimes even when we're speaking, even when we're having a conversation this uhmm this is going to affect the way that we say things.

• QUESTION 4:

You left after 10 minutes, but they you come back.

(A) Simple Sentence

(B) Compound Sentence

(C) Complex Sentence

(D) Compound-complex Sentence

- "You left after 10 minutes, but then you come back." is a Compound-complex Sentence.

- A compound-complex sentence has two independent clauses and at least one dependent clause.

• The fourth type of sentence structure:

• 2 independent clause + at least 1 dependent clause.

• "You left after 10 minutes, but then you come back."(iúLéft-áftôTén'Mên'néts-bátên'niu'kãmBék).

- "You left" is a independent clause because it has a subject and a predicate, it is a very short sentence but if I say this to you, you left, he left, she left, you understand what that means(uótáMíns), it is a full thought, it is a complete thought.

- "after ten minutes" is a dependent clause because often it is going to begin with that (uêta) subordinating conjunction.

- Remember: after, before, when, while, because, those are all(12ôról) subordinating conjunctions which tell us uh okay it is a dependent clause.

- "but then you come back." it is an independent clause because it has a subject and a predicate and it is a full thought, it is a complete thought.

• QUESTION 5:

After I brush my teeth, I get dressed for work.

(áfthôráiBráxi'máiThíf-áiguéDréstch-fôr'uôrk)

(A) Simple Sentence

(B) Compound Sentence

(C) Complex Sentence

(D) Compound-Complex Sentence

- This is a "complex sentence".

• QUESTION 6:

Go wash your hands, or you can't eat.

(gôu'óxi-ióRRénds-ouíkén-í)

(A) declarative sentence(dikléurêRêv-100Têns)

(B) interrogative sentence(ênnóróguêRêv-100Têns)

(C) imperative sentence(imPéurêRêv-100Têns)

(D) exclamatory sentence(ÊksKlãmaThóri-100Têns)

- It is imperative sentence because it's like a command(kãMénd), I'm giving you a command, I'm telling you to do something.

- It is also a compound sentence because I have two independent sentences and I'm combining them with that conjunction(uêtâ-kõjõkxã) "or".