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❑ PROVA DE LÍNGUA INGLESA:
• IME-VESTIBULAR-2019-LÍNGUA INGLESA.
❑ TEXTO: Para as questões de 01 a 10, escolha a alternativa que completa o texto corretamente.
__(02)__ her fans and many of her Hollywood colleagues was her creative side. They were unaware that __(03)__ the cameras were not rolling, Ms. Lamarr might be at home at her drawing board, diligently working at some concept that might lead to a commercial product or a patentable invention.
__(04)__ an admirer of Hedy Lamarr the movie star (I particularly remember her in "Ziegfeld Girl," costarring James Stewart, Judy Garland, Lana Turner, and Tony Martin, and "H. M. Pulham, Esq.," with Robert Young and Van Heflen), I too was unaware of her innovative proclivities until 1984, when historian of cryptology David Kahn authored an article in IEEE Spectrum. It revealed to the uninitiated the existence of a 1941 patent __(05)__ to Lamarr and her coinventor, George Antheil, based on frequency-hopping and titled "Secret Communication System." World War II __(06)__ in Europe, and Hedy, a native Austrian, left her munitions magnate husband Friedrich Mandl and relocated to the United States in 1937. As Hitler moved relentlessly in his attempt to conquer most of northern Europe, she was appalled by the German U-boat sinking of the SS City of Benarus. (…). She considered quitting the movie business and offering her services to the newly organized National Inventors Council (NIC), __(07)__ to evaluate technology that could be useful in wartime, and chaired by inventor Charles Kettering. She did __(08)__ , however.
In Hollywood,
Hedy had met George Antheil, not an engineer but a composer with "a fair
grasp of electronics," as historian Kahn expressed it. Antheil joined
her in her attempt to devise a jamproof guidance system for Allied torpedoes.
A year before Pearl Harbor, she told Antheil she knew "a good deal
about new munitions and various secret weapons,”
presumably knowledge acquired while she was privy to discussions between Mandl
and his munitions agents.
While not on
the movie set, Lamarr would work with Antheil in her apartment to move her idea
from concept to a practical system. In her early working documents a
reference is made to the 116RX, the 1939 Philco radio console
that featured the first wireless remote control (termed the Mystery
Control and offering the listener options to select up to eight
stations, a volume control, and an off switch). This __(09)__ just one among
several inputs that inspired her to __(10)__ the idea she called
"hopping of frequencies" (...)
CHRISTIANSEN, D. Adaptado de From Film Star to Frequency-Hopping Inventor. In: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. Disponível em: http://te.ieeeusa.org/2012/Apr/backscatter.asp
Acesso em: 15/06/2018
01 – (IME-VESTIBULAR-2019)
(A) ought to know
(B) must not know
(C) should have known
(D) will have known
(E) may not know
➧ MAY é utilizado em contexto de POSSIBILIDADE:
(1) THEY MAY KNOW = PERHAPS THEY KNOW.
(2) THEY MAY NOT KNOW = PERHAPS THEY DON'T KNOW.
02 – (IME-VESTIBULAR-2019)
(A) Spotted by
(B) Unknown to
(C) Shadowed under
(D) Disguised as
(E) Characterized by
03 – (IME-VESTIBULAR-2019)
(A) before
(B) during
(C) for
(D) when
(E) after
04 – (IME-VESTIBULAR-2019)
(A) Despite
(B) Since
(C) Although
(D) Anyhow
(E) Unless
05 – (IME-VESTIBULAR-2019)
(A) transferred
(B) tackled
(C) addressed
(D) authorized
(E) issued
06 – (IME-VESTIBULAR-2019)
(A) can have
raged
(B) should have been raging
(C) would have raged
(D) had been raging
(E) could be raging
07 – (IME-VESTIBULAR-2019)
(A) exempted
(B) designed
(C) dismissed
(D) entwined
(E) chartered
08 – (IME-VESTIBULAR-2019)
(A) owt
(B) neither
(C) both
(D) any
(E) each
09 – (IME-VESTIBULAR-2019)
(A) wouldn't have been
(B) could have been
(C) must have never been
(D) hadn't ever been
(E) had almost been
10 – (IME-VESTIBULAR-2019)
(A) come up with
(B) come down on
(C) come through
(D) come over
(E) come about
❑ TEXTO: Para as questões 11 a 13, responda de acordo com o texto a seguir.
Corporate control and global governance of marine genetic resources
Introduction
The prospect of the ocean
generating a new era of "blue growth" is increasingly finding its way
into national and international policy documents around the world and has
spurred a rush to claim ocean space and resources. If economic activities
in coastal and offshore areas are to expand in an equitable and sustainable
manner, in line with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), progress is
needed toward addressing multiple and potentially conflicting uses of
ocean space within national jurisdictions, in addition to developing a
consistent and transparent legal framework for the vast areas beyond
national jurisdiction (ABNJ). These areas cover 64% of the world’s ocean and
47% of the Earth’s surface yet remain poorly understood or described. Marine
organisms have evolved to thrive in the extremes of pressure, temperature,
chemistry, and darkness found in the ocean, resulting in unique
adaptations that make them the object of commercial interest, particularly for
biomedical and industrial applications. By 2025, the global market for
marine biotechnology is projected to reach $6.4 billion, spanning a broad
range of commercial purposes for the pharmaceutical, biofuel, and chemical
industries. One way to ensure exclusive access to these potential economic
benefits is through patents associated with "marine genetic
resources"(MGRs). Although the term MGRs has never been formally
described, it suggests a subset of “genetic resources”, which have been
defined under the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) as “genetic material
of actual or potential value”. ___ 71___ . The adoption of the Nagoya Protocol
in 2010 represented an important step within the international policy
arena to define obligations associated with monetary and nonmonetary benefit
sharing of genetic resources and their products sourced from within national
jurisdictions. No such mechanism currently exists for ABNJ.
(...)
BLASIAK, R.; JOUFFRAY, JB.; WABNITZ, C.; SUNDSTROM, E. e OSTERBLOM, H. Adaptado de Corporate control and global governance of marine genetic resources. In: Science Advances. Disponível em <http://advances.sciencemag.org/content/4/6/eaar5237.full>. Acesso em: 07/08/2018.
11 – (IME-VESTIBULAR-2019)
Choose the correct option.
(A) Ocean space
and resources have had their ownership completely established.
(B) There is no legal doctrine regarding the uses of ocean space beyond
national jurisdiction.
(C) Although "blue growth" is not economically attractive, some
organizations need to own ocean space.
(D) A good deal of knowledge has already been gathered about ocean space beyond
national jurisdiction.
(E) Corporate institutions have studied more than half of our planet's surface.
Escolha a opção correta.
(A) Ocean space and resources have had their ownership completely established. O espaço e os recursos oceânicos tiveram a sua propriedade completamente estabelecida.
(B) There is no legal doctrine regarding the uses of ocean space beyond national jurisdiction. Não existe doutrina jurídica relativa aos usos do espaço oceânico fora da jurisdição nacional.
(C) Although "blue growth" is not economically attractive, some organizations need to own ocean space. Embora o “crescimento azul” não seja economicamente atraente, algumas organizações precisam possuir espaço oceânico.
(D) A good deal of knowledge has already been gathered about ocean space beyond national jurisdiction. Já foi reunido muito conhecimento sobre o espaço oceânico para além da jurisdição nacional.
12 – (IME-VESTIBULAR-2019)
Choose the correct option.
(A) Corporations intend to use patents associated with deep-sea marine genetic
resources to guarantee they are the only ones to profit.
(B) Industries willing to use the genetic material of organisms which have
adapted to deep sea environment must follow the Nagoya Protocol no matter
where they are exploring the sea.
(C) The international policy has already established the most profitable type
of commercial use for some specific genetic resources.
(D) Equitable and sustainable development depend on laws defining the
non-commercial use of the genes from marine organisms.
(E) Pharmaceutical, biofuel, and chemical industries are obliged to invest in a
broad range of the marine environment until 2025.
Escolha a opção correta.
(A) Corporations intend to use patents associated with deep-sea marine genetic resources to guarantee they are the only ones to profit. As empresas pretendem utilizar patentes associadas aos recursos genéticos marinhos de águas profundas para garantir que sejam as únicas a lucrar.
(B) Industries willing to use the genetic material of organisms which have adapted to deep sea environment must follow the Nagoya Protocol no matter where they are exploring the sea. As indústrias dispostas a utilizar o material genético de organismos que se adaptaram ao ambiente do mar profundo devem seguir o Protocolo de Nagoya, independentemente do local onde exploram o mar.
(C) The international policy has already established the most profitable type of commercial use for some specific genetic resources. A política internacional já estabeleceu o tipo de uso comercial mais rentável para alguns recursos genéticos específicos.
(D) Equitable and sustainable development depend on laws defining the non-commercial use of the genes from marine organisms. O desenvolvimento equitativo e sustentável depende de leis que definam o uso não comercial dos genes de organismos marinhos.
13 – (IME-VESTIBULAR-2019)
Choose the appropriate continuation for
"Although the term MGRs has never been formally described, it suggests a subset of 'genetic resources,' which have been defined under the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) as 'genetic material of actual or potential value'."
(A) However,
their substantial financial resources enable them to develop commercial
applications despite uncertain timelines and returns on investment.
(B) Past research has focused on countries where patents have been registered
rather than the individual actors registering them.
(C) Because of this, transnational corporations have a unique ability to
capitalize on and monopolize markets characterized by global scope and
complexity.
(D) The registration of patent claims involving such resources constitutes an
opaque and rapidly evolving frontier where the worlds of science, policy,
and industry meet.
(E) This facilitates the acquisition or collection of samples, for example,
chartering vessels for a week-long sampling cruise of deep-water corals
estimated in 2013 at $455,000.
Escolha a continuação apropriada para
"Although the term MGRs has never been formally described, it suggests a subset of 'genetic resources,' which have been defined under the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) as 'genetic material of actual or potential value'." "Embora o termo MGR nunca tenha sido descrito formalmente, ele sugere um subconjunto de 'recursos genéticos', que foram definidos na Convenção sobre Diversidade Biológica (CDB) como 'material genético de valor real ou potencial'."
(A) However, their substantial financial resources enable them to develop commercial applications despite uncertain timelines and returns on investment. No entanto, os seus recursos financeiros substanciais permitem-lhes desenvolver aplicações comerciais apesar dos prazos e retornos do investimento incertos.
(B) Past research has focused on countries where patents have been registered rather than the individual actors registering them. A investigação anterior centrou-se nos países onde as patentes foram registadas e não nos intervenientes individuais que as registaram.
(C) Because of this, transnational corporations have a unique ability to capitalize on and monopolize markets characterized by global scope and complexity. Devido a isto, as empresas transnacionais têm uma capacidade única de capitalizar e monopolizar mercados caracterizados por um âmbito e complexidade globais.
(D) The registration of patent claims involving such resources constitutes an opaque and rapidly evolving frontier where the worlds of science, policy, and industry meet. O registo de reivindicações de patentes envolvendo tais recursos constitui uma fronteira opaca e em rápida evolução onde os mundos da ciência, da política e da indústria se encontram.
❑ TEXTO: Para as questões 14 e 15, responda de acordo com o texto a seguir.
The discovery of penicillin — New insights after more than 75 years of clinical use
ABSTRACT
After just over 75 years of
penicillin's clinical use, the world can see that its impact was immediate and
profound. In 1928, a chance event in Alexander Fleming’s London laboratory
changed the course of medicine. However, the purification and first
clinical use of penicillin would take more than a decade. Unprecedented United
States/Great Britain cooperation to produce penicillin was incredibly
successful by 1943. This success overshadowed efforts to produce penicillin
during World War II in Europe, particularly in the Netherlands. Information
about these efforts, available only in the last 10–15 years, provides new
insights into the story of the first antibiotic. Researchers in the Netherlands
produced penicillin using their own production methods and marketed it in
1946, which eventually increased the penicillin supply and decreased the price.
The unusual serendipity involved in
the discovery of penicillin demonstrates the difficulties in finding new
antibiotics and should remind health professionals to expertly manage
these extraordinary medicines.
(...)
GAYNES, R. The Discovery of Penicillin-New Insights After More Than 75 Years of Clinical Use. In: Science, 2017 Disponível em:<http://wwwnc.cdc.gOv/eid/article/23/5/16-1556_article>.
Acesso em: 26/06/2018.
14 – (IME-VESTIBULAR-2019)
Choose the correct option.
(A) Dutch researchers produced penicillin for it was cheaper than before.
Concerning the supply of it, the increase was automatic.
(B) The first clinical use of penicillin was not immediate owing to the impact
of its discovery. This delay changed the History of Medicine.
(C) The efforts by the Netherlands to produce the new drug weren't regarded as
valuable until around a decade ago.
(D) It is impossible that penicillin's first clinical use dates back more than
75 years.
(E) The US and Great Britain succeeded in producing penicillin right after
1943.
Escolha a opção correta.
(A) Dutch researchers produced penicillin for it was cheaper than before. Concerning the supply of it, the increase was automatic. Pesquisadores holandeses produziram penicilina porque era mais barata do que antes. Quanto ao fornecimento, o aumento foi automático.
(B) The first clinical use of penicillin was not immediate owing to the impact of its discovery. This delay changed the History of Medicine. O primeiro uso clínico da penicilina não foi imediato devido ao impacto de sua descoberta. Esse atraso mudou a História da Medicina.
(C) The efforts by the Netherlands to produce the new drug weren't regarded as valuable until around a decade ago. Os esforços dos Países Baixos para produzir o novo medicamento não eram considerados valiosos até cerca de uma década atrás.
(D) It is impossible that penicillin's first clinical use dates back more than 75 years. É impossível que o primeiro uso clínico da penicilina remonte há mais de 75 anos.
15 – (IME-VESTIBULAR-2019)
Choose the correct option. The meaning of the word "serendipity" in the sentence:
"The unusual serendipity involved in the discovery of penicillin demonstrates the difficulties in finding new antibiotics (...)" is:
(A) strategy.
(B) fluke.
(C) nuisance.
(D) plan.
(E) mishap.
Choose the correct option. The meaning of the word "serendipity" in the sentence:
Escolha a opção correta. O significado da palavra "serendipity"(serendipidade) na sentença:
"The unusual serendipity involved in the discovery of penicillin demonstrates the difficulties in finding new antibiotics (...)"(O acaso incomum envolvido na descoberta da penicilina demonstra as dificuldades em encontrar novos antibióticos) é:
(A) strategy. estratégia
(B) fluke. acaso
(C) nuisance. incômodo
(D) plan. plano
❑ TEXTO: Para as questões 16 a 20, responda de acordo com o texto a seguir.
Frank Whittle and the invention of the jet engine:
six places to trace his genius
It was, in many ways, a
very British sort of achievement. When the turbine began to spin on the
"WU" – the prototype jet engine developed by the Coventry-born
engineer Frank Whittle – it was a moment which changed the world. Had
you been passing through the byways of Rugby, in Warwickshire, more than
80 years ago, you might even have heard it. A thrum of mechanics in sync,
building and building, growing in intensity to become a roar; a giddy howl
which would permanently alter the way we journey around our planet.
And yet it might so easily
not have happened. Whittle's triumph – on April 12, 1937 – was garnered in the
face of official indifference and scientific doubt, and was only pulled
off by a merest financial hair’s breadth, with the Second World War
crowding in on all sides.
(...)
Here was a visionary who
began fomenting his design for a jet engine as early as 1927, and patented it
in 1930, yet had to swim against the current after seeing his idea
pooh-poohed by the UK's Air Ministry – which, upon seeing the blueprint in
1929, deemed it "impracticable."
Undeterred, Whittle took
his own path. In January 1936, he founded a private company, Power Jets Ltd,
with aeronautical engineer Rolf Dudley Williams and retired RAF officer
James Collingwood Tinling. With £2,000 of funding from O.T. Falk &
Partners – an investment bank which was known for taking risks – the trio began
converting what had been decried as fantasy into reality.
That first blur of blades
as the WU (Whittle Unit) screamed into life was followed by a series of leaps
forward. The Air Ministry placed its first order for Whittle’s brainwave
in January 1940. The first jet-powered British plane took off from
RAF Cranwell, Lincolnshire, on May 15, 1941. The rest is so much history.
None of this occurred in
isolation. The story of the jet engine can never be told without mentions of
Maxime Guillaume, who secured a French patent for a jet engine with a gas
turbine in 1921 (no prototype was ever produced as it was beyond the scope
of existing technology), and of Hans Von Ohain, who beat Whittle to the punch
by building the first fully operational jet engine in 1939 as Germany
chased advantages in the global conflict.
(...)
RAF = Royal Air
Force
LEADBEATER, C. Adaptado de Frank Whittle and the invention of the jet engine: Six places to trace his genius. In: The Telegraph. Disponível em:<https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/destinations/europe/united kingdom/england/articles/frank-whittle-and-the-birthof-the-jet-engine/>.Acesso em: 08/06/2018.
16 – (IME-VESTIBULAR-2019)
Choose the correct option.
(A) Some 80 years ago, someone could have witnessed the jet engine tests if the
person had been in Rugby.
(B) The spinning of the turbine in 1937 would not be a milestone in history.
(C) What happened in the city where Whittle was born changed the world 80 years
after it, and this is very British.
(D) Eventually, Whittle could prove there had been a reason for people to doubt
his invention could work.
(E) The giddy howl justified the existence of official indifference, but not
the way we travel today.
(A) Some 80 years ago, someone could have witnessed the jet engine tests if the person had been in Rugby. Há cerca de 80 anos, alguém poderia ter testemunhado os testes do motor a jato se estivesse no Rugby.
(B) The spinning of the turbine in 1937 would not be a milestone in history. O giro da turbina em 1937 não seria um marco na história.
(C) What happened in the city where Whittle was born changed the world 80 years after it, and this is very British. O que aconteceu na cidade onde Whittle nasceu mudou o mundo 80 anos depois, e isso é muito britânico.
(D) Eventually, Whittle could prove there had been a reason for people to doubt his invention could work. No final, Whittle poderia provar que havia uma razão para as pessoas duvidarem que sua invenção pudesse funcionar.
17 – (IME-VESTIBULAR-2019)
Choose the correct option.
(A) People seemed to want to sponsor Whittle. This is the only reason why his
triumph was garnered.
(B) Whittle triumphed a decade after he got funds to be invested in his
project.
(C) A large amount of money was available for his project before the Second
World War began.
(D) Whittle's problems had to do with low amount of money and contempt for his
project.
(E) If Williams and Tinling had been convinced of Whittle’s ideas, they would
have contributed to the project.
Escolha a opção correta.
(A) People seemed to want to sponsor Whittle. This is the only reason why his triumph was garnered. As pessoas pareciam querer patrocinar Whittle. Esta é a única razão pela qual seu triunfo foi conquistado.
(B) Whittle triumphed a decade after he got funds to be invested in his project. Whittle triunfou uma década depois de conseguir fundos para investir em seu projeto.
(C) A large amount of money was available for his project before the Second World War began. Uma grande quantia de dinheiro estava disponível para seu projeto antes do início da Segunda Guerra Mundial.
(D) Whittle's problems had to do with low amount of money and contempt for his project. Os problemas de Whittle tinham a ver com a baixa quantia de dinheiro e o desprezo por seu projeto.
18 – (IME-VESTIBULAR-2019)
Choose the correct option.
(A) Whittle patented his invention right after the test proved he was right
and, consequently, he had money to found a company.
(B) Whittle had been swimming against the current for three years when the
thrum that became a roar meant a real change in History.
(C) lt's not such a surprise O.T. Falk & Partners funded a project that had
been seen with a certain disdain since it was a bank which took risks.
(D) At the time Whittle's project was funded, another jet engine project had
been patented in France ten years before. However, there was no prototype
of that.
(E) The institution that dismissed Whittle's ideas is not the same that ordered
him a jet plane in 1940.
Escolha a opção correta.
(A) Whittle patented his invention right after the test proved he was right and, consequently, he had money to found a company. Whittle patenteou sua invenção logo após o teste provar que ele estava certo e, consequentemente, ele tinha dinheiro para fundar uma empresa.
(B) Whittle had been swimming against the current for three years when the thrum that became a roar meant a real change in History. Whittle nadava contra a corrente há três anos quando o barulho que se tornou um rugido significou uma mudança real na História.
(C) lt's not such a surprise O.T. Falk & Partners funded a project that had been seen with a certain disdain since it was a bank which took risks. Não é uma surpresa O.T. A Falk & Partners financiou um projeto que era visto com certo desdém por se tratar de um banco que assumia riscos.
(D) At the time Whittle's project was funded, another jet engine project had been patented in France ten years before. However, there was no prototype of that. Na época em que o projeto de Whittle foi financiado, outro projeto de motor a jato havia sido patenteado na França dez anos antes. No entanto, não havia nenhum protótipo disso.
19 – (IME-VESTIBULAR-2019)
Choose the correct option. The sentence:
"That first blur of blades as the WU (Whittle Unit) screamed into life was followed by a series of leaps forward"
means that
(A) after the
project was conceived, there were many other difficulties.
(B) in 1939, the gap between engine blades still had to be adjusted.
(C) the British jet took off ten years after a number of mistakes occurred.
(D) before 1940, the orders for what had been decried as fantasy were placed.
(E) after the tests, a number of facts led to a positive progress.
20 – (IME-VESTIBULAR-2019)
Choose the correct option.
(A) The fact that more than a person developed ideas that couldn't be
accomplished explains why Guillaume couldn't provide a prototype in 1921.
(B) The story of the jet engine needs to mention the other people that were
working together with Whittle's group in the WU (Whittle Unit).
(C) The idea of sound appears three times in the text to refer to the fact that
the project was accepted.
(D) Whittle's building a prototype engine took place three years before Von
Ohain's building an operational jet engine.
(E) Von Ohain put his idea into practice to be used by England's enemy before
Whittle and his partners.
Escolha a opção correta.
(A) The fact that more than a person developed ideas that couldn't be accomplished explains why Guillaume couldn't provide a prototype in 1921. O fato de mais de uma pessoa ter desenvolvido ideias que não poderiam ser realizadas explica por que Guillaume não conseguiu fornecer um protótipo em 1921.
(B) The story of the jet engine needs to mention the other people that were working together with Whittle's group in the WU (Whittle Unit). A história do motor a jato precisa mencionar as outras pessoas que trabalhavam junto com o grupo de Whittle na WU (Unidade Whittle).
(C) The idea of sound appears three times in the text to refer to the fact that the project was accepted. A ideia de som aparece três vezes no texto para se referir ao fato do projeto ter sido aceito.
(D) Whittle's building a prototype engine took place three years before Von Ohain's building an operational jet engine. A construção de um protótipo de motor por Whittle ocorreu três anos antes de Von Ohain construir um motor a jato operacional.
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