UCPEL–VESTIBULAR DE MEDICINA–2024–COLLEGE ENTRANCE EXAMINATION, ANSWERS & LEXICAL APPROACH.

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❑ PROVA DE LÍNGUA INGLESA:
 UCPEL-VESTIBULAR DE MEDICINA-2024-LÍNGUA INGLESA-APLICAÇÃO 19/11/23.
https://ead.ucpel.edu.br
❑ ESTRUTURA-PROVA:
 2 Multiple Choice Questions / 5 Options Each Question.
 Texto – | How an objective measure of pain could counter bias in medicine www.bbc.com |


 TEXTO:
How an objective measure of pain could counter bias in medicine
By Naomi Elster

How much does it hurt? You might think it's one of the simplest questions in health and medicine. But in fact, it can be a remarkably difficult question to answer objectively. Consider a doctor who has two patients who are grimacing and using similar words to describe their pain. Can the doctor be sure they are experiencing similar levels of pain? What if one habitually underestimates their suffering? What if one has been in pain for a long time and grown used to it? And what if the doctor has certain prejudices that mean they are more likely to believe one patient than the other?

Pain is a difficult beast to grapple with, hard to measure and therefore to treat. Pain can be an important distress signal and failing to investigate it could mean a missed opportunity to save a life – or it may be something much more minor.

For such a universal experience, pain remains much of a mystery – especially the task of determining how much pain someone is in. "We understand it so poorly," says Emma Pierson, a computer scientist at Stanford University researching pain. "In particular, the fact that human doctors are frequently left flummoxed by why a patient is in pain suggests that our current medical understanding of pain is quite bad." The gold standard for pain analysis currently relies on patients self-reporting how they feel, relying, in different places, on either a numerical scale (0 as no pain, 10 as worst pain), or a system of smiley faces.

"Step one in treating pain adequately is measuring it accurately and that's the challenge," says Carl Saab, who leads a pain research team at Cleveland Clinic in Ohio. "Nowadays the standard of care is based on 'smiley faces' that riddle ER rooms." This system can be confusing for patients, he says, and especially problematic when treating children and non-communicative patients.

Then there is the problem about whether the patient's rating is believed. One study found a widespread notion that people tend to exaggerate the level of pain they are in, despite little evidence to suggest such exaggeration is common. Without an objective way to measure pain, there is room for bias to creep into clinicians' decisions. "Pain has a particularly large impact on underserved populations, and their pain is particularly likely to be ignored," says Pierson.

Unfortunately, false beliefs about pain are widely held among physicians. In 2016, one study found that 50% of white medical students and residents in the US held very dangerous and false ideas about black people and their experience of pain. Another study found that almost half of medical students heard negative comments about black patients by their senior colleagues, and those students' level of racial bias grew significantly in their first four years of medical training.

Such biases date back to historical attempts to justify slavery, including false claims that black people had thicker skin and different nerve endings. Now, black patients in the US are 40% less likely to have their pain treated than white patients. Hispanic patients, meanwhile, are 25% less likely than white patients to have their pain treated.

Racial discrimination is not the only form of prejudice that influences pain treatment. Biases around "hysterical women" are still well known in medicine, particularly around pain. A review of 77 separate research studies revealed that terms PĂĄgina 37 de 42 like "sensitive" and "complaining" are more often applied to women's reports of pain. One study of 981 people found that women who came to emergency care due to pain were less likely to receive any pain relief at all, and they had to wait 33% longer than men to be treated. In addition, when men and women reported similar levels of pain, men were given stronger medication to treat it. (…)

Could new technologies help provide a way to circumvent prejudice and bias about pain in medicine? Several innovations are being developed to try to plug this gap to provide an objective "readout" of the extent of someone's pain. These technologies rely on finding "biomarkers" for pain – measurable biological variables that correlate with the experience of pain.

"Clinicians are saying, 'Look, we can't base our clinical workflow on this, it's not how medicine should be practiced.' When you have a high temperature, you use a thermometer. When you have high blood pressure, you test your blood concentrations. In this case, people come with pain, and we show them smiley faces."
https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20230414-the-search-for-an-objective-measure-of-pain
TRADUÇÃO DO TEXTO:
How an objective measure of pain could counter bias in medicine
Como uma medida objetiva da dor poderia contrariar o preconceito na medicina
By Naomi Elster
1Âș PARÁGRAFO:
How much does it hurt?
Quanto dĂłi?
You might think it's one of the simplest questions in health and medicine.
VocĂȘ pode pensar que Ă© uma das perguntas mais simples da saĂșde e da medicina.
But in fact, it can be a remarkably difficult question to answer objectively.
Mas, na verdade, pode ser uma pergunta extremamente difĂ­cil de responder objetivamente.
Consider a doctor who has two patients who are grimacing and using similar words to describe their pain.
Considere um médico que tem dois pacientes que fazem caretas e usam palavras semelhantes para descrever sua dor.
Can the doctor be sure they are experiencing similar levels of pain?
Då para o médico ter certeza de que eles estão sentindo níveis semelhantes de dor?
What if one habitually underestimates their suffering?
E se alguém habitualmente subestimar seu sofrimento?
What if one has been in pain for a long time and grown used to it?
E se alguém esteve com a dor hå muito tempo e se acostumou com isso?
And what if the doctor has certain prejudices that mean they are more likely to believe one patient than the other?
E se o médico tiver certos preconceitos que significam que é mais provåvel que acredite num paciente do que no outro?
2Âș PARÁGRAFO:
Pain is a difficult beast to grapple with, hard to measure and therefore to treat.
A dor Ă© uma fera difĂ­cil de enfrentar, difĂ­cil de medir e, portanto, de tratar. 
Pain can be an important distress signal and failing to investigate it could mean a missed opportunity to save a life – or it may be something much more minor.
A dor pode ser um importante sinal de socorro e nĂŁo investigĂĄ-la pode significar uma oportunidade perdida de salvar uma vida – ou pode ser algo muito menor.
3Âș PARÁGRAFO:
For such a universal experience, pain remains much of a mystery – especially the task of determining how much pain someone is in.
Para uma experiĂȘncia tĂŁo universal, a dor permanece um mistĂ©rio – especialmente a tarefa de determinar quanta dor alguĂ©m sente.
"We understand it so poorly," says Emma Pierson, a computer scientist at Stanford University researching pain.
“NĂłs entendemos isso tĂŁo mal”, diz Emma Pierson, cientista da computação da Universidade de Stanford que pesquisa a dor.
"In particular, the fact that human doctors are frequently left flummoxed by why a patient is in pain suggests that our current medical understanding of pain is quite bad."
“Em particular, o fato que os mĂ©dicos humanos ficarem frequentemente perplexos com a razĂŁo pela qual um paciente sente dor sugere que a nossa atual compreensĂŁo mĂ©dica da dor Ă© bastante mĂĄ”. 
The gold standard for pain analysis currently relies on patients self-reporting how they feel, relying, in different places, on either a numerical scale (0 as no pain, 10 as worst pain), or a system of smiley faces.
O padrão-ouro para a anålise da dor atualmente depende de os pacientes relatarem como se sentem, baseando-se, em diferentes locais, em uma escala numérica (0 como nenhuma dor, 10 como pior dor) ou em um sistema de carinhas sorridentes.
4Âș PARÁGRAFO:
"Step one in treating pain adequately is measuring it accurately and that's the challenge," says Carl Saab, who leads a pain research team at Cleveland Clinic in Ohio.
“O primeiro passo para tratar a dor adequadamente Ă© medi-la com precisĂŁo e esse Ă© o desafio”, diz Carl Saab, que lidera uma equipe de pesquisa sobre dor na Cleveland Clinic, em Ohio.
"Nowadays the standard of care is based on 'smiley faces' that riddle ER rooms."
"Hoje em dia, o padrĂŁo de atendimento Ă© baseado em 'rostos sorridentes' que confundem as salas de emergĂȘncia."
This system can be confusing for patients, he says, and especially problematic when treating children and non-communicative patients.
Este sistema pode ser confuso para os pacientes, diz ele, e especialmente problemåtico no tratamento de crianças e pacientes não comunicativos.
5Âș PARÁGRAFO:
Then there is the problem about whether the patient's rating is believed.
Depois, hå o problema de acreditar ou não na avaliação do paciente.
One study found a widespread notion that people tend to exaggerate the level of pain they are in, despite little evidence to suggest such exaggeration is common.
Um estudo descobriu uma noção generalizada de que as pessoas tendem a exagerar o nĂ­vel de dor que sentem, apesar de poucas evidĂȘncias sugerirem que tal exagero seja comum.
Without an objective way to measure pain, there is room for bias to creep into clinicians' decisions.
Sem uma forma objetiva de medir a dor, hå espaço para que o preconceito se insinue nas decisÔes dos médicos.
"Pain has a particularly large impact on underserved populations, and their pain is particularly likely to be ignored," says Pierson.
“A dor tem um impacto particularmente grande nas populaçÔes carentes, e Ă© particularmente provĂĄvel que a sua dor seja ignorada”, diz Pierson.
6Âș PARÁGRAFO:
Unfortunately, false beliefs about pain are widely held among physicians.
Infelizmente, falsas crenças sobre a dor sĂŁo amplamente difundidas entre os mĂ©dicos. 
In 2016, one study found that 50% of white medical students and residents in the US held very dangerous and false ideas about black people and their experience of pain.
Em 2016, um estudo descobriu que 50% dos estudantes de medicina e residentes brancos nos EUA tinham ideias muito perigosas e falsas sobre os negros e a sua experiĂȘncia de dor.
Another study found that almost half of medical students heard negative comments about black patients by their senior colleagues, and those students' level of racial bias grew significantly in their first four years of medical training.
Outro estudo descobriu que quase metade dos estudantes de medicina ouviram comentårios negativos sobre pacientes negros por parte de seus colegas mais velhos, e o nível de preconceito racial desses estudantes cresceu significativamente nos primeiros quatro anos de treinamento médico.
7Âș PARÁGRAFO:
Such biases date back to historical attempts to justify slavery, including false claims that black people had thicker skin and different nerve endings.
Tais preconceitos remontam a tentativas históricas de justificar a escravatura, incluindo falsas alegaçÔes de que os negros tinham pele mais grossa e terminaçÔes nervosas diferentes.
Now, black patients in the US are 40% less likely to have their pain treated than white patients.
Agora, os pacientes negros nos EUA tĂȘm 40% menos probabilidade de ter a dor tratada do que os pacientes brancos.
Hispanic patients, meanwhile, are 25% less likely than white patients to have their pain treated.
Os pacientes hispĂąnicos, por sua vez, tĂȘm 25% menos probabilidade do que os pacientes brancos de terem a dor tratada.
8Âș PARÁGRAFO:
Racial discrimination is not the only form of prejudice that influences pain treatment.
A discriminação racial nĂŁo Ă© a Ășnica forma de preconceito que influencia o tratamento da dor.
Biases around "hysterical women" are still well known in medicine, particularly around pain.
Os vieses em torno das “mulheres histĂ©ricas” ainda sĂŁo bem conhecidos na medicina, especialmente em relação Ă  dor.
A review of 77 separate research studies revealed that terms like "sensitive" and "complaining" are more often applied to women's reports of pain.
Uma revisĂŁo de 77 estudos de pesquisas separados revelou que termos como “sensĂ­vel” e “queixosa” sĂŁo aplicados com mais frequĂȘncia aos relatos de dor das mulheres.
One study of 981 people found that women who came to emergency care due to pain were less likely to receive any pain relief at all, and they had to wait 33% longer than men to be treated.
Um estudo com 981 pessoas descobriu que as mulheres que procuraram atendimento de emergĂȘncia devido Ă  dor tinham menos probabilidade de receber qualquer alĂ­vio da dor e tiveram que esperar 33% mais do que os homens para serem tratadas. 
In addition, when men and women reported similar levels of pain, men were given stronger medication to treat it. 
Além disso, quando homens e mulheres relataram níveis semelhantes de dor, os homens receberam medicamentos mais fortes para tratå-la.
9Âș PARÁGRAFO:
Could new technologies help provide a way to circumvent prejudice and bias about pain in medicine?
Poderiam as novas tecnologias ajudar a fornecer uma forma de contornar preconceito e viés sobre a dor na medicina?
Several innovations are being developed to try to plug this gap to provide an objective "readout" of the extent of someone's pain.
VĂĄrias inovaçÔes estĂŁo sendo desenvolvidas para tentar preencher essa lacuna e fornecer uma “leitura” objetiva da extensĂŁo da dor de alguĂ©m.
These technologies rely on finding "biomarkers" for pain – measurable biological variables that correlate with the experience of pain.
Estas tecnologias baseiam-se na descoberta de “biomarcadores” para a dor – variĂĄveis biolĂłgicas mensurĂĄveis que se correlacionam com a experiĂȘncia da dor.
10Âș PARÁGRAFO:
"Clinicians are saying, 'Look, we can't base our clinical workflow on this, it's not how medicine should be practiced.'
“Os mĂ©dicos estĂŁo dizendo: 'Olha, nĂŁo podemos basear nosso fluxo de trabalho clĂ­nico nisso, nĂŁo Ă© assim que a medicina deve ser praticada.' 
When you have a high temperature, you use a thermometer. When you have high blood pressure, you test your blood concentrations. In this case, people come with pain, and we show them smiley faces."
Quando vocĂȘ tem temperatura alta, vocĂȘ usa um termĂŽmetro. Quando vocĂȘ tem pressĂŁo alta, vocĂȘ testa as concentraçÔes sanguĂ­neas. Nesse caso, as pessoas chegam com dor e mostramos carinhas sorridentes.
https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20230414-the-search-for-an-objective-measure-of-pain

01 – (UCPEL-VESTIBULAR DE MEDICINA-2024)
Observe as afirmaçÔes que seguem. Quais delas condizem com o que é informado no texto?
I- Deixar de investigar bem a dor pode comprometer vidas.
II- A raça e o gĂȘnero do paciente tĂȘm influĂȘncia biolĂłgica no grau da dor.
III- Os médicos se confundem muitas vezes ao terem que determinar o nível da dor.
IV- As mulheres sĂŁo mais bem tratadas quando dizem sentir dor.
V- Existe a crença de que as pessoas costumam exagerar quando expressam a dor.
(A) I, III e V
(B) I, II e III
(C) II, IV e V
(D) II e III
(E) I e IV
      ComentĂĄrios e Gabarito    A  
TÓPICOS - VOCABULÁRIO & RELAÇÃO SEMÂNTICA COM TRECHO DO TEXTO:
Observe as afirmaçÔes que seguem. Quais delas condizem com o que é informado no texto?
I - Deixar de investigar bem a dor pode comprometer vidas.
CORRETA de acordo com o trecho (2Âș parĂĄgrafo):
• "[...] Pain can be an important distress signal and failing to investigate it could mean a missed opportunity to save a life – or it may be something much more minor.
- A dor pode ser um importante sinal de socorro e se nĂŁo for possĂ­vel investigar, pode significar uma oportunidade perdida de salvar uma vida – ou pode ser algo muito menor.
II - A raça e o gĂȘnero do paciente tĂȘm influĂȘncia biolĂłgica no grau da dor.
INCORRETA por estar em desacordo com o trecho (7Âș parĂĄgrafo):
• "[...]  Racial discrimination is not the only form of prejudice that influences pain treatment. Biases around "hysterical women" are still well known in medicine, particularly around pain.
A discriminação racial nĂŁo Ă© a Ășnica forma de preconceito que influencia o tratamento da dor. Os vieses (= tendencias, preconceitos) em torno das “mulheres histĂ©ricas” ainda sĂŁo bem conhecidos na medicina, especialmente em relação Ă  dor.
III - Os médicos se confundem muitas vezes ao terem que determinar o nível da dor.
CORRETA de acordo com o trecho (1Âș parĂĄgrafo):
• "[...] Can the doctor be sure they are experiencing similar levels of pain? What if one habitually underestimates their suffering? What if one has been in pain for a long time and grown used to it? And what if the doctor has certain prejudices that mean they are more likely to believe one patient than the other?
DĂĄ para o mĂ©dico ter certeza de que eles estĂŁo sentindo nĂ­veis semelhantes de dor? E se alguĂ©m habitualmente subestimar seu sofrimento? E se alguĂ©m esteve com a dor hĂĄ muito tempo e se acostumou com isso? E se o mĂ©dico tiver certos preconceitos que significam que Ă© mais provĂĄvel que acredite num paciente do que no outro?
• "[...] Without an objective way to measure pain, there is room for bias to creep into clinicians' decisions.
Sem uma forma objetiva de medir a dor, hå espaço para que o preconceito se insinue nas decisÔes dos clínicos.
IV - As mulheres sĂŁo mais bem tratadas quando dizem sentir dor.
INCORRETA por estar em desacordo com o trecho (8Âș parĂĄgrafo):
• "[...] One study of 981 people found that women who came to emergency care due to pain were less likely to receive any pain relief at all, and they had to wait 33% longer than men to be treated.
Um estudo com 981 pessoas descobriu que as mulheres que procuraram atendimento de emergĂȘncia devido Ă  dor tinham menos probabilidade de receber qualquer alĂ­vio da dor e tiveram que esperar 33% mais do que os homens para serem tratadas. 
V - Existe a crença de que as pessoas costumam exagerar quando expressam a dor.
CORRETA de acordo com o trecho (5Âș parĂĄgrafo):
• "[...] One study found a widespread notion that people tend to exaggerate the level of pain they are in, despite little evidence to suggest such exaggeration is common."
Um estudo descobriu uma noção generalizada de que as pessoas tendem a exagerar o nĂ­vel de dor que sentem, apesar de poucas evidĂȘncias sugerirem que tal exagero seja comum.

02 – (UCPEL-VESTIBULAR DE MEDICINA-2024)
O que NÃO é afirmado no artigo?
(A) As carinhas sorridentes sĂŁo feitas para pacientes que nĂŁo podem se comunicar.
(B) O fluxo de trabalho médico precisa se basear em dados mais concretos.
(C) Novas tecnologias vĂŁo poder preencher lacunas para ler melhor a dor.
(D) Os biomarcadores para a dor sĂŁo ideais para medir seu nĂ­vel com objetividade.
(E) HĂĄ preconceitos que provocam o tratamento diferente para a dor de pessoas especĂ­ficas.
      ComentĂĄrios e Gabarito    A  
TÓPICOS - VOCABULÁRIO & RELAÇÃO SEMÂNTICA COM TRECHO DO TEXTO:
O que NÃO é afirmado no artigo?
(A) As carinhas sorridentes sĂŁo feitas para pacientes que nĂŁo podem se comunicar.
As carinhas sorridentes sĂŁo feitas para pacientes que chegam com dor, conforme o trecho:
• "[...] When you have a high temperature, you use a thermometer. When you have high blood pressure, you test your blood concentrations. In this case, people come with pain, and we show them smiley faces."
Quando vocĂȘ tem temperatura alta, vocĂȘ usa um termĂŽmetro. Quando vocĂȘ tem pressĂŁo alta, vocĂȘ testa as concentraçÔes sanguĂ­neas. Nesse caso, as pessoas chegam com dor e nĂłs mostramos carinhas sorridentes.
(B) O fluxo de trabalho médico precisa se basear em dados mais concretos.
(C) Novas tecnologias vĂŁo poder preencher lacunas para ler melhor a dor.
(D) Os biomarcadores para a dor sĂŁo ideais para medir seu nĂ­vel com objetividade.
(E) HĂĄ preconceitos que provocam o tratamento diferente para a dor de pessoas especĂ­ficas.

 teste

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