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Hey, what's up my friends!!!...How have you been?!
Hey, what's up my friends!!!...How have you been?!
Neste post, veremos a Prova de INGLĂS do Vestibular da FMABC-2019-Faculdade de Medicina do ABC. Prova aplicada em Novembro/2018.
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[a]Banca Organizadora do Concurso PĂșblico
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[b]Padrão/Composição da prova
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[a]Banca Organizadora do Concurso PĂșblico
[b]Padrão/Composição da prova
đ08 QuestĂ”es.
đ03 Textos.
đ03 Textos.
đReading Comprehension(CompreensĂŁo textual).
đUse of english(uso do inglĂȘs).
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đUse of english(uso do inglĂȘs).
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[c]Dictionary:
Caso necessĂĄrio,sugiro que consulte os excelentes dicionĂĄrios a seguir:
http://www.thefreedictionary.com/
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➽[]
http://www.thefreedictionary.com/
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đVerbos
➽[to gait ➝ "andar"]
"[...] Miller Fisher syndrome (MFS), in which paralysis starts in the eyes. MFS is also associated with unsteady gait."
(SĂndrome de Miller Fisher (MFS), na qual a paralisia começa nos olhos. A MFS tambĂ©m estĂĄ associada Ă marcha instĂĄvel.)
đPhrasal Verbs :
➽[to gait ➝ "andar"]
"[...] Miller Fisher syndrome (MFS), in which paralysis starts in the eyes. MFS is also associated with unsteady gait."
(SĂndrome de Miller Fisher (MFS), na qual a paralisia começa nos olhos. A MFS tambĂ©m estĂĄ associada Ă marcha instĂĄvel.)
đPhrasal Verbs :
➽[to "]
đExpressĂ”es verbais com o TO BE(simple present/simple past/simple future/ be going to/present continuous/past continuous/future continuous):
➽["]
đExpressĂ”es verbais no PERFECT TENSE(present perfect/past perfect/present perfect continuous/past perfect continuous):
➽["]
đExpressĂ”es com os 10 modais(can/could/may/might/must/should/would/ought to/will/shall):
➽[can affect ➝ pode afetar]
"[...] Guillain-Barré syndrome can affect all age groups but men and young adults are at a slightly greater risk."
(A sĂndrome de Guillain-BarrĂ© pode afetar todas as faixas etĂĄrias, mas homens e adultos jovens correm um risco um pouco maior.)
đExpressĂ”es com verbos com ING:
➽[."]
đExpressĂ”es VERBAIS EM GERAL:
➽["]
đSubstantivos(NOUNS):
➽[paralysis(pĂŽRĂąlĂȘssĂȘs) ➝ paralisia]
đAdjetivos/LocuçÔes adjetivas :
➽["]
đAdvĂ©rbios/Locução adverbial:
➽[]
đ Pronomes Relativos(who, which, whom, that) :
➽[.]
đ Coordination Conjunctions (for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so):
➽["]
đ Subordination Conjunctions (however/nonetheless/nevertheless/notwithstanding)-(although/though/even though)-(as if/as though)-(as/so long as/provided that)-(despite/in spite of)-(as)-(once)-(otherwise)-(unless)-(untill)-(when/by the time)-(whenever)-(whereas)-(while)-(so that/so as to/in order that/in order to)-(since):
➽[)
đ Correlative Conjunctions(not only...but also, both...and, as...as, either...or, wheter...or, neither...nor) :
➽["]
đ Preposition (in ➜ mĂȘs), (on ➜ dia/data), (at➜ hora/momento especĂfico: at night, at midnight, at lunchtime) :
➽["]
đ Passive Voice: Verbo TO BE(no tempo verbal contextual)+VP no particĂpio passado. :
➽["]
đExpressĂ”es verbais no PERFECT TENSE(present perfect/past perfect/present perfect continuous/past perfect continuous):
➽["]
đExpressĂ”es com os 10 modais(can/could/may/might/must/should/would/ought to/will/shall):
➽[can affect ➝ pode afetar]
"[...] Guillain-Barré syndrome can affect all age groups but men and young adults are at a slightly greater risk."
(A sĂndrome de Guillain-BarrĂ© pode afetar todas as faixas etĂĄrias, mas homens e adultos jovens correm um risco um pouco maior.)
đExpressĂ”es com verbos com ING:
➽[."]
đExpressĂ”es VERBAIS EM GERAL:
➽["]
đSubstantivos(NOUNS):
➽[paralysis(pĂŽRĂąlĂȘssĂȘs) ➝ paralisia]
đAdjetivos/LocuçÔes adjetivas :
➽["]
đAdvĂ©rbios/Locução adverbial:
➽[]
đ Pronomes Relativos(who, which, whom, that) :
➽[.]
đ Coordination Conjunctions (for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so):
➽["]
đ Subordination Conjunctions (however/nonetheless/nevertheless/notwithstanding)-(although/though/even though)-(as if/as though)-(as/so long as/provided that)-(despite/in spite of)-(as)-(once)-(otherwise)-(unless)-(untill)-(when/by the time)-(whenever)-(whereas)-(while)-(so that/so as to/in order that/in order to)-(since):
➽[)
đ Correlative Conjunctions(not only...but also, both...and, as...as, either...or, wheter...or, neither...nor) :
➽["]
đ Preposition (in ➜ mĂȘs), (on ➜ dia/data), (at➜ hora/momento especĂfico: at night, at midnight, at lunchtime) :
➽["]
đ Passive Voice: Verbo TO BE(no tempo verbal contextual)+VP no particĂpio passado. :
➽["]
đExpressĂ”es idiomĂĄticas :
➽[)
đExpressĂ”es ADJETIVO+SUBSTANTIVO:
➽[immune system (ĂąMĂun-SĂstm)➝ sistema imunolĂłgico]
đIF-CLAUSE:
➽["]
đMEDICINE English - ExpressĂ”es TĂ©cnicas na ĂREA DE MEDICINA:
➽[a rare disorder ➝ um distĂșrbio raro]
➽[blood clots ➝ coĂĄgulos de sangue]
➽[blood thinners ➝ anticoagulantes]
➽["]
➽[a]
đ Afixos :
➽[]
đExpressĂ”es com fraçÔes/nĂșmeros:
➽[."]
đQuestions:
➽["]
đExpressĂ”es idiomĂĄticas :
➽[)
đExpressĂ”es ADJETIVO+SUBSTANTIVO:
➽[immune system (ĂąMĂun-SĂstm)➝ sistema imunolĂłgico]
đIF-CLAUSE:
➽["]
đMEDICINE English - ExpressĂ”es TĂ©cnicas na ĂREA DE MEDICINA:
➽[a rare disorder ➝ um distĂșrbio raro]
➽[blood clots ➝ coĂĄgulos de sangue]
➽[blood thinners ➝ anticoagulantes]
➽[immune system (ĂąMĂun-SĂstm)➝ sistema imunolĂłgico]
đOil English - ExpressĂ”es TĂ©cnicas na ĂREA DE PETRĂLEO :➽["]
đExpressĂ”es TĂ©cnicas na ĂREA DE FINANĂAS :
đEconomy English - ExpressĂ”es TĂ©cnicas na ĂREA DE ECONOMIA:
➽["]
➽["]
đ Comparativos (superioridade) :➽[a]
đExpressĂ”es com 'S (Genitive case=proprietĂĄrio 'S propriedade) ➜ relação de posse , parentesco ou autoria. :
➽["]đ Afixos :
➽[]
đExpressĂ”es com fraçÔes/nĂșmeros:
➽[."]
đQuestions:
➽["]
đFalso cognato:
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Agora vamos Ă prova.
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Atenção: Para responder Ă s questĂ”es de nĂșmeros 73 a 76, considere o texto abaixo.
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Guillain-Barré syndrome
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Guillain-Barré syndrome is a rare disorder in which your body's immune system attacks your nerves. Weakness and tingling in your extremities are usually the first symptoms spreading to your upper body and arms. In about half of people with the disorder, symptoms begin in the arms or face. As Guillain-Barré syndrome progresses, muscle weakness can evolve into paralysis.
Guillain-Barré syndrome can affect all age groups but men and young adults are at a slightly greater risk.
Guillain-Barré syndrome is a serious condition that requires immediate hospitalization because it can worsen rapidly. The sooner appropriate treatment is started, __I__ the chance of a good outcome.
Once thought to be a single disorder, Guillain-Barré syndrome is now known to occur in several forms. The main types are:
− Acute inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy (AIDP), the most common form in the U.S. Its most common sign is muscle weakness that starts in the lower part of your body and spreads upward.
− Miller Fisher syndrome (MFS), in which paralysis starts in the eyes. MFS is also associated with unsteady gait. MFS occurs in about 5 percent of people with Guillain-BarrĂ© syndrome in the U.S. but is more common in Asia.
− Acute motor axonal neuropathy (AMAN) and acute motor-sensory axonal neuropathy (AMSAN) are less common in the U.S. Both are more frequent in China, Japan and Mexico.
The exact cause of Guillain-Barré syndrome isn't known. The disorder usually appears days or weeks after a respiratory or digestive tract infection. Rarely, recent surgery or immunization can trigger Guillain-Barré syndrome. Recently, there have been a few cases reported following infection with the Zika virus.
In Guillain-BarrĂ© syndrome, your immune system − which usually attacks only invading organisms − begins attacking the nerves. In AIDP, the nerves' protective covering (myelin sheath) is damaged. Because nerves control your movements and body functions, the damage prevents nerves from transmitting signals to your brain, causing weakness, numbness or paralysis.
People with Guillain-Barré may experience:
Breathing difficulties. The weakness or paralysis can spread to the muscles that control your breathing, a potentially fatal complication. Up to 30 percent of people with Guillain-Barré syndrome need temporary help from a machine to breathe when they're hospitalized for treatment.
Residual numbness or other sensations. Most people with Guillain-Barré syndrome recover completely or have only minor, residual weakness, numbness or tingling.
Bowel and bladder function problems. Sluggish bowel function and urine retention may result from GuillainBarré syndrome.
Blood clots. People who are immobile due to GuillainBarré syndrome are at risk of developing blood clots. Until you're able to walk independently, taking blood thinners and wearing support stockings may be recommended. There's no known cure for Guillain-Barré syndrome, but several treatments can ease symptoms and reduce the duration of the illness.
đ QuestĂŁo 73 :
A alternativa que preenche corretamente a lacuna I Ă© a) better
b) the better
c) well
d) best
e) the best
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đ ComentĂĄrios e Gabarito B
TĂPICO - USO DO PARALELO COMPARATIVO: the sooner...the better. :
*Alternativa (A): better
*Alternativa (B): the better
*Alternativa (C): well
*Alternativa (D): best
*Alternativa (E): the best
➦ the sooner...the better ➝ "quanto mais cedo"..."melhor".
"[...] The sooner appropriate treatment is started, the better the chance of a good outcome."
(Quanto mais cedo o tratamento apropriado for iniciado, melhor a chance de um bom resultado.)
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đ QuestĂŁo 74 :
De acordo com o texto,
a) anticoagulantes sĂŁo indicados para evitar trombose em caso de imobilidade do paciente.
b) a SĂndrome de Guillain-BarrĂ© ataca, com frequĂȘncia, organismos invasores.
c) complicaçÔes respiratĂłrias decorrentes da SĂndrome de Guillain-BarrĂ© levam a Ăłbito em 30% dos casos.
d) cirurgias, vacinaçÔes e mesmo o vĂrus Zika estĂŁo entre as causas mais comuns da SĂndrome de Guillain-BarrĂ©.
e) problemas intestinais e urinĂĄrios tambĂ©m podem causar a SĂndrome de Guillain-BarrĂ©.
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đ ComentĂĄrios e Gabarito A
TĂPICO - IDEIA CONTEXTUAL ou INFORMAĂĂO DENTRO DO TEXTO :
*Alternativa (A): anticoagulantes sĂŁo indicados para evitar trombose em caso de imobilidade do paciente.
*Alternativa (B): a SĂndrome de Guillain-BarrĂ© ataca, com frequĂȘncia, organismos invasores.
*Alternativa (C): complicaçÔes respiratĂłrias decorrentes da SĂndrome de Guillain-BarrĂ© levam a Ăłbito em 30% dos casos.
*Alternativa (D): cirurgias, vacinaçÔes e mesmo o vĂrus Zika estĂŁo entre as causas mais comuns da SĂndrome de Guillain-BarrĂ©.
*Alternativa (E): problemas intestinais e urinĂĄrios tambĂ©m podem causar a SĂndrome de Guillain-BarrĂ©.
đ QuestĂŁo 75 :
A SĂndrome de Guillain-BarrĂ©
a) causa fraqueza muscular progressiva que leva, inevitavelmente, Ă paralisia dos membros afetados. b) afeta os olhos em metade dos casos diagnosticados.
c) Ă© incurĂĄvel, deixando o paciente com constante fraqueza nos membros inferiores.
d) é comprovadamente uma doença que decorre de infecção respiratória ou intestinal.
e) pode ser amenizada com tratamentos que aliviam os sintomas e diminuem a duração da doença.
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đ ComentĂĄrios e Gabarito E
TĂPICO - IDEIA CONTEXTUAL ou INFORMAĂĂO DENTRO DO TEXTO :
*Alternativa (A): causa fraqueza muscular progressiva que leva, inevitavelmente, Ă paralisia dos membros afetados.
*Alternativa (B): afeta os olhos em metade dos casos diagnosticados.
*Alternativa (C): Ă© incurĂĄvel, deixando o paciente com constante fraqueza nos membros inferiores.
*Alternativa (D): é comprovadamente uma doença que decorre de infecção respiratória ou intestinal.
*Alternativa (E): pode ser amenizada com tratamentos que aliviam os sintomas e diminuem a duração da doença.
➦IDEIA CONTEXTUAL:
"[...] There's no known cure for Guillain-Barré syndrome, but several treatments can ease symptoms and reduce the duration of the illness."
(NĂŁo hĂĄ cura , conhecida, para a sĂndrome de Guillain-BarrĂ©, mas vĂĄrios tratamentos podem aliviar os sintomas e reduzir a duração da doença.)
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đ QuestĂŁo 76 :
Dentre os tipos da SĂndrome de Guillain-BarrĂ©,
a) a AMAN afeta principalmente jovens adultos do sexo masculino.
b) a AMSAN Ă© o Ășnico que nĂŁo ocorre na Ăsia.
c) a MFS afeta 5% da população dos Estados Unidos. d) a MFS estå associada a um caminhar inståvel.
e) a AIDP caracteriza-se por um formigamento que começa nos membros superiores, chegando aos inferiores.
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đ ComentĂĄrios e Gabarito D
TĂPICO - IDEIA CONTEXTUAL ou INFORMAĂĂO DENTRO DO TEXTO :
Dentre os tipos da SĂndrome de Guillain-BarrĂ©,
*Alternativa (A): a AMAN afeta principalmente jovens adultos do sexo masculino.
*Alternativa (B): a AMSAN Ă© o Ășnico que nĂŁo ocorre na Ăsia.
*Alternativa (C): a MFS afeta 5% da população dos Estados Unidos.
*Alternativa (D): a MFS estĂĄ associada a um caminhar instĂĄvel.
*Alternativa (E): a AIDP caracteriza-se por um formigamento que começa nos membros superiores, chegando aos inferiores.
➦IDEIA CONTEXTUAL:
"[...] Miller Fisher syndrome (MFS), in which paralysis starts in the eyes. MFS is also associated with unsteady gait."
(SĂndrome de Miller Fisher (MFS), na qual a paralisia começa nos olhos. A MFS tambĂ©m estĂĄ associada Ă marcha instĂĄvel.)
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Atenção: Para responder Ă s questĂ”es de nĂșmeros 77 e 78, considere o texto abaixo.
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New therapeutic vaccine helps immune cells fight HPV-related head and neck cancer
Reviewed by James Ives, MPsych Sep 24 2018
A therapeutic vaccine can __I__ antibodies and T cells, helping them infiltrate tumors and fight off human papillomavirus (HPV) − related head and neck cancer. Researchers from the Abramson Cancer Center of the University of Pennsylvania tested the immunotherapy approach in two groups of patients with advanced head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCCa) and found 86 percent showed elevated T cell activity. It is also the first study to show that the vaccine can help immune cells infiltrate tumors. The study also describes one patient who received the vaccine on the trial, developed metastatic disease seven months later, then was treated with anti-PD-1 immunotherapy and has been in remission for more than two years.
HNSCCa is a cancer that develops in the mucous membranes of the mouth and throat. Smoking and tobacco use are known causes, but the number of cases related to HPV infection − a sexually transmitted infection that is so common, the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) says almost all sexually active adults will contract it at some point in their lifetimes − is among the fastest growing cancer types. The CDC estimates 70 percent of all head and neck cancers in the United States are now HPV-related. While there are many types of HPV, the HPV 16 and 18 subtypes are most commonly associated with cancer. Many patients with this type of HNSCCa have good outcomes from treatment that includes surgery or chemotherapy and radiation. For patients who don't respond to treatment or who develop metastatic disease, anti-PD-1 therapy is approved, but only helps about 15 percent of patients.
đ QuestĂŁo 77 :
O verbo que preenche corretamente a lacuna I Ă©
a) contain
b) detect
c) boost
d) hinder
e) neutralize
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đ ComentĂĄrios e Gabarito C
TĂPICO - IDEIA CONTEXTUAL ou INFORMAĂĂO DENTRO DO TEXTO :
*Alternativa (A): contain(conter)
*Alternativa (B): detect(detectar)
*Alternativa (C): boost(impulsionar/aumentar)
*Alternativa (D): hinder(impedir/dificultar)
*Alternativa (E): neutralize(neutralizar)
➦IDEIA CONTEXTUAL:
"[...] A therapeutic vaccine can boost antibodies and T cells,..."
(Uma vacina terapĂȘutica pode aumentar os anticorpos e as cĂ©lulas T)
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đ QuestĂŁo 78 :
Segundo o texto,
a) um dos pacientes do estudo desenvolveu cĂąncer metastĂĄtico que nĂŁo respondeu ao tratamento imunoterĂĄpico.
b) apenas 15% dos pacientes infectados pelos tipos 16 e 18 do HPV nĂŁo respondem a um tratamento cirĂșrgico ou quimioterĂĄpico seguido de radiação.
c) o tabagismo é responsåvel por 70% dos cùnceres de cabeça e garganta.
d) a grande maioria dos adultos sexualmente ativos serĂŁo infectados pelo HPV em algum momento da vida.
e) a vacina nĂŁo surtiu o efeito esperado em 86% dos pacientes estudados.
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đ ComentĂĄrios e Gabarito D
TĂPICO - IDEIA CONTEXTUAL ou INFORMAĂĂO DENTRO DO TEXTO :
*Alternativa (A): um dos pacientes do estudo desenvolveu cĂąncer metastĂĄtico que nĂŁo respondeu ao tratamento imunoterĂĄpico.
*Alternativa (B): apenas 15% dos pacientes infectados pelos tipos 16 e 18 do HPV nĂŁo respondem a um tratamento cirĂșrgico ou quimioterĂĄpico seguido de radiação.
*Alternativa (C): o tabagismo é responsåvel por 70% dos cùnceres de cabeça e garganta.
*Alternativa (D): a grande maioria dos adultos sexualmente ativos serĂŁo infectados pelo HPV em algum momento da vida.
*Alternativa (E): a vacina nĂŁo surtiu o efeito esperado em 86% dos pacientes estudados.
➦IDEIA CONTEXTUAL:
"[...] Smoking and tobacco use are known causes, but the number of cases related to HPV infection − a sexually transmitted infection that is so common, the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) says almost all sexually active adults will contract it at some point in their lifetimes − is among the fastest growing cancer types."
(O tabagismo e o uso de tabaco sĂŁo causas conhecidas, mas o nĂșmero de casos relacionados Ă infecção pelo HPV - uma infecção sexualmente transmissĂvel tĂŁo comum que o Centro de Controle de Doenças (CDC) diz que quase todos os adultos sexualmente ativos a contrairĂŁo em algum momento de suas vidas. - estĂĄ entre os tipos de cĂąncer que mais crescem.)
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Atenção: Para responder Ă s questĂ”es de nĂșmeros 79 e 80, considere o texto abaixo.
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Around 1.2 billion people, or 1 in 6 of the world’s population, are adolescents aged 10 to 19.
The leading cause of death for 15–19-year-old girls globally is complications from pregnancy and childbirth.
Some 11% of all births worldwide are to girls aged 15–19 years, and the vast majority of these births are in low-and middleincome countries (LMIC). The UN Population Division puts the global adolescent birth rate in 2015 at 44 births per 1000 girls this age – country rates range from 1 to over 200 births per 1000 girls. This indicates a marked decrease since 1990. This decrease is reflected in a similar decline in maternal mortality rates among 15–19 year olds.
Violence, in turn, is a leading cause of death in older adolescent males. Interpersonal violence represents 43% of all adolescent male deaths in LMICs in the World Health Organization Americas Region. Globally, 1 in 10 girls under the age of 20 years report experiencing sexual violence.
Harmful drinking among adolescents is also a major concern in many countries. It reduces self-control and increases risky behaviors, such as unsafe sex or dangerous driving. It is a primary cause of injuries (including those due to road traffic accidents), violence (especially by a partner) and premature deaths.
đ QuestĂŁo 79 :
De acordo com o texto,
a) o alcoolismo entre adolescentes tem sido uma das principais causas de morte no trĂąnsito desde 2015.
b) o alcoolismo entre adolescentes pode ter consequĂȘncias nefastas, mas afeta apenas os do sexo masculino.
c) os adolescentes de paĂses de baixa renda na AmĂ©rica Latina estĂŁo mais sujeitos Ă morte por violĂȘncia.
d) a morte de 43% de adolescentes do sexo masculino Ă© causada por violĂȘncia domĂ©stica.
e) a submissĂŁo Ă violĂȘncia sexual foi relatada por 10% de todas as garotas com menos de 20 anos no mundo.
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đ ComentĂĄrios e Gabarito E
TĂPICO - IDEIA CONTEXTUAL ou INFORMAĂĂO DENTRO DO TEXTO :
*Alternativa (A): o alcoolismo entre adolescentes tem sido uma das principais causas de morte no trĂąnsito desde 2015.
*Alternativa (B): o alcoolismo entre adolescentes pode ter consequĂȘncias nefastas, mas afeta apenas os do sexo masculino.
*Alternativa (C): os adolescentes de paĂses de baixa renda na AmĂ©rica Latina estĂŁo mais sujeitos Ă morte por violĂȘncia.
*Alternativa (D): a morte de 43% de adolescentes do sexo masculino Ă© causada por violĂȘncia domĂ©stica.
*Alternativa (E): a submissĂŁo Ă violĂȘncia sexual foi relatada por 10% de todas as garotas com menos de 20 anos no mundo.
➦IDEIA CONTEXTUAL:
"[...] 1 in 10 girls under the age of 20 years report experiencing sexual violence."
_____________________________________________________________________________
đ QuestĂŁo 80 :
Em relação às meninas entre 15 e 19 anos, o texto afirma que
a) o Ăndice de mortalidade delas tem apresentado ligeira queda desde 1990.
b) o segmento das famĂlias de baixa e mĂ©dia renda registrou 11% de todos os nascimentos de adolescentes no mundo.
c) a principal causa de sua morte deve-se a complicaçÔes durante e após o parto.
d) o Ăndice de natalidade entre elas chegou, em alguns paĂses, em 2015, a mais de 200 nascimentos por 1000 meninas.
e) o menor Ăndice de natalidade entre elas foi atingido em 1990.
_____________________________________________________________________________
đ ComentĂĄrios e Gabarito D
TĂPICO - IDEIA CONTEXTUAL ou INFORMAĂĂO DENTRO DO TEXTO :
Em relação às meninas entre 15 e 19 anos, o texto afirma que
*Alternativa (A): o Ăndice de mortalidade delas tem apresentado ligeira queda desde 1990.
*Alternativa (B): o segmento das famĂlias de baixa e mĂ©dia renda registrou 11% de todos os nascimentos de adolescentes no mundo.
*Alternativa (C): a principal causa de sua morte deve-se a complicaçÔes durante e após o parto.
*Alternativa (D): o Ăndice de natalidade entre elas chegou, em alguns paĂses, em 2015, a mais de 200 nascimentos por 1000 meninas.
*Alternativa (E): o menor Ăndice de natalidade entre elas foi atingido em 1990.
➦IDEIA CONTEXTUAL:
_____________________________________________________________________________
Atenção: Para responder Ă s questĂ”es de nĂșmeros 73 a 76, considere o texto abaixo.
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Guillain-Barré syndrome
_____________________________________________________________________________
Guillain-Barré syndrome is a rare disorder in which your body's immune system attacks your nerves. Weakness and tingling in your extremities are usually the first symptoms spreading to your upper body and arms. In about half of people with the disorder, symptoms begin in the arms or face. As Guillain-Barré syndrome progresses, muscle weakness can evolve into paralysis.
Guillain-Barré syndrome can affect all age groups but men and young adults are at a slightly greater risk.
Guillain-Barré syndrome is a serious condition that requires immediate hospitalization because it can worsen rapidly. The sooner appropriate treatment is started, __I__ the chance of a good outcome.
Once thought to be a single disorder, Guillain-Barré syndrome is now known to occur in several forms. The main types are:
− Acute inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy (AIDP), the most common form in the U.S. Its most common sign is muscle weakness that starts in the lower part of your body and spreads upward.
− Miller Fisher syndrome (MFS), in which paralysis starts in the eyes. MFS is also associated with unsteady gait. MFS occurs in about 5 percent of people with Guillain-BarrĂ© syndrome in the U.S. but is more common in Asia.
− Acute motor axonal neuropathy (AMAN) and acute motor-sensory axonal neuropathy (AMSAN) are less common in the U.S. Both are more frequent in China, Japan and Mexico.
The exact cause of Guillain-Barré syndrome isn't known. The disorder usually appears days or weeks after a respiratory or digestive tract infection. Rarely, recent surgery or immunization can trigger Guillain-Barré syndrome. Recently, there have been a few cases reported following infection with the Zika virus.
In Guillain-BarrĂ© syndrome, your immune system − which usually attacks only invading organisms − begins attacking the nerves. In AIDP, the nerves' protective covering (myelin sheath) is damaged. Because nerves control your movements and body functions, the damage prevents nerves from transmitting signals to your brain, causing weakness, numbness or paralysis.
People with Guillain-Barré may experience:
Breathing difficulties. The weakness or paralysis can spread to the muscles that control your breathing, a potentially fatal complication. Up to 30 percent of people with Guillain-Barré syndrome need temporary help from a machine to breathe when they're hospitalized for treatment.
Residual numbness or other sensations. Most people with Guillain-Barré syndrome recover completely or have only minor, residual weakness, numbness or tingling.
Bowel and bladder function problems. Sluggish bowel function and urine retention may result from GuillainBarré syndrome.
Blood clots. People who are immobile due to GuillainBarré syndrome are at risk of developing blood clots. Until you're able to walk independently, taking blood thinners and wearing support stockings may be recommended. There's no known cure for Guillain-Barré syndrome, but several treatments can ease symptoms and reduce the duration of the illness.
(Adapted from www.mayoclinic.org)
_____________________________________________________________________________đ QuestĂŁo 73 :
A alternativa que preenche corretamente a lacuna I Ă© a) better
b) the better
c) well
d) best
e) the best
_____________________________________________________________________________
đ ComentĂĄrios e Gabarito B
*
*Alternativa (B): the better
*
*
*
➦ the sooner...the better ➝ "quanto mais cedo"..."melhor".
"[...] The sooner appropriate treatment is started, the better the chance of a good outcome."
(Quanto mais cedo o tratamento apropriado for iniciado, melhor a chance de um bom resultado.)
_____________________________________________________________________________
đ QuestĂŁo 74 :
De acordo com o texto,
a) anticoagulantes sĂŁo indicados para evitar trombose em caso de imobilidade do paciente.
b) a SĂndrome de Guillain-BarrĂ© ataca, com frequĂȘncia, organismos invasores.
c) complicaçÔes respiratĂłrias decorrentes da SĂndrome de Guillain-BarrĂ© levam a Ăłbito em 30% dos casos.
d) cirurgias, vacinaçÔes e mesmo o vĂrus Zika estĂŁo entre as causas mais comuns da SĂndrome de Guillain-BarrĂ©.
e) problemas intestinais e urinĂĄrios tambĂ©m podem causar a SĂndrome de Guillain-BarrĂ©.
_____________________________________________________________________________
đ ComentĂĄrios e Gabarito A
*Alternativa (A): anticoagulantes sĂŁo indicados para evitar trombose em caso de imobilidade do paciente.
*
*
*
*
➦IDEIA CONTEXTUAL:
"People who are immobile due to Guillain-BarrĂ© syndrome are at risk of developing blood clots. Until you’re able to walk independently, taking blood thinners and wearing support stockings may be recommended."
(Pessoas que estĂŁo imĂłveis devido Ă sĂndrome de Guillain-BarrĂ© correm o risco de desenvolver coĂĄgulos sanguĂneos. AtĂ© que vocĂȘ possa caminhar de forma independente, recomenda-se usar anticoagulantes e usar meias de apoio.)
_____________________________________________________________________________"People who are immobile due to Guillain-BarrĂ© syndrome are at risk of developing blood clots. Until you’re able to walk independently, taking blood thinners and wearing support stockings may be recommended."
(Pessoas que estĂŁo imĂłveis devido Ă sĂndrome de Guillain-BarrĂ© correm o risco de desenvolver coĂĄgulos sanguĂneos. AtĂ© que vocĂȘ possa caminhar de forma independente, recomenda-se usar anticoagulantes e usar meias de apoio.)
đ QuestĂŁo 75 :
A SĂndrome de Guillain-BarrĂ©
a) causa fraqueza muscular progressiva que leva, inevitavelmente, Ă paralisia dos membros afetados. b) afeta os olhos em metade dos casos diagnosticados.
c) Ă© incurĂĄvel, deixando o paciente com constante fraqueza nos membros inferiores.
d) é comprovadamente uma doença que decorre de infecção respiratória ou intestinal.
e) pode ser amenizada com tratamentos que aliviam os sintomas e diminuem a duração da doença.
_____________________________________________________________________________
đ ComentĂĄrios e Gabarito E
*
*
*
*
*Alternativa (E): pode ser amenizada com tratamentos que aliviam os sintomas e diminuem a duração da doença.
➦IDEIA CONTEXTUAL:
"[...] There's no known cure for Guillain-Barré syndrome, but several treatments can ease symptoms and reduce the duration of the illness."
(NĂŁo hĂĄ cura , conhecida, para a sĂndrome de Guillain-BarrĂ©, mas vĂĄrios tratamentos podem aliviar os sintomas e reduzir a duração da doença.)
_____________________________________________________________________________
đ QuestĂŁo 76 :
Dentre os tipos da SĂndrome de Guillain-BarrĂ©,
a) a AMAN afeta principalmente jovens adultos do sexo masculino.
b) a AMSAN Ă© o Ășnico que nĂŁo ocorre na Ăsia.
c) a MFS afeta 5% da população dos Estados Unidos. d) a MFS estå associada a um caminhar inståvel.
e) a AIDP caracteriza-se por um formigamento que começa nos membros superiores, chegando aos inferiores.
_____________________________________________________________________________
đ ComentĂĄrios e Gabarito D
Dentre os tipos da SĂndrome de Guillain-BarrĂ©,
*
*
*
*Alternativa (D): a MFS estĂĄ associada a um caminhar instĂĄvel.
*
➦IDEIA CONTEXTUAL:
"[...] Miller Fisher syndrome (MFS), in which paralysis starts in the eyes. MFS is also associated with unsteady gait."
(SĂndrome de Miller Fisher (MFS), na qual a paralisia começa nos olhos. A MFS tambĂ©m estĂĄ associada Ă marcha instĂĄvel.)
_____________________________________________________________________________
Atenção: Para responder Ă s questĂ”es de nĂșmeros 77 e 78, considere o texto abaixo.
_____________________________________________________________________________
New therapeutic vaccine helps immune cells fight HPV-related head and neck cancer
Reviewed by James Ives, MPsych Sep 24 2018
A therapeutic vaccine can __I__ antibodies and T cells, helping them infiltrate tumors and fight off human papillomavirus (HPV) − related head and neck cancer. Researchers from the Abramson Cancer Center of the University of Pennsylvania tested the immunotherapy approach in two groups of patients with advanced head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCCa) and found 86 percent showed elevated T cell activity. It is also the first study to show that the vaccine can help immune cells infiltrate tumors. The study also describes one patient who received the vaccine on the trial, developed metastatic disease seven months later, then was treated with anti-PD-1 immunotherapy and has been in remission for more than two years.
HNSCCa is a cancer that develops in the mucous membranes of the mouth and throat. Smoking and tobacco use are known causes, but the number of cases related to HPV infection − a sexually transmitted infection that is so common, the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) says almost all sexually active adults will contract it at some point in their lifetimes − is among the fastest growing cancer types. The CDC estimates 70 percent of all head and neck cancers in the United States are now HPV-related. While there are many types of HPV, the HPV 16 and 18 subtypes are most commonly associated with cancer. Many patients with this type of HNSCCa have good outcomes from treatment that includes surgery or chemotherapy and radiation. For patients who don't respond to treatment or who develop metastatic disease, anti-PD-1 therapy is approved, but only helps about 15 percent of patients.
(Adapted from: www.news-medical.net)
_____________________________________________________________________________đ QuestĂŁo 77 :
O verbo que preenche corretamente a lacuna I Ă©
a) contain
b) detect
c) boost
d) hinder
e) neutralize
_____________________________________________________________________________
đ ComentĂĄrios e Gabarito C
*
*
*Alternativa (C): boost(impulsionar/aumentar)
*
*
➦IDEIA CONTEXTUAL:
"[...] A therapeutic vaccine can boost antibodies and T cells,..."
(Uma vacina terapĂȘutica pode aumentar os anticorpos e as cĂ©lulas T)
_____________________________________________________________________________
đ QuestĂŁo 78 :
Segundo o texto,
a) um dos pacientes do estudo desenvolveu cĂąncer metastĂĄtico que nĂŁo respondeu ao tratamento imunoterĂĄpico.
b) apenas 15% dos pacientes infectados pelos tipos 16 e 18 do HPV nĂŁo respondem a um tratamento cirĂșrgico ou quimioterĂĄpico seguido de radiação.
c) o tabagismo é responsåvel por 70% dos cùnceres de cabeça e garganta.
d) a grande maioria dos adultos sexualmente ativos serĂŁo infectados pelo HPV em algum momento da vida.
e) a vacina nĂŁo surtiu o efeito esperado em 86% dos pacientes estudados.
_____________________________________________________________________________
đ ComentĂĄrios e Gabarito D
*
*
*
*Alternativa (D): a grande maioria dos adultos sexualmente ativos serĂŁo infectados pelo HPV em algum momento da vida.
*
➦IDEIA CONTEXTUAL:
"[...] Smoking and tobacco use are known causes, but the number of cases related to HPV infection − a sexually transmitted infection that is so common, the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) says almost all sexually active adults will contract it at some point in their lifetimes − is among the fastest growing cancer types."
(O tabagismo e o uso de tabaco sĂŁo causas conhecidas, mas o nĂșmero de casos relacionados Ă infecção pelo HPV - uma infecção sexualmente transmissĂvel tĂŁo comum que o Centro de Controle de Doenças (CDC) diz que quase todos os adultos sexualmente ativos a contrairĂŁo em algum momento de suas vidas. - estĂĄ entre os tipos de cĂąncer que mais crescem.)
_____________________________________________________________________________
Atenção: Para responder Ă s questĂ”es de nĂșmeros 79 e 80, considere o texto abaixo.
_____________________________________________________________________________
Adolescents: health risks
5 February 2018
_____________________________________________________________________________Around 1.2 billion people, or 1 in 6 of the world’s population, are adolescents aged 10 to 19.
The leading cause of death for 15–19-year-old girls globally is complications from pregnancy and childbirth.
Some 11% of all births worldwide are to girls aged 15–19 years, and the vast majority of these births are in low-and middleincome countries (LMIC). The UN Population Division puts the global adolescent birth rate in 2015 at 44 births per 1000 girls this age – country rates range from 1 to over 200 births per 1000 girls. This indicates a marked decrease since 1990. This decrease is reflected in a similar decline in maternal mortality rates among 15–19 year olds.
Violence, in turn, is a leading cause of death in older adolescent males. Interpersonal violence represents 43% of all adolescent male deaths in LMICs in the World Health Organization Americas Region. Globally, 1 in 10 girls under the age of 20 years report experiencing sexual violence.
Harmful drinking among adolescents is also a major concern in many countries. It reduces self-control and increases risky behaviors, such as unsafe sex or dangerous driving. It is a primary cause of injuries (including those due to road traffic accidents), violence (especially by a partner) and premature deaths.
(Adapted from: www.who.int)
_____________________________________________________________________________đ QuestĂŁo 79 :
De acordo com o texto,
a) o alcoolismo entre adolescentes tem sido uma das principais causas de morte no trĂąnsito desde 2015.
b) o alcoolismo entre adolescentes pode ter consequĂȘncias nefastas, mas afeta apenas os do sexo masculino.
c) os adolescentes de paĂses de baixa renda na AmĂ©rica Latina estĂŁo mais sujeitos Ă morte por violĂȘncia.
d) a morte de 43% de adolescentes do sexo masculino Ă© causada por violĂȘncia domĂ©stica.
e) a submissĂŁo Ă violĂȘncia sexual foi relatada por 10% de todas as garotas com menos de 20 anos no mundo.
_____________________________________________________________________________
đ ComentĂĄrios e Gabarito E
*
*
*
*
*Alternativa (E): a submissĂŁo Ă violĂȘncia sexual foi relatada por 10% de todas as garotas com menos de 20 anos no mundo.
➦IDEIA CONTEXTUAL:
"[...] 1 in 10 girls under the age of 20 years report experiencing sexual violence."
_____________________________________________________________________________
đ QuestĂŁo 80 :
Em relação às meninas entre 15 e 19 anos, o texto afirma que
a) o Ăndice de mortalidade delas tem apresentado ligeira queda desde 1990.
b) o segmento das famĂlias de baixa e mĂ©dia renda registrou 11% de todos os nascimentos de adolescentes no mundo.
c) a principal causa de sua morte deve-se a complicaçÔes durante e após o parto.
d) o Ăndice de natalidade entre elas chegou, em alguns paĂses, em 2015, a mais de 200 nascimentos por 1000 meninas.
e) o menor Ăndice de natalidade entre elas foi atingido em 1990.
_____________________________________________________________________________
đ ComentĂĄrios e Gabarito D
Em relação às meninas entre 15 e 19 anos, o texto afirma que
*
*
*
*Alternativa (D): o Ăndice de natalidade entre elas chegou, em alguns paĂses, em 2015, a mais de 200 nascimentos por 1000 meninas.
*
➦IDEIA CONTEXTUAL:
"[...] The UN Population Division puts the global
adolescent birth rate in 2015 at 44 births per 1000 girls
this age – country rates range from 1 to over 200
births per 1000 girls."
(A DivisĂŁo de População da ONU estima que a taxa global de nascimentos em adolescentes em 2015 seja de 44 nascimentos por 1.000 meninas nessa faixa etĂĄria - as taxas de paĂses variam de 1 a mais de 200 nascimentos por 1.000 meninas.)