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❑ PROVA DE LĂNGUA INGLESA:
• UERJ-2020-VESTIBULAR-2Âș EXAME DE QUALIFICAĂĂO
❑ ESTRUTURA-PROVA:
• 5 MCQs (Multiple Choice Questions) / 4 Options Each MCQ.
• Texto – | The power of metaphors | news.stanford.edu |
❑ TEXTO:
THE POWER OF METAPHORS
1
Imagine your city isn't as safe as it used to be. Robberies are on the rise, home invasions are
increasing and murder rates have nearly doubled in the past three years. What should city officials
do about it? Hire more cops to round up the thugs and lock them away in a growing network of
prisons? Or design programs that promise more peace by addressing issues like a faltering economy
and underperforming schools?2
Your answer – and the reasoning behind it – can hinge on the metaphor being used to describe the problem, according to new research by Stanford psychologists. Your thinking can even be swayed with just one word, they say.
3
Psychology Assistant Professor Lera Boroditsky and doctoral candidate Paul Thibodeau were curious about how subtle cues and common figures of speech can frame approaches to difficult problems. "Some estimates suggest that one out of every 25 words we encounter is a metaphor", said Thibodeau, the study's lead author. "But we didn't know the extent to which these metaphors influence people".
4
In five experiments, test subjects were asked to read short paragraphs about rising crime rates in the fictional city of Addison and answer questions about the city. The researchers gauged how people answered these questions in light of how crime was described – as a beast or a virus.
5
They found the test subjects’ proposed solutions differed a great deal depending on the metaphor
they were exposed to. The results have shown that people will likely support an increase in police
forces and jailing of offenders if crime is described as a "beast" preying on a community. But if
people are told crime is a "virus" infecting a city, they are more inclined to treat the problem
with social reform. According to Boroditsky: "People like to think they're objective. They want to
believe they’re logical. But they’re really being swayed by metaphors".
6
To get a sense of how much the metaphor really mattered, the researchers also examined what role political persuasions play in people’s approach to reducing crime. They suspected that Republicans would be more inclined to catch and incarcerate criminals than Democrats, who would prefer enacting social reforms. They found Republicans were about 10 percent more likely to suggest an enforcement-based solution.
7
"We can't talk about any complex situation – like crime – without using metaphors", said Boroditsky. “Metaphors aren’t just used for flowery speech. They shape the conversation for things we're trying to explain and figure out. And they have consequences for determining what we decide is the right approach to solving problems”. While their research focused on attitudes about crime, their findings can be used to understand the implications of how a casual or calculated turn of phrase can influence debates and change minds.
6
To get a sense of how much the metaphor really mattered, the researchers also examined what role political persuasions play in people’s approach to reducing crime. They suspected that Republicans would be more inclined to catch and incarcerate criminals than Democrats, who would prefer enacting social reforms. They found Republicans were about 10 percent more likely to suggest an enforcement-based solution.
7
"We can't talk about any complex situation – like crime – without using metaphors", said Boroditsky. “Metaphors aren’t just used for flowery speech. They shape the conversation for things we're trying to explain and figure out. And they have consequences for determining what we decide is the right approach to solving problems”. While their research focused on attitudes about crime, their findings can be used to understand the implications of how a casual or calculated turn of phrase can influence debates and change minds.
Adaptado de news.stanford.edu.
01 – (UERJ-2020-2Âș EXAME DE QUALIFICAĂĂO-VESTIBULAR)
The power of metaphors discusses the use of metaphors in daily life, as well as the text O que nossas metĂĄforas dizem de nĂłs.
The following metaphor is present in both texts:
(A) cancer is a virus
(B) life is a journey
(C) crime is a beast
(D) depression is a black hole
(B) life is a journey
(C) crime is a beast
(D) depression is a black hole
đ ComentĂĄrios e Gabarito C
TĂPICO - IDEIA CONTEXTUAL ou INFORMAĂĂO DENTRO DO TEXTO :
EXPLANATION:
- A metĂĄfora que considera o crime como uma besta (crime is a beast) Ă© a Ășnica usada nos dois textos.
- No
texto em portuguĂȘs, criminalidade Ă© comparada a predadores.
- No texto em inglĂȘs, o crime
Ă© apresentado como uma besta, conforme trecho do 5Âș parĂĄgrafo:
"[...] The results have shown that people will likely support an increase in police
forces and jailing of offenders if crime is described as a “beast” preying on a community."
(Os resultados mostraram que as pessoas provavelmente apoiarĂŁo um aumento nas forças policiais e na prisĂŁo de criminosos se o crime for descrito como uma “besta” que ataca uma comunidade.)
02 – (UERJ-2020-2Âș EXAME DE QUALIFICAĂĂO-VESTIBULAR)
The author of the text introduces the topic by making use of the following strategy:
(A) reporting a tragic event
(B) raising a simple subject
(C) addressing a basic issue
(D) creating a hypothetical situation
(B) raising a simple subject
(C) addressing a basic issue
(D) creating a hypothetical situation
đ ComentĂĄrios e Gabarito D
TĂPICO - IDEIA CONTEXTUAL ou INFORMAĂĂO DENTRO DO TEXTO :
- The author of the text introduces the topic by making use of the following strategy:
- O autor do texto apresenta o tópico usando a seguinte estratégia:
◼ (A) reporting a tragic event (relatar um evento trĂĄgico)
◼ (B) raising a simple subject (levantar um assunto simples)
◼ (C) addressing a basic issue (abordar um problema bĂĄsico)
◼ (D) creating a hypothetical situation (criar uma situação hipotĂ©tica)
◼ (A) reporting a tragic event (relatar um evento trĂĄgico)
◼ (B) raising a simple subject (levantar um assunto simples)
◼ (C) addressing a basic issue (abordar um problema bĂĄsico)
◼ (D) creating a hypothetical situation (criar uma situação hipotĂ©tica)
EXPLANATION:
- O emprego do verbo “imagine” logo no inĂcio do texto, e a sequĂȘncia de perguntas indicam que o autor utiliza a criação de situação hipotĂ©tica como estratĂ©gia.
"[...] Imagine your city isn't as safe as it used to be. Robberies are on the rise, home invasions are increasing and murder rates have nearly doubled in the past three years. What should city officials do about it? Hire more cops to round up the thugs and lock them away in a growing network of prisons? Or design programs that promise more peace by addressing issues like a faltering economy and underperforming schools?"
(Imagine que sua cidade nĂŁo Ă© tĂŁo segura como costumava ser. Os roubos estĂŁo aumentando, as invasĂ”es de casas estĂŁo aumentando e as taxas de homicĂdios quase dobraram nos Ășltimos trĂȘs anos. O que as autoridades municipais devem fazer a respeito? Contratar mais policiais para prender os bandidos e prendĂȘ-los em uma rede crescente de prisĂ”es? Ou projetar programas que prometam mais paz ao abordar questĂ”es como economia vacilante e escolas com baixo desempenho?)
03 – (UERJ-2020-2Âș EXAME DE QUALIFICAĂĂO-VESTIBULAR)
we didn't know the extent to which these metaphors influence people.(L.12-13)
In the fragment above, the doubt expressed by the researcher can be formulated by the following question:
(A) How far do these metaphors influence people?
(B) How come these metaphors influence people?
(C) How fast did these metaphors influence people?
(D) How long have these metaphors influenced people?
đ ComentĂĄrios e Gabarito A
TĂPICO - IDEIA CONTEXTUAL ou INFORMAĂĂO DENTRO DO TEXTO :
- In the fragment above, the doubt expressed by the researcher can be formulated by the following question:
- No fragmento acima, a dĂșvida expressa pelo pesquisador pode ser formulada pela seguinte questĂŁo:
◼ (A) How far do these metaphors influence people?(AtĂ© que ponto...)
◼ (B) How come these metaphors influence people?(Como...)
◼ (C) How fast did these metaphors influence people?(Com que rapidez...)
◼ (D) How long have these metaphors influenced people?(HĂĄ quanto tempo...)
◼ (A) How far do these metaphors influence people?(AtĂ© que ponto...)
◼ (B) How come these metaphors influence people?(Como...)
◼ (C) How fast did these metaphors influence people?(Com que rapidez...)
◼ (D) How long have these metaphors influenced people?(HĂĄ quanto tempo...)
EXPLANATION:
- Fragmento textual:
- we didn't know the extent to which these metaphors influence people.(nĂŁo sabĂamos atĂ© que ponto essas metĂĄforas influenciam as pessoas.)
- A expressĂŁo “the extent to which”(atĂ© que ponto) pressupĂ”e-se que uma metĂĄfora influencia pessoas, mas nĂŁo se sabe qual o limite dessa influĂȘncia.
- Desse modo, no fragmento acima, a dĂșvida expressa pela pesquisadora pode ser formulada pela seguinte pergunta:
-“How far do these metaphors influence people?”
(Até que ponto essas metåforas influenciam as pessoas?)
❑ HOW FAR: AtĂ© que ponto ou extensĂŁo (alguĂ©m pode fazer alguma coisa), por exemplo, How far is it from your house to school?
❑ HOW LONG – Por quanto tempo (alguĂ©m pode fazer alguma coisa) – e.g., How long did you sleep?
https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/
definition/english/long_2?q=how+long
❑ HOW COME (for what reason) – POR QUE RAZĂO – e.g., How long did you sleep?
04 – (UERJ-2020-2Âș EXAME DE QUALIFICAĂĂO-VESTIBULAR)
test subjects were asked to read short paragraphs (L.14)
The reason for the omission of the agent in the sentence above is:
(A) it is unknown to the reader
(B) it is already present in the text
(C) it creates ambiguity in the context
(D) it becomes a surprise for the reader
(B) it is already present in the text
(C) it creates ambiguity in the context
(D) it becomes a surprise for the reader
đ ComentĂĄrios e Gabarito B
TĂPICO - IDEIA CONTEXTUAL ou INFORMAĂĂO DENTRO DO TEXTO :
- The reason for the omission of the agent in the sentence above is:
- O motivo da omissĂŁo do agente na frase acima Ă©:
◼ (A) it is unknown to the reader
◼ (B) it is already present in the text
◼ (C) it creates ambiguity in the context
◼ (D) it becomes a surprise for the reader
◼ (B) it is already present in the text
◼ (C) it creates ambiguity in the context
◼ (D) it becomes a surprise for the reader
EXPLANATION:
- Vamos a fragmento textual:
"test subjects were asked to read short paragraphs."
(os participantes do teste foram convidados a ler parĂĄgrafos curtos.)
"test subjects were asked to read short paragraphs."
(os participantes do teste foram convidados a ler parĂĄgrafos curtos.)
- A questĂŁo quer saber a razĂŁo da omissĂŁo do agente da passiva no fragmento acima.
- O motivo da omissĂŁo do agente Ă© porque jĂĄ estĂĄ presente no texto.
05 – (UERJ-2020-2Âș EXAME DE QUALIFICAĂĂO-VESTIBULAR)
Metaphors aren't just used for flowery speech. They shape the conversation for things we’re trying to explain and figure out. (L.29-30)
In order to clarify the meaning relation between the two sentences above, the following word can be inserted in the underlined one:
(A) also
(B) rather
(C) hardly
(D) already
(B) rather
(C) hardly
(D) already
đ ComentĂĄrios e Gabarito A
TĂPICO - IDEIA CONTEXTUAL ou INFORMAĂĂO DENTRO DO TEXTO :
- In order to clarify the meaning relation between the two sentences above, the following word can be inserted in the underlined one:
- A fim de esclarecer a relação de significado entre as duas frases acima, a seguinte palavra pode ser inserida na frase sublinhada:
◼ (A) also("tambĂ©m", usado para fornecer mais informaçÔes sobre uma pessoa ou coisa, ou para adicionar outro fato relevante.)
◼ (A) also("tambĂ©m", usado para fornecer mais informaçÔes sobre uma pessoa ou coisa, ou para adicionar outro fato relevante.)
◼ (B) rather("Em vez disso", usado para preceder uma ideia que Ă© diferente ou oposta a uma afirmação anterior.)
◼ (C) hardly("dificilmente", usado para qualificar uma afirmação, dizendo que Ă© verdade em um grau insignificante)
◼ (D) already("jĂĄ", usado para nos referir a algo que aconteceu ou pode ter acontecido antes do momento de falar.)
- As sentenças:
- Metaphors aren't just used for flowery speech. They shape the conversation for things we’re trying to explain and figure out.
- As metĂĄforas nĂŁo sĂŁo usadas apenas para discurso embelezado. Elas estabeleem o perfil da conversa para as coisas que estamos tentando explicar e descobrir.
EXPLANATION:
- Questão aborda o uso de conectores, ou seja, a identificação de um conector que aponte a relação coesiva entre as duas sentenças.
- Perceba que a 2ÂȘ sentença acrescenta uma ideia a 1ÂȘ sentença, de tal modo que poderemos empregar o conector ALSO:
- Metaphors aren't just used for flowery speech BUT ALSO they shape the conversation for things we’re trying to explain and figure out.
(As metĂĄforas nĂŁo sĂŁo usadas apenas para discursos embelezados, MAS TAMBĂM elas estabelecem o perfil da conversa para coisas que estamos tentando explicar e descobrir.)