20 • ✔️❌ True/False Questions • Binary Format
TEXTO
A lack of women at decision-making tables around the world is hindering progress when it comes to tackling conflicts or improving health and standard of living, the highest-ranking woman in the UN (United Nations) has said.
“We’re half the population. And what we bring to the
table is incredibly important and it’s missing”, said Amina
Mohammed, the UN deputy secretary general. “I think it’s why
mostly our human development indices are so bad, why we have
so many conflicts and we’re unable to come out of the conflicts.”
Since her appointment in 2017, Mohammed has been a
constant voice in pushing back against the under-representation
of women in politics, diplomacy and even the UN general
assembly. Her efforts have helped cast a spotlight on the fact that
women remain relegated to the margins of power around the
world; last year the global proportion of female lawmakers stood
at 26.9%, according to Switzerland’s Inter-Parliamentary Union.
Speaking to The Guardian, Mohammed said “flexing
muscle and testosterone” often dominated at tables of power
around the world. “This win, win, win at all costs — I think that
would change if women were at the table”, she said.
She acknowledged that the world had seen a handful of
female leaders who had not used their position to advocate for
greater peace or conflict resolution. “Fair point, we see women in
power and they’re sometimes the image of men”, she said. But
she described it as unfair to judge women on an individual basis
while they were still within the confines of a system dominated
by men. “We don’t judge men that way.”
Mohammed highlighted how many parts of society still
view women in power as “about taking away, rather than adding”
value. “And we have to change that mentality”, she said.
“We kept looking at the Band-aid: put the women in
office, let’s have affirmative action. And we never connected the
dots for women themselves to build the constituencies and to go
out and vote”, she said. “So we have to have a conversation with
women first. Because if we’re doing this for women, should it not
be by women?”
- Ashifa Kassam. Lack of women at global tables of power hinders progress, says top UN official. In: The Guardian, 19/6/2024. Internet: <www.theguardian.com> (adapted).
Based on the previous text, judge the following items.
121 In the sentence ‘We kept looking at the Band-aid: put the
women in office, let’s have affirmative action’ (first sentence
of the last paragraph), the verbs ‘put’ and “let’s have”
express recommendations or suggestions previously made.
122 In the excerpt ‘And we never connected the dots for women
themselves to build the constituencies’ (second sentence of
the last paragraph) the phrase ‘to build the constituencies’
functions as an adverb that modifies ‘connected’.
123 Amina Mohammed believes that women’s absence from
decision-making roles is the only reason global development
remains stagnant.
124 According to the text, more than one-third of lawmakers
worldwide are women.
125 It is correct to conclude from the linguistic aspects and the
meanings of the third paragraph of the text that the phrase
“women remain relegated to the margins of power” (second
sentence) is in the passive voice.
126 In the fragment ‘And what we bring to the table is incredibly
important and it’s missing’ (second sentence of the second
paragraph), the pronoun ‘we’ refers specifically to the
women that are part of decision-making tables.
127 According to the text, Mohammed claims that affirmative action
alone is not enough to solve women under-representation
because it lacks a strategy for engaging women as political
agents and voters.
128 In the excerpt ‘And we have to change that mentality’ (last
sentence of the sixth paragraph) the fragment ‘that mentality’
refers back to the belief that, when in power, women
diminish value instead of adding it.
129 In the fourth paragraph, it can be inferred from the
expressions ‘flexing muscle and testosterone’ and ‘win at all
costs’ that, for Mohammed, the male dominance in political
representation evokes an attitude of aggressiveness, strength,
and competition.
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Diplomacy is often described as an art, involving decisions shaped by sensitive political nuances that require human judgment, cultural understanding, and emotional intelligence — qualities that AI cannot fully replicate.
While AI can support decision-making, it may also manipulate human behavior subtly, especially through systems developed in countries with different geopolitical priorities.
This deepens the AI divide between technologically advanced and resource-limited nations, embedding linguistic and cultural biases and reinforcing global power asymmetries.
As algorithms take their place alongside diplomats, the art of negotiation now meets the science of AI.
The future of diplomacy must lie in fostering a symbiotic relationship where AI enhances human expertise, streamlines processes, and offers new strategic tools while leaving the nuanced art of diplomacy in human hands.
Diplomatic institutions adopting such technologies should also adopt guardrails to clarify how these systems inform decision-making.
To ensure that AI systems function appropriately across diverse cultural contexts, adaptive and responsible AI frameworks should be integrated into policy discussions at the national and international levels.
Crucially, any AI deployment must prioritise human agency.
The goal must not be to automate diplomacy, but to augment it.
AI’s incorporation into diplomacy offers both promise and peril.
While the technology supports efficiency and expands access to information, it must be governed by strong ethical frameworks, particularly when it can shape global power relations through sensitive negotiations.
Rather than embracing AI as a magic wand, it must be approached as a double-edged sword that is capable of assisting, but never replacing the unique human skills that diplomacy demands.
Anusha Guru. The Future of Diplomacy: AI’s Expanding Role in International Affairs.In: Observer Research Foundation, 18/6/2025. Internet: <www.orfonline.org> (adapted).
Judge the following items based on the ideas presented in the preceding text, as well as on its linguistic aspects.
130 The author argues that the ethical governance of AI’s application in diplomacy is especially critical because its influence may extend beyond technical efficiency to altering the global distribution of political power.
131 In the fragment “adaptive and responsible AI frameworks,” (second sentence of the second paragraph), the words “adaptive” and “responsible” modify the expression “AI”.
132 According to the text, the use of AI in diplomacy reduces the risk of reinforcing global inequalities.
133 The text suggests that, although AI can assist diplomats, it cannot fully replace the human qualities required in diplomacy.
134 In the fragment “Diplomatic institutions adopting such technologies” (first sentence of the second paragraph), “adopting” describes an ongoing action that started in the past and continues in the present, since it is in the present perfect continuous.
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They couldn’t even tell the time — this uncountable army of believers.
The warriors of God pushed on to the gates of the imperial city of Constantinople, their arrival heralded by a plague of locusts that destroyed the vines but left the wheat untouched.
Their leader, an implacable cleric who had appeared from nowhere to great popular acclaim, exhorted his charges to holy war against the infidel with promises of a home in paradise.
Disease and malnutrition were rife. Medical care often involved exorcism of the amputation of injured limbs. Torture and other ordeals settled criminal cases.
Few had any learning at all. What education there was back home consisted of memorizing outdated texts under the watchful eyes of hidebound doctors of religion.
They had no understanding of basic technology, science, or mathematics.
They could not date their most important holy days, nor chart the regular movements of the sun, the moon, and the planets.
They knew nothing of papermaking or the use of lenses and mirrors, and they had no inkling of the prince of contemporary scientific instruments — the astrolabe.
Natural phenomena, such as an eclipse of the moon or a sudden change in weather, terrified them.
They though it was black magic. The arrival of this fanatical army horrified the locals.
Who were these pale-skinned, blue-eyed barbarians, marching under the sign of the cross, and what did they want on Arab shores at the dawn of the twelfth Christian century?
Jonathan Lyons. The House of Wisdom. How the Arabs Transformed Western Civilization. London: Bloomsbury, 2009. p. 9 (adapted).
Based on the preceding text, judge the following items.
135 According to the last paragraph of the text, the local population of the Arab shores was greatly frightened by the presence of the newcomers because nobody knew what their purpose was.
136 According to the text, as a consequence of the arrival of the warriors, the vines mentioned in the second paragraph were attacked by a widespread plant disease.
137 The author of the text presents the characteristics of the warriors that contrasted with the life of those who inhabited the “Arab shores”, mentioned in the last paragraph.
138 In all its occurrences in the third paragraph, the pronoun “They” refers to “The warriors of God” (second paragraph), also referred in the text as “barbarians” (last paragraph).
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