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❑ PROVA DE LĂNGUA INGLESA:
• CESGRANRIO-2015-PETROBRAS – SUPERIOR (todos os cargos)-08/03/2015.
❑ ESTRUTURA-PROVA:
• 10 MCQs (Multiple Choice Questions) / 5 Options Each Question.
• Texto – | Natural gas waits for its moment | nytimes.com |
❑ TEXTO:
Natural gas waits for its moment
O gĂĄs natural espera pelo seu momento
Paul Stenquist
With natural gas in plentiful supply at bargain prices in the United States, issues that have limited its use in cars are being rethought, and its market share could increase, perhaps substantially. Com o gås natural em oferta abundante e a preços reduzidos nos Estados Unidos, as questÔes que limitaram a sua utilização nos automóveis estão a ser repensadas e a sua quota de mercado poderå aumentar, talvez substancialmente
According to Energy Department Price Information from July, natural gas offers economic advantages over gasoline and diesel fuels. If a gasoline-engine vehicle can take you 40 miles on one gallon, the same vehicle running on compressed natural gas can do it for about $1.50 less at today’s prices. To that savings add lower maintenance costs. A study of New York City cabs running on natural gas found that oil changes need not be as frequent because of the clean burn of the fuel, and exhaustsystem parts last longer because natural gas is less corrosive than other fuels. De acordo com as informaçÔes de preços do Departamento de Energia de julho, o gĂĄs natural oferece vantagens econĂŽmicas em relação Ă gasolina e ao diesel. Se um veĂculo com motor a gasolina pode percorrer 40 milhas com um galĂŁo, o mesmo veĂculo movido a gĂĄs natural comprimido pode fazĂȘ-lo por cerca de US$ 1,50 a menos aos preços de hoje. A essa economia somam-se custos de manutenção mais baixos. Um estudo realizado em tĂĄxis da cidade de Nova Iorque que funcionam com gĂĄs natural descobriu que as mudanças de Ăłleo nĂŁo precisam de ser tĂŁo frequentes devido Ă queima limpa do combustĂvel e que as peças do sistema de escape duram mais porque o gĂĄs natural Ă© menos corrosivo do que outros combustĂveis.
Today, those economic benefits are nullified by the initial cost of a natural gas vehicle — 20 to 30 percent more than a comparable gasoline-engine vehicle. But were production to increase significantly, economies of scale would bring prices down. In an interview by phone, Jon Coleman, fleet sustainability manager at the Ford Motor Company, said that given sufficient volume, the selling price of natural gas vehicles could be comparable to that of conventional vehicles. Atualmente, esses benefĂcios econĂŽmicos sĂŁo anulados pelo custo inicial de um veĂculo a gĂĄs natural – 20 a 30 por cento mais do que um veĂculo comparĂĄvel com motor a gasolina. Mas se a produção aumentasse significativamente, as economias de escala reduziriam os preços. Numa entrevista por telefone, Jon Coleman, gestor de sustentabilidade de frota da Ford Motor Company, disse que, com volume suficiente, o preço de venda dos veĂculos a gĂĄs natural poderia ser comparĂĄvel ao dos veĂculos convencionais.
It may be years before the economic benefits of natural gas vehicles can be realized, but the environmental benefits appear to be immediate. According to the Energy Department’s website, natural gas vehicles have smaller carbon footprints than gasoline or diesel automobiles, even when taking into account the natural gas production process, which releases carbon-rich methane into the atmosphere. Podem passar anos atĂ© que os benefĂcios econĂŽmicos dos veĂculos a gĂĄs natural possam ser percebidos, mas os benefĂcios ambientais parecem ser imediatos. De acordo com o site do Departamento de Energia, os veĂculos a gĂĄs natural tĂȘm pegadas de carbono menores do que os automĂłveis a gasolina ou diesel, mesmo tendo em conta o processo de produção de gĂĄs natural, que liberta metano rico em carbono na atmosfera.
The United States government appears to favor natural gas as a motor vehicle fuel. To promote the production of vehicles with fewer carbon emissions, it has allowed automakers to count certain vehicle types more than once when calculating their Corporate Average Fuel Economy, under regulations mandating a fleet average of 54.5 miles per gallon by 2025. Plug-in hybrids and natural gas vehicles can be counted 1.6 times under the CAFE standards, and electric vehicles can be counted twice. O governo dos Estados Unidos parece favorecer o gĂĄs natural como combustĂvel para veĂculos motorizados. Para promover a produção de veĂculos com menos emissĂ”es de carbono, permitiu que os fabricantes de automĂłveis contassem certos tipos de veĂculos mais de uma vez ao calcular a sua economia mĂ©dia de combustĂvel corporativa, sob regulamentos que exigem uma frota mĂ©dia de 54,5 milhas por galĂŁo atĂ© 2025. HĂbridos plug-in e os veĂculos a gĂĄs natural podem ser contados 1,6 vezes de acordo com os padrĂ”es CAFE, e os veĂculos elĂ©tricos podem ser contados duas vezes.
Adapting natural gas as a vehicle fuel introduces engineering challenges. While the fuel burns clean, it is less energy dense than gasoline, so if it is burned in an engine designed to run on conventional fuel, performance and efficiency are degraded. A adaptação do gĂĄs natural como combustĂvel veicular apresenta desafios de engenharia. Embora o combustĂvel queime limpo, ele tem menos densidade energĂ©tica do que a gasolina; portanto, se for queimado em um motor projetado para funcionar com combustĂvel convencional, o desempenho e a eficiĂȘncia serĂŁo degradados.
But since natural gas has an octane rating of 130, compared with 93 for the best gasoline, an engine designed for it can run with very high cylinder pressure, which would cause a regular gasoline engine to knock from premature ignition. More cylinder pressure yields more power, and thus the energy-density advantage of gasoline can be nullified.[...] Mas como o gĂĄs natural tem uma octanagem de 130, em comparação com 93 para a melhor gasolina, um motor concebido para ele pode funcionar com uma pressĂŁo de cilindro muito elevada, o que faria com que um motor a gasolina normal batesse devido Ă ignição prematura. Mais pressĂŁo no cilindro produz mais potĂȘncia e, portanto, a vantagem da densidade energĂ©tica da gasolina pode ser anulada.[...]
Until the pressurized fuel tanks of natural gas vehicles can be easily and quickly refueled, the fleet cannot grow substantially. The number of commercial refueling stations for compressed natural gas has been increasing at a rate of 16 percent yearly, the Energy Department says. And, while the total is still small, advances in refueling equipment should increase the rate of expansion. Much of the infrastructure is already in place: America has millions of miles of natural gas pipeline. Connecting that network to refueling equipment is not difficult. AtĂ© que os tanques de combustĂvel pressurizados dos veĂculos a gĂĄs natural possam ser reabastecidos de forma fĂĄcil e rĂĄpida, a frota nĂŁo poderĂĄ crescer substancialmente. O nĂșmero de estaçÔes comerciais de reabastecimento de gĂĄs natural comprimido tem aumentado a uma taxa de 16% ao ano, afirma o Departamento de Energia. E, embora o total ainda seja pequeno, os avanços nos equipamentos de reabastecimento deverĂŁo aumentar o ritmo de expansĂŁo. Grande parte da infra-estrutura jĂĄ estĂĄ instalada: a AmĂ©rica tem milhĂ”es de quilĂŽmetros de gasodutos de gĂĄs natural. Conectar essa rede ao equipamento de reabastecimento nĂŁo Ă© difĂcil.
Although commercial refueling stations will be necessary to support a substantial fleet of natural gas vehicles, home refueling may be the magic bullet that makes the vehicles practical. Electric vehicles depend largely on home charging and most have less than half the range of a fully fueled natural gas vehicle. Some compressed natural gas home refueling products are available, but they can cost as much as $5,000. Embora sejam necessĂĄrios postos de abastecimento comerciais para apoiar uma frota substancial de veĂculos a gĂĄs natural, o reabastecimento domĂ©stico pode ser a solução mĂĄgica que torna os veĂculos prĂĄticos. Os veĂculos elĂ©tricos dependem em grande parte do carregamento domĂ©stico e a maioria tem menos de metade da autonomia de um veĂculo totalmente abastecido a gĂĄs natural. Alguns produtos de reabastecimento domĂ©stico de gĂĄs natural comprimido estĂŁo disponĂveis, mas podem custar atĂ© US$ 5.000.
Seeking to change that, the Energy Department has awarded grants to a number of companies in an effort to develop affordable home-refueling equipment. [...] Procurando mudar esta situação, o Departamento de Energia concedeu subvençÔes a uma sĂ©rie de empresas num esforço para desenvolver equipamento de reabastecimento domĂ©stico acessĂvel. [...]
O gĂĄs natural espera pelo seu momento
Embora sejam necessĂĄrios postos de abastecimento comerciais para apoiar uma frota substancial de veĂculos a gĂĄs natural, o reabastecimento domĂ©stico pode ser a solução mĂĄgica que torna os veĂculos prĂĄticos. Os veĂculos elĂ©tricos dependem em grande parte do carregamento domĂ©stico e a maioria tem menos de metade da autonomia de um veĂculo totalmente abastecido a gĂĄs natural. Alguns produtos de reabastecimento domĂ©stico de gĂĄs natural comprimido estĂŁo disponĂveis, mas podem custar atĂ© US$ 5.000.
Procurando mudar esta situação, o Departamento de Energia concedeu subvençÔes a uma sĂ©rie de empresas num esforço para desenvolver equipamento de reabastecimento domĂ©stico acessĂvel. [...]
Available at: <http://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/30/automobiles/natural-gas-waits-for-its-moment.html?page wanted=all&module=Search&mabReward=relbias%3A r%2C%7B%222%22%3A%22RI%3A18%22%7D>. Retrieved on: Sept 3rd, 2014. Adapted.
11 – (CESGRANRIO-2015-PETROBRAS-SUPERIOR)
(A) defend the use of natural gas as a vehicle fuel.
(B) compare the use of natural gas vehicles in different
countries.
(C) establish the technical aspects of the use of natural
gas vehicles.
(D) analyze the immediate economic advantages of
natural gas vehicles.
(E) highlight environmental protection advantages of
natural gas vehicles in the long run.
ComentĂĄrios e Gabarito A
TĂPICO - RELAĂĂO SEMĂNTICA COM TRECHO DO TEXTO :
12 – (CESGRANRIO-2015-PETROBRAS-SUPERIOR)
In the statement “As of 2009, Argentina had more than 1.8 million in operation and almost 2,000 natural gas filling stations” (lines 4-6), the expression as of means:
(A) In 2009
(B) Since 2009
(C) Around 2009
(D) Before 2009
(E) Comparing to 2009
(B) Since 2009
(C) Around 2009
(D) Before 2009
(E) Comparing to 2009
ComentĂĄrios e Gabarito B
TĂPICO - RELAĂĂO SEMĂNTICA COM TRECHO DO TEXTO :
13 – (CESGRANRIO-2015-PETROBRAS-SUPERIOR)
(A) gasoline is as expensive as diesel in New York City.
(B) a car running on natural gas will pay $1.50 on one gallon of the fuel.
(C) every car running on natural gas will afford to save $3.00 on a 60-mile drive.
(D) the cost of oil changes can improve savings in natural gas-fueled vehicles.
(E) natural gas cannot be associated with corrosion in car’s exhaust-system parts.
(B) a car running on natural gas will pay $1.50 on one gallon of the fuel.
(C) every car running on natural gas will afford to save $3.00 on a 60-mile drive.
(D) the cost of oil changes can improve savings in natural gas-fueled vehicles.
(E) natural gas cannot be associated with corrosion in car’s exhaust-system parts.
ComentĂĄrios e Gabarito D
TĂPICO - RELAĂĂO SEMĂNTICA COM TRECHO DO TEXTO :
De acordo com o parĂĄgrafo limitado pelas linhas 13 a 24 do texto, pode-se inferir que
(A) gasoline is as expensive as diesel in New York City. a gasolina Ă© tĂŁo cara quanto o diesel na cidade de Nova York.
(B) a car running on natural gas will pay $1.50 on one gallon of the fuel. um carro movido a gĂĄs natural pagarĂĄ US$ 1,50 por um galĂŁo de combustĂvel.
(C) every car running on natural gas will afford to save $3.00 on a 60-mile drive. cada carro movido a gĂĄs natural economizarĂĄ US$ 3,00 em uma viagem de 60 milhas.
(D) the cost of oil changes can improve savings in natural gas-fueled vehicles. o custo das trocas de Ăłleo pode melhorar a economia em veĂculos movidos a gĂĄs natural.
(E) natural gas cannot be associated with corrosion in car’s exhaust-system parts. o gĂĄs natural nĂŁo pode estar associado Ă corrosĂŁo nas peças do sistema de escapamento dos automĂłveis.
(B) a car running on natural gas will pay $1.50 on one gallon of the fuel. um carro movido a gĂĄs natural pagarĂĄ US$ 1,50 por um galĂŁo de combustĂvel.
(C) every car running on natural gas will afford to save $3.00 on a 60-mile drive. cada carro movido a gĂĄs natural economizarĂĄ US$ 3,00 em uma viagem de 60 milhas.
(D) the cost of oil changes can improve savings in natural gas-fueled vehicles. o custo das trocas de Ăłleo pode melhorar a economia em veĂculos movidos a gĂĄs natural.
(E) natural gas cannot be associated with corrosion in car’s exhaust-system parts. o gĂĄs natural nĂŁo pode estar associado Ă corrosĂŁo nas peças do sistema de escapamento dos automĂłveis.
➭ TRECHO QUE JUSTIFICA:
• "[...] A study of New York City cabs running on natural gas found that oil changes need not be as frequent because of the clean burn of the fuel, and exhaustsystem parts last longer because natural gas is less corrosive than other fuels."
• Um estudo realizado em tĂĄxis da cidade de Nova Iorque que funcionam com gĂĄs natural descobriu que as mudanças de Ăłleo nĂŁo precisam de ser tĂŁo frequentes devido Ă queima limpa do combustĂvel e que as peças do sistema de escape duram mais porque o gĂĄs natural Ă© menos corrosivo do que outros combustĂveis.
➭ VOCABULĂRIO & FONĂTICA (International Phonetic Alphabet):
14 – (CESGRANRIO-2015-PETROBRAS-SUPERIOR)
The sentence of the text “But were production to increase significantly, economies of scale would bring prices down” (lines 28-29) has the same meaning as:(A) Economies of scale would reduce production and prices significantly.
(B) Economies of scale would be one of the conditions for the decrease of prices.
(C) Production would increase unless economies of scale brought prices down.
(D) Production would increase significantly if economies of scale didn’t bring the prices down.
(E) Prices would not go down although the production increased.
(B) Economies of scale would be one of the conditions for the decrease of prices.
(C) Production would increase unless economies of scale brought prices down.
(D) Production would increase significantly if economies of scale didn’t bring the prices down.
(E) Prices would not go down although the production increased.
ComentĂĄrios e Gabarito B
TĂPICO - RELAĂĂO SEMĂNTICA COM TRECHO DO TEXTO :
15 – (CESGRANRIO-2015-PETROBRAS-SUPERIOR)
(A) economic and environmental benefits of natural gas vehicles are both immediate results of smaller footprints than those of gasoline or diesel automobiles.
(B) economic benefits of natural gas vehicles are not as considerable as the environmental benefits because of the cost of the natural gas production process.
(C) natural gas vehicles produce smaller footprints than those of gasoline or diesel automobiles because they bring more environmental benefits.
(D) environmental benefits of natural gas vehicles are remarkable despite the carbon-rich methane released into the atmosphere in the production process.
(E) environmental benefits of natural gas vehicles are not as considerable as the economic benefits because of the cost of the carbon-rich methane released into the atmosphere in the production process.
ComentĂĄrios e Gabarito D
TĂPICO - RELAĂĂO SEMĂNTICA COM TRECHO DO TEXTO :
16 – (CESGRANRIO-2015-PETROBRAS-SUPERIOR)
The modal verb may in the fragment of the text “It may be years before the economic benefits of natural gas vehicles can be realized” (lines 35-36) is associated with the idea of
16 – (CESGRANRIO-2015-PETROBRAS-SUPERIOR)
(A) permission
(B) obligation
(C) certainty
(D) inference
(E) probability
(B) obligation
(C) certainty
(D) inference
(E) probability
ComentĂĄrios e Gabarito E
TĂPICO - RELAĂĂO SEMĂNTICA COM TRECHO DO TEXTO :
17 – (CESGRANRIO-2015-PETROBRAS-SUPERIOR)
According to the 6th paragraph in the text (lines 43-52), one of the Corporate Average Fuel Economy goals for the fleet in the United States is average 54.5 miles per gallon
17 – (CESGRANRIO-2015-PETROBRAS-SUPERIOR)
(A) in 2025
(B) prior 2025
(C) around 2025
(D) sometime before 2025
(E) not later than 2025
ComentĂĄrios e Gabarito E
TĂPICO - RELAĂĂO SEMĂNTICA COM TRECHO DO TEXTO :
18 – (CESGRANRIO-2015-PETROBRAS-SUPERIOR)
(A) natural gas
(B) degrading fuel
(C) unconventional fuel
(D) 93-octane rating fuel
(E) more energy-dense fuel
(B) degrading fuel
(C) unconventional fuel
(D) 93-octane rating fuel
(E) more energy-dense fuel
ComentĂĄrios e Gabarito A
TĂPICO - RELAĂĂO SEMĂNTICA COM TRECHO DO TEXTO :
19 – (CESGRANRIO-2015-PETROBRAS-SUPERIOR)
(A) should go through an increase at their rate of expansion.
(B) require pipeline infrastructure that has been growing 16% every year.
(C) do not rely on infrastructure available for their expansion.
(D) cannot grow substantially because of miles of natural gas pipeline.
(E) cannot be expanded through the country because of their potential damage against nature.
(B) require pipeline infrastructure that has been growing 16% every year.
(C) do not rely on infrastructure available for their expansion.
(D) cannot grow substantially because of miles of natural gas pipeline.
(E) cannot be expanded through the country because of their potential damage against nature.
ComentĂĄrios e Gabarito A
TĂPICO - RELAĂĂO SEMĂNTICA COM TRECHO DO TEXTO :
20 – (CESGRANRIO-2015-PETROBRAS-SUPERIOR)
“Although commercial refueling stations will be necessary to support a substantial fleet of natural gas vehicles, home refueling may be the magic bullet that makes the vehicles practical” (lines 76-79),
the word although implies facts that are
(A) simultaneous
(B) sequential
(C) alternate
(D) opposing
(E) proportional
(B) sequential
(C) alternate
(D) opposing
(E) proportional
ComentĂĄrios e Gabarito D
TĂPICO - RELAĂĂO SEMĂNTICA COM TRECHO DO TEXTO :




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