CESGRANRIO-PETROBRAS DISTRIBUIDORA-2008-Concurso Público para Profissional Júnior da PETROBRAS DISTRIBUIDORA(Petrobras Distribuidora S.A.) - Profº Valdenor Sousa - Prova de INGLÊS com gabarito e questões comentadas.

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Hey, what's up my friends!!!...How have you been?! Welcome back to another post!

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Neste post, veremos a Prova de INGLÊS-CESGRANRIO-2008 da PETROBRAS DISTRIBUIDORA-Cargo:Profissional Júnior-Prova aplicada em 30/04/2008.

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LEITURA de textos de jornais,revistas, websites, blogs e cartoons a seguir, é um excelente treino para a prova OBJETIVA de inglês com 10 questões.

➦www.theguardian.com
➦www.nytimes.com
➦www.sciencenews.org
➦http://digitalcommons.law.yale.edu
➦http://global.britannica.com

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[a]Banca Organizadora do Concurso Público 

www.cesgranrio.org.br

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[b]Padrão/Composição da prova 

➦01 Texto.
➦10 Questões(múltiplas escolhas com 05 alternativas cada)
➦Reading Comprehension(Compreensão textual).

➦Use of english(uso do inglês).

🔄  TEXTO e TEMA ABORDADO:
👉  Texto  I  Natural gas waits for its moment(O gás natural aguarda seu momento) 

[c]Dictionary:

Caso necessário,sugiro que consulte os 02(dois) excelentes dicionários a seguir:
http://www.thefreedictionary.com/
http:/www.macmillandictionary.com/

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🔄Verbos
➽[to)] 
🔄Phrasal Verbs:
➽[Cars and trucks powered by natural gas MAKE UP a significant portion of the vehicle fleet in many parts of the world.="Carros e caminhões movidos a gás natural CONSTITUEM uma parcela significativa da frota de veículos em muitas partes do mundo."]

🔄Expressões verbais com o TO BE(simple present/simple past/simple future/ be going to/present continuous/past continuous/future continuous):
➽["]
🔄Expressões verbais no PERFECT TENSE(present perfect/past perfect/present perfect continuous/past perfect continuous):
➽["]
🔄Expressões com os 10 modais(can/could/may/might/must/should/would/ought to/will/shall):
➽["] 
🔄Expressões com verbos com ING:
➽[."]
🔄Expressões Prontas :
➽["]
🔄Substantivos(NOUNS):
➽["]
🔄Adjetivos/Locuções adjetivas:
➽["]
🔄Advérbios/Locução adverbial:
➽["]
🔄 Pronomes Relativos(who, which, whom, that) :
➽[.]
🔄 CONJUCTION (but, yet, However, Nevertheless → ideia de contraposição de informação); furthermore → ideia de adição de informação); ALTHOUGH :
➽["]

🔄 Abreviação :
➽["]
🔄Expressões idiomáticas:
➽["]
🔄Expressões ADJETIVO+SUBSTANTIVO:
➽["]
🔄 Expressões introdutórias :
➽["]
🔄Expressões/Vocábulos técnicos  :
➽[natural gas filling stations="postos de abastecimento de gás natural"]
➽[in plentiful supply at bargain prices="em oferta abundante a preços de barganha"]
➽[plentiful supply="oferta abundante"]
🔄 Comparativos (superioridade) :
➽[]
🔄Expressões com 'S (Genitive case=proprietário 'S propriedade):
➽["]
🔄 Afixos (ness → sufixo de substantivação) :
➽[]
🔄Expressões com frações/números:
➽[As of 2009="A partir de 2009"]
➽[Iran has more than two million natural gas vehicles on the road.="O Irã tem mais de dois milhões de veículos a gás natural na estrada."]
🔄Questions:
➽["]

🔄Falso cognato:

➽["]

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"Natural gas waits for its moment"

Paul Stenquist

Cars and trucks powered by natural gas make up a significant portion of the vehicle fleet in many parts of the world. Iran has more than two million natural gas vehicles on the road. As of 2009, Argentina had more than 1.8 million in operation and almost 2,000 natural gas filling stations. Brazil was not far behind. Italy and Germany have substantial natural gas vehicle fleets. Is America next?
       
With natural gas in plentiful supply at bargain prices in the United States, issues that have limited its use in cars are being rethought, and its market share could increase, perhaps substantially.
        
According to Energy Department Price Information from July, natural gas offers economic advantages over gasoline and diesel fuels. If a gasoline-engine vehicle can take you 40 miles on one gallon, the same vehicle running on compressed natural gas can do it for about $1.50 less at today’s prices. To that savings add lower maintenance costs. A study of New York City cabs running on natural gas found that oil changes need not be as frequent because of the clean burn of the fuel, and exhaustsystem parts last longer because natural gas is less corrosive than other fuels.
       
Today, those economic benefits are nullified by the initial cost of a natural gas vehicle — 20 to 30 percent more than a comparable gasoline-engine vehicle. But were production to increase significantly, economies of scale would bring prices down. In an interview by phone, Jon Coleman, fleet sustainability manager at the Ford Motor Company, said that given sufficient volume, the selling price of natural gas vehicles could be comparable to that of conventional vehicles.
        
It may be years before the economic benefits of natural gas vehicles can be realized, but the environmental benefits appear to be immediate. According to the Energy Department’s website, natural gas vehicles have smaller carbon footprints than gasoline or diesel automobiles, even when taking into account the natural gas production process, which releases carbon-rich methane into the atmosphere.
        
The United States government appears to favor natural gas as a motor vehicle fuel. To promote the production of vehicles with fewer carbon emissions, it has allowed automakers to count certain vehicle types more than once when calculating their Corporate Average Fuel Economy, under regulations mandating a fleet average of 54.5 miles per gallon by 2025. Plug-in hybrids and natural gas vehicles can be counted 1.6 times under the CAFE standards, and electric vehicles can be counted twice.
        
Adapting natural gas as a vehicle fuel introduces engineering challenges. While the fuel burns clean, it is less energy dense than gasoline, so if it is burned in an engine designed to run on conventional fuel, performance and efficiency are degraded.
        
But since natural gas has an octane rating of 130, compared with 93 for the best gasoline, an engine designed for it can run with very high cylinder pressure, which would cause a regular gasoline engine to knock from premature ignition. More cylinder pressure yields more power, and thus the energy-density advantage of gasoline can be nullified.[...]
        
Until the pressurized fuel tanks of natural gas vehicles can be easily and quickly refueled, the fleet cannot grow substantially. The number of commercial refueling stations for compressed natural gas has been increasing at a rate of 16 percent yearly, the Energy Department says. And, while the total is still small, advances in refueling equipment should increase the rate of expansion. Much of the infrastructure is already in place: America has millions of miles of natural gas pipeline. Connecting that network to refueling equipment is not difficult.
        
Although commercial refueling stations will be necessary to support a substantial fleet of natural gas vehicles, home refueling may be the magic bullet that makes the vehicles practical. Electric vehicles depend largely on home charging and most have less than half the range of a fully fueled natural gas vehicle. Some compressed natural gas home refueling products are available, but they can cost as much as $5,000.
        
Seeking to change that, the Energy Department has awarded grants to a number of companies in an effort to develop affordable home-refueling equipment. [...]

Available at: <http://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/30/automobiles/natural-gas-waits-for-its-moment.html?page wanted=all&module=Search&mabReward=relbias%3A r%2C%7B%222%22%3A%22RI%3A18%22%7D>. Retrieved on: Sept 3rd, 2014. Adapted.

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👉 Questão  11 :
The main purpose of the text is to
(A) defend the use of natural gas as a vehicle fuel.
(B) compare the use of natural gas vehicles in different countries.
(C) establish the technical aspects of the use of natural gas vehicles.
(D) analyze the immediate economic advantages of natural gas vehicles.
(E) highlight environmental protection advantages of natural gas vehicles in the long run.
👍 Comentários e Gabarito  A  
TÓPICO - IDEIA CONTEXTUAL ou INFORMAÇÃO DENTRO DO TEXTO:
➽ IDEIA CONTEXTUAL PRINCIPAL: Em muitas partes do mundo, CARROS E CAMINHÕES SÃO MOVIDOS A GÁS NATURAL.
"Cars and trucks powered by natural gas make up a significant portion of the vehicle fleet in many parts of the world."
(Carros e caminhões movidos a gás natural constituem uma parcela significativa da frota de veículos em muitas partes do mundo.)
➽ O principal objetivo do texto é...
*Alternativa (A): DEFENDER o uso de gás natural como um combustível para veículos.
*Alternativa (B): COMPARAR o uso de veículos a gás natural em diferentes países.
*Alternativa (C): ESTABELECER os aspectos técnicos da utilização de veículos a gás natural.
*Alternativa (D): ANALISAR as vantagens econômicas imediatas dos veículos a gás natural..
*Alternativa (E): DESTACAR as vantagens da proteção ambiental dos veículos a gás natural no longo prazo.
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👉 Questão  12 :
In the statement "As of 2009, Argentina had more than 1.8 million in operation and almost 2,000 natural gas filling stations"(lines 4-6), the expression as of  means:
(A) In 2009
(B) Since 2009
(C) Around 2009
(D) Before 2009
(E) Comparing to 2009
👍 Comentários e Gabarito QUESTÃO  12(B) 
Na declaração "Desde 2009, a Argentina tinha mais de 1,8 milhões em operação e quase 2.000 postos de abastecimento de gás natural" (linhas 4-6), a expressão AS OF significa:
*Item (A) incorreto: Em 2009.
*Item (B) correto: Desde 2009.
*Item (C) incorreto: Por volta de 2009.
*Item (D) incorreto: Antes de 2009.
*Item (E) incorreto: Comparando com 2009.
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👉 Questão  13 :
According to the paragraph limited by lines 13-24 in the text, one can infer that
(A) gasoline is as expensive as diesel in New York City.
(B) a car running on natural gas will pay $1.50 on one gallon of the fuel.
(C) every car running on natural gas will afford to save $3.00 on a 60-mile drive.
(D) the cost of oil changes can improve savings in natural gas-fueled vehicles.
(E) natural gas cannot be associated with corrosion in car's exhaust-system parts.
👍 Comentários e Gabarito QUESTÃO  13(D) 
De acordo com o parágrafo limitado pelas linhas 13-24 do texto, pode-se inferir que...
*Item (A) incorreto: a gasolina é tão cara quanto o diesel na cidade de Nova York.
*Item (B) incorreto: um carro movido a gás natural pagará US $ 1,50 em um galão de combustível.
*Item (C) incorreto: todos os carros movidos a gás natural economizarão US $ 3,00 em uma unidade de 96 quilômetros.
*Item (D) correto:o custo das trocas de óleo pode melhorar a economia em veículos movidos a gás natural.
*Item (E) incorreto:o gás natural não pode ser associado à corrosão nas partes do sistema de combustão(exaustão) do carro.
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👉 Questão  14 :
The sentence of the text "But were production to increase significantly, economies of scale would bring prices down" (lines 28-29) has the same meaning as:
(A) Economies of scale would reduce production and prices significantly.
(B) Economies of scale would be one of the conditions for the decrease of prices.
(C) Production would increase unless economies of scale brought prices down.
(D) Production would increase significantly if economies of scale didn’t bring the prices down.
(E) Prices would not go down although the production increased.
👍 Comentários e Gabarito QUESTÃO  14(B) 
A sentença do texto "Mas a produção aumentaria significativamente, as economias de escala derrubariam os preços" (linhas 28-29) tem o mesmo significado de:
*Item (A) incorreto: Economias de escala reduziriam significativamente a produção e os preços.
*Item (B) correto: Economias de escala seriam uma das condições para a queda dos preços.
*Item (C) incorreto: A produção aumentaria a menos que as economias de escala reduzissem os preços.
*Item (D) incorreto: A produção aumentaria significativamente se as economias de escala não reduzissem os preços.
*Item (E) incorreto: Os preços não cairiam, embora a produção aumentasse.
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👉 Questão  15 :
In the 5th paragraph, limited by lines 35-42 in the text, the author defends the idea that
(A) economic and environmental benefits of natural gas vehicles are both immediate results of smaller footprints than those of gasoline or diesel automobiles.
(B) economic benefits of natural gas vehicles are not as considerable as the environmental benefits because of the cost of the natural gas production process.
(C) natural gas vehicles produce smaller footprints than those of gasoline or diesel automobiles because they bring more environmental benefits.
(D) environmental benefits of natural gas vehicles are remarkable despite the carbon-rich methane released into the atmosphere in the production process.
(E) environmental benefits of natural gas vehicles are not as considerable as the economic benefits because of the cost of the carbon-rich methane released into the atmosphere in the production process.
👍 Comentários e Gabarito QUESTÃO  15(D) 
No 5º parágrafo, limitado pelas linhas 35-42 no texto, o autor defende a ideia de que ...
*Item (A) incorreto:
*Item (B) incorreto:
*Item (C) incorreto:
*Item (D) correto:
*Item (E) incorreto:
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👉 Questão  16 :
The modal verb may in the fragment of the text “It may be years before the economic benefits of natural gas vehicles can be realized” (lines 35-36) is associated with the idea of
(A) permission
(B) obligation
(C) certainty
(D) inference
(E) probability
👍 Comentários e Gabarito QUESTÃO  16(E) 
*
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👉 Questão  17 :
According to the 6th paragraph in the text (lines 43-52), one of the Corporate Average Fuel Economy goals for the fleet in the United States is average 54.5 miles per gallon
(A) in 2025
(B) prior 2025
(C) around 2025
(D) sometime before 2025
(E) not later than 2025
👍 Comentários e Gabarito QUESTÃO  17(E) 
*
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👉 Questão  18 :
The personal pronoun it in “so if it is burned in an engine designed to run on conventional fuel” (lines 55-56) refers to
(A) natural gas
(B) degrading fuel
(C) unconventional fuel
(D) 93-octane rating fuel
(E) more energy-dense fuel
👍 Comentários e Gabarito QUESTÃO  18(A) 
*
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👉 Questão  19 :
According to the 9th paragraph in the text (lines 65-75), refueling stations in the United States
(A) should go through an increase at their rate of expansion.
(B) require pipeline infrastructure that has been growing 16% every year.
(C) do not rely on infrastructure available for their expansion.
(D) cannot grow substantially because of miles of natural gas pipeline.
(E) cannot be expanded through the country because of their potential damage against nature.
👍 Comentários e Gabarito QUESTÃO  19(A) 
*
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👉 Questão  20 :
In the sentence of the text "Although commercial refueling stations will be necessary to support a substantial fleet of natural gas vehicles, home refueling may be the magic bullet that makes the vehicles practical"(lines 76-79), the word although implies facts that are
(A) simultaneous
(B) sequential
(C) alternate
(D) opposing
(E) proportional
👍 Comentários e Gabarito QUESTÃO  20(D) 
*