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❑ TEXTO 1:
Adding ethics to public finance
Evolutionary moral psychologists point the way to garnering broader support for fiscal policies
Policy decisions on taxation and public expenditures intrinsically reflect moral choices. How much of your hard-earned money is it fair for the state to collect through taxes? Should the rich pay more? Should the state provide basic public services such as education and health care for free to all citizens? And so on.
Economists and public finance practitioners have traditionally focused on economic efficiency. When considering distributional issues, they have generally steered clear of moral considerations, perhaps fearing these could be seen as subjective. However, recent work by evolutionary moral psychologists suggests that policies can be better designed and muster broader support if policymakers consider the full range of moral perspectives on public finance. A few pioneering empirical applications of this approach in the field of economics have shown promise.
For the most part, economists have customarily analyzed redistribution in a way that requires users to provide their own preferences with regard to inequality: Tell economists how much you care about inequality, and they can tell you how much redistribution is appropriate through the tax and benefit system. People (or families or households) have usually been considered as individuals, and the only relevant characteristics for these exercises have been their incomes, wealth, or spending potential.
There are two — understandable but not fully satisfactory — reasons for this approach. First, economists often wish to be viewed as objective social scientists. Second, most public finance scholars have been educated in a tradition steeped in values of societies that are WEIRD (Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, and Democratic). In this context, individuals are at the center of the analysis, and morality is fundamentally about the golden rule — treat other people the way that you would want them to treat you, regardless of who those people are. These are crucial but ultimately insufficient perspectives on how humans make moral choices.
Evolutionary moral psychologists during the past couple of decades have shown that, faced with a moral dilemma, humans decide quickly what seems right or wrong based on instinct and later justify their decision through more deliberate reasoning. Based on evidence presented by these researchers, our instincts in the moral domain evolved as a way of fostering cooperation within a group, to help ensure survival. This modern perspective harks back to two moral philosophers of the Scottish Enlightenment — David Hume and Adam Smith — who noted that sentiments are integral to people’s views on right and wrong. But most later philosophers in the Western tradition sought to base morality on reason alone.
Moral psychologists have recently shown that many people draw on moral perspectives that go well beyond the golden rule. Community, authority, divinity, purity, loyalty, and sanctity are important considerations not only in many non-Western countries, but also among politically influential segments of the population in advanced economies, as emphasized by proponents of moral foundations theory.
Regardless of whether one agrees with those broader moral perspectives, familiarity with them makes it easier to understand the underlying motivations for various groups’ positions in debates on public policies. Such understanding may help in the design of policies that can muster support from a wide range of groups with differing moral values.
Adapted from: https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/fandd/issues/2022/03/Addingethics-to-public-finance-Mauro
❑ TRADUÇÃO - TEXTO 1:
Adding ethics to public finance
Adicionando ética às finanças públicas
Evolutionary moral psychologists point the way to garnering broader support for fiscal policies Psicólogos morais evolucionistas apontam o caminho para colher um apoio mais amplo para as políticas fiscais
Policy decisions on taxation and public expenditures intrinsically reflect moral choices. As decisões políticas sobre tributação e despesas públicas refletem intrinsecamente escolhas morais.
How much of your hard-earned money is it fair for the state to collect through taxes? Quanto do seu dinheiro suado é justo para o estado arrecadar através de impostos?
Should the rich pay more? Os ricos deveriam pagar mais?
Should the state provide basic public services such as education and health care for free to all citizens? Deveria o Estado fornecer serviços públicos básicos, como educação e cuidados de saúde, gratuitamente a todos os cidadãos?
And so on. E assim por diante.
Economists and public finance practitioners have traditionally focused on economic efficiency. Os economistas e os profissionais das finanças públicas têm-se concentrado tradicionalmente na eficiência econômica.
When considering distributional issues, they have generally steered clear of moral considerations, perhaps fearing these could be seen as subjective. Ao considerar questões de distribuição, eles geralmente evitam considerações morais, talvez temendo que estas possam ser vistas como subjetivas.
However, recent work by evolutionary moral psychologists suggests that policies can be better designed and muster broader support if policymakers consider the full range of moral perspectives on public finance. No entanto, trabalhos recentes realizados por psicólogos morais evolucionistas sugerem que as políticas podem ser melhor concebidas e reunir um apoio mais amplo se os legisladores considerarem toda a gama de perspectivas morais sobre as finanças públicas.
A few pioneering empirical applications of this approach in the field of economics have shown promise. Algumas aplicações empíricas pioneiras desta abordagem no campo da economia mostraram-se promissoras.
For the most part, economists have customarily analyzed redistribution in a way that requires users to provide their own preferences with regard to inequality: Na maior parte dos casos, os economistas têm habitualmente analisado a redistribuição de uma forma que exige que os utilizadores forneçam as suas próprias preferências em relação à desigualdade:
tell economists how much you care about inequality, and they can tell you how much redistribution is appropriate through the tax and benefit system. diga aos economistas o quanto você se preocupa com a desigualdade, e eles poderão lhe dizer até que ponto a redistribuição é apropriada através do sistema fiscal e de benefícios.
People (or families or households) have usually been considered as individuals, and the only relevant characteristics for these exercises have been their incomes, wealth, or spending potential. As pessoas (ou famílias ou agregados familiares) têm sido geralmente consideradas como indivíduos, e as únicas características relevantes para estes exercícios têm sido os seus rendimentos, riqueza ou potencial de despesa.
There are two — understandable but not fully satisfactory — reasons for this approach. Existem duas razões — compreensíveis, mas não totalmente satisfatórias — para esta abordagem.
First, economists often wish to be viewed as objective social scientists. Primeiro, os economistas muitas vezes desejam ser vistos como cientistas sociais objetivos.
Second, most public finance scholars have been educated in a tradition steeped in values of societies that are WEIRD (Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, and Democratic). Em segundo lugar, a maioria dos estudiosos das finanças públicas foram educados numa tradição impregnada de valores de sociedades que são ESTRANHAS (Ocidentais, Educadas, Industrializadas, Ricas e Democráticas).
In this context, individuals are at the center of the analysis, and morality is fundamentally about the golden rule — treat other people the way that you would want them to treat you, regardless of who those people are. Neste contexto, os indivíduos estão no centro da análise, e a moralidade diz respeito fundamentalmente à regra de ouro – trate as outras pessoas da forma como gostaria que elas o tratassem, independentemente de quem sejam essas pessoas.
These are crucial but ultimately insufficient perspectives on how humans make moral choices. Estas são perspectivas cruciais, mas em última análise insuficientes, sobre como os humanos fazem escolhas morais.
Evolutionary moral psychologists during the past couple of decades have shown that, faced with a moral dilemma, humans decide quickly what seems right or wrong based on instinct and later justify their decision through more deliberate reasoning. Os psicólogos morais evolucionistas durante as últimas décadas mostraram que, confrontados com um dilema moral, os humanos decidem rapidamente o que parece certo ou errado com base no instinto e mais tarde justificam a sua decisão através de um raciocínio mais deliberado.
Based on evidence presented by these researchers, our instincts in the moral domain evolved as a way of fostering cooperation within a group, to help ensure survival. Com base nas evidências apresentadas por estes investigadores, os nossos instintos no domínio moral evoluíram como uma forma de promover a cooperação dentro de um grupo, para ajudar a garantir a sobrevivência.
This modern perspective harks back to two moral philosophers of the Scottish Enlightenment — David Hume and Adam Smith — who noted that sentiments are integral to people’s views on right and wrong. Esta perspectiva moderna remonta a dois filósofos morais do Iluminismo Escocês – David Hume e Adam Smith – que observaram que os sentimentos são parte integrante da visão das pessoas sobre o certo e o errado.
But most later philosophers in the Western tradition sought to base morality on reason alone. Mas a maioria dos filósofos posteriores da tradição ocidental procuraram basear a moralidade apenas na razão.
Moral psychologists have recently shown that many people draw on moral perspectives that go well beyond the golden rule. Psicólogos morais mostraram recentemente que muitas pessoas recorrem a perspectivas morais que vão muito além da regra de ouro.
Community, authority, divinity, purity, loyalty, and sanctity are important considerations not only in many non-Western countries, but also among politically influential segments of the population in advanced economies, as emphasized by proponents of moral foundations theory. Comunidade, autoridade, divindade, pureza, lealdade e santidade são considerações importantes não apenas em muitos países não ocidentais, mas também entre segmentos politicamente influentes da população nas economias avançadas, como enfatizado pelos proponentes da teoria dos fundamentos morais.
Regardless of whether one agrees with those broader moral perspectives, familiarity with them makes it easier to understand the underlying motivations for various groups’ positions in debates on public policies. Independentemente de concordarmos ou não com essas perspectivas morais mais amplas, a familiaridade com elas torna mais fácil compreender as motivações subjacentes às posições de vários grupos nos debates sobre políticas públicas.
Such understanding may help in the design of policies that can muster support from a wide range of groups with differing moral values. Tal compreensão pode ajudar na concepção de políticas que possam reunir o apoio de uma vasta gama de grupos com valores morais diferentes.
11 – (FGV-2023-RECEITA FEDERAL-AUDITOR FISCAL)
Based on the text, mark the statements below as TRUE (T) or FALSE (F).
I. The planning of fiscal strategies is impervious to moral considerations.
II. Traditional public finance education based on the golden rule is wanting as regards moral choices.
III. Since the 18th century, philosophers have been on the same page as regards moral dilemmas.
The statements are, respectively,
(A) T – F – T.
(B) F – F – T.
(C) F – T – F.
(D) F – T – T.
(E) T – F – F.
I. The planning of fiscal strategies is impervious to moral considerations. O planeamento de estratégias fiscais é impérvio (não é influenciado por) a considerações morais. (FALSA)
II. Traditional public finance education based on the golden rule is wanting as regards moral choices. A educação tradicional em finanças públicas, baseada na regra de ouro, é deficiente no que diz respeito às escolhas morais. (VERDADEIRA)
• "[...] These are crucial but ultimately insufficient perspectives on how humans make moral choices. Estas são perspectivas cruciais, mas em última análise insuficientes, sobre como os humanos fazem escolhas morais."
III. Since the 18th century, philosophers have been on the same page as regards moral dilemmas. Desde o século XVIII, os filósofos estiveram na mesma página no que diz respeito aos dilemas morais. (FALSA)
12 – (FGV-2023-RECEITA FEDERAL-AUDITOR FISCAL)
In the subtitle, “garnering” comes from the notion of
(A) storing grains.
(B) renting garrets.
(C) making garlands.
(D) lapidating garnets.
(E) charging garrisons.
In the subtitle, “garnering” comes from the notion of
(A) storing grains. armazenar grãos.
(B) renting garrets. alugar sótãos.
(C) making garlands. fazer guirlandas (grinaldas).
(D) lapidating garnets. lapidar granadas
(E) charging garrisons. carregar guarnições(grupo de soldados)
➭ TRECHO QUE JUSTIFICA:
13 – (FGV-2023-RECEITA FEDERAL-AUDITOR FISCAL)
The adjective in “is it fair for the state to collect through taxes” (1st paragraph) is equivalent in meaning to
(A) bewildering.
(B) befuddling.
(C) bemusing.
(D) beguiling.
(E) befitting.
O adjetivo em “is it fair for the state to collect through taxes” (é justo para o Estado arrecadar através de impostos) equivale em significado a
(A) bewildering. desconcertante.
(B) befuddling. confuso.
(C) bemusing. confuso.
(D) beguiling. sedutor.
(E) befitting. condizente
➭ TRECHO QUE JUSTIFICA:
14 – (FGV-2023-RECEITA FEDERAL-AUDITOR FISCAL)
The underlined expression in “regardless of who those people are” (4th paragraph) can be replaced without change in meaning by
(A) alike.
(B) despite.
(C) whereas.
(D) however.
(E) concerning.
15 – (FGV-2023-RECEITA FEDERAL-AUDITOR FISCAL)
When it is stated that “tradition [is] steeped in values of societies” (4th paragraph) it is implied that these values have been
(A) imbued.
(B) shunned.
(C) debased.
(D) withheld.
(E) overestimated.
Quando se afirma que “tradition [is] steeped in values of societies” (a tradição [está] impregnada de valores das sociedades), fica implícito que esses valores foram
(A) imbued. imbuídos.
(B) shunned. evitados.
(C) debased. rebaixados.
(D) withheld. retidos.
(E) overestimated. superestimados.
❑ TEXTO 2:
How trade can become a gateway to climate resilience
Most people don't think about climate change when they lift a café latte to their lips or nibble on a square of chocolate — but this could soon change.
Based on current trajectories, around a quarter of Brazil’s coffee farms and 37% of Indonesia’s are likely to be lost to climate change. Swathes of Ghana and Côte d’Ivoire — where most of the world’s chocolate is sourced — will become too hot to grow cocoa by 2050.
Climate-related droughts and deadly heatwaves across the world have coincided with severe storms, cyclones, hurricanes, and, of course, a pandemic. As a consequence of these shocks, millions of people have been left without homes, and a growing number of people now face starvation and a total collapse of livelihoods as growing and exporting staple crops becomes untenable.
We must immediately rethink the shape of our economies, agricultural systems and consumption patterns. Our priority is to manufacture climate resilience in global economies and societies — and we must do it quickly.
Trade can kickstart the emergence of climate-resilient economies, especially in the poorest countries. Trade has a multiplier effect on economies by driving production growth and fostering the expansion of export industries. By shifting focus to production and exports that increase climate resilience, there is potential to exponentially increase the land surface and trade processes prepared to withstand the climate crisis.
Adapted from: https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2022/07/trade-can-be-agateway-to-climate-resilience
❑ TRADUÇÃO - TEXTO 2:
How trade can become a gateway to climate resilience
Como o comércio pode tornar-se uma porta de entrada para a resiliência climática
Most people don't think about climate change when they lift a café latte to their lips or nibble on a square of chocolate — but this could soon change. A maioria das pessoas não pensa nas alterações climáticas quando leva um café com leite aos lábios ou mordisca um quadrado de chocolate – mas isto poderá mudar em breve.
Based on current trajectories, around a quarter of Brazil’s coffee farms and 37% of Indonesia’s are likely to be lost to climate change. Com base nas trajetórias atuais, é provável que cerca de um quarto das fazendas cafeeiras do Brasil e 37% das da Indonésia sejam perdidas devido às alterações climáticas.
Swathes of Ghana and Côte d’Ivoire — where most of the world’s chocolate is sourced — will become too hot to grow cocoa by 2050. Partes do Gana e da Costa do Marfim – de onde provém a maior parte do chocolate mundial – ficarão demasiado quentes para cultivar cacau até 2050.
Climate-related droughts and deadly heatwaves across the world have coincided with severe storms, cyclones, hurricanes, and, of course, a pandemic. As secas relacionadas com o clima e as ondas de calor mortais em todo o mundo coincidiram com fortes tempestades, ciclones, furacões e, claro, uma pandemia.
As a consequence of these shocks, millions of people have been left without homes, and a growing number of people now face starvation and a total collapse of livelihoods as growing and exporting staple crops becomes untenable. Como consequência destes choques, milhões de pessoas ficaram sem casa e um número crescente de pessoas enfrenta agora a fome e o colapso total dos meios de subsistência, à medida que o cultivo e a exportação de culturas básicas se tornam insustentáveis.
We must immediately rethink the shape of our economies, agricultural systems and consumption patterns. Devemos repensar imediatamente a forma das nossas economias, dos nossos sistemas agrícolas e dos nossos padrões de consumo.
Our priority is to manufacture climate resilience in global economies and societies — and we must do it quickly. A nossa prioridade é fabricar resiliência climática nas economias e sociedades globais — e devemos fazê-lo rapidamente.
Trade can kickstart the emergence of climate-resilient economies, especially in the poorest countries. O comércio pode impulsionar a emergência de economias resilientes às alterações climáticas, especialmente nos países mais pobres.
Trade has a multiplier effect on economies by driving production growth and fostering the expansion of export industries. O comércio tem um efeito multiplicador nas economias, impulsionando o crescimento da produção e promovendo a expansão das indústrias de exportação.
By shifting focus to production and exports that increase climate resilience, there is potential to exponentially increase the land surface and trade processes prepared to withstand the climate crisis. Ao mudar o foco para a produção e as exportações que aumentam a resiliência climática, existe potencial para aumentar exponencialmente a superfície terrestre e os processos comerciais preparados para resistir à crise climática.
16 – (FGV-2023-RECEITA FEDERAL-AUDITOR FISCAL)
The aim of the text is to offer both
(A) an alert and a scolding.
(B) a query and a dismissal.
(C) a pledge and a grievance.
(D) a warning and a way out.
(E) a disclaimer and a solution.
O objetivo do texto é oferecer tanto
(A) an alert and a scolding. um alerta e uma repreensão (=bronca, reprimenda)
(B) a query and a dismissal. uma consulta e uma demissão.
(C) a pledge and a grievance. uma promessa (=compromisso) e um descontentamento (=ressentimento)
(D) a warning and a way out. um alerta e uma saída de um dilema.
(E) a disclaimer and a solution. uma isenção de responsabilidade e uma solução.
➭ TRECHO QUE JUSTIFICA UM AVISO(a warning):
The position of the writer is that the situation described
(A) could be shrugged off.
(B) will not offer any harm.
(C) ought to shift promptly.
(D) should be taken lightly.
(E) needs to be overlooked.
A posição do escritor é que a situação descrita
(A) could be shrugged off. poderia ser ignorado.
(B) will not offer any harm. não oferecerá nenhum dano.
(C) ought to shift promptly. deve mudar imediatamente.
(D) should be taken lightly. deve ser considerado levianamente.
(E) needs to be overlooked. precisa ser esquecido.
18 – (FGV-2023-RECEITA FEDERAL-AUDITOR FISCAL)
The adjective in “the poorest countries” (5th paragraph) is in the same form as
(A) All nations should be more attentive to the homeless.
(B) Ghana will be having a fine chocolate harvest in 2050.
(C) Brazil is one amongst many coffee-producing countries.
(D) It is hard to point out the most comfortable places on Earth.
(E) Hopefully by 2050 there will be fewer climate-related issues.
The adjective in “the poorest countries” (5th paragraph) is in the same form as
O adjetivo em “os países mais pobres” (5º parágrafo) está na mesma forma que
-O adjetivo curto "poorest" está com terminação "-EST" sinalizando portanto "ADJETIVO NA FORMA SUPERLATIVA".
(A) All nations should be more attentive to the homeless. Todas as nações deveriam estar mais atentas aos sem-teto.
-O adjetivo "attentive" está precedido de "more" sinalizando portanto "ADJETIVO NA FORMA COMPARATIVA".
(B) Ghana will be having a fine chocolate harvest in 2050. Gana terá uma excelente colheita de chocolate em 2050
- O adjetivo "fine" está na sua "forma base" e sendo assim: "O ADJETIVO NÃO ESTÁ NA FORMA COMPARATIVA E NEM NA SUPERLATIVA".
* "harvest"(colheita) é um substantivo e não adjetivo.
(C) Brazil is one amongst many coffee-producing countries. O Brasil é um entre muitos países produtores de café.
- O adjetivo composto "coffee-producing" está na sua "forma base" e sendo assim: "O ADJETIVO NÃO ESTÁ NA FORMA COMPARATIVA E NEM NA SUPERLATIVA".
* "amongst"(entre) é uma preposição e não adjetivo.
(D) It is hard to point out the most comfortable places on Earth. É difícil apontar os lugares mais confortáveis da Terra.
-O adjetivo longo "comfortable" está precedido de "the most" sinalizando portanto "ADJETIVO NA FORMA SUPERLATIVA".
(E) Hopefully by 2050 there will be fewer climate-related issues. Esperamos que até 2050 haja menos problemas relacionados com o clima.
-O adjetivo curto "fewer" está com terminação "-ER" sinalizando portanto "ADJETIVO NA FORMA COMPARATIVA".
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