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➭ 10 Multiple Choice Questions / 5 Options Each Question.

➭ Text – | Tsunami science: advances since the 2004 indian ocean tragedy | www. livescience.com |

❑ TEXT:

Tsunami science: advances since the 2004 indian ocean tragedy

1

The Indian Ocean tsunami was one of the worst natural disasters in history. Enormous waves struck countries in South Asia and East Africa with little to no warning, killing 243,000 people. The destruction played out on television screens around the world, fed by shaky home videos. The outpouring of aid in response to the devastation in Indonesia, Sri Lanka, Thailand and elsewhere was unprecedented.
2
The disaster raised awareness of tsunamis and prompted nations to pump money into research and warning systems. Today (Dec. 26), on the 10th anniversary of the deadly tsunami, greatly expanded networks of seismic monitors and ocean buoys are on alert for the next killer wave in the Indian Ocean, the Pacific and the Caribbean. In fact, tsunami experts can now forecast how tsunamis will flood distant coastlines hours before the waves arrive. But hurdles remain in saving lives for everyone under the threat of tsunamis. No amount of warning will help those who need to seek immediate shelter away from beaches, disaster experts said.
3
Since 2004, geologists have uncovered evidence of several massive tsunamis in buried sand layers preserved in Sumatran caves. It turns out that the deadly waves aren’t as rare in the Indian Ocean as once thought. “We had five fatal tsunamis off the coast of Sumatra prior to 2004,” said Paula Dunbar, a scientist at NOAA’s National Geophysical Data Center. Over the past 300 years, 69 tsunamis were seen in the Indian Ocean, she said. Despite the risk, there was no oceanwide tsunami warning system in the region. Now, a $450 million early-alert network is fully operational, though it is plagued with equipment problems. Essentially built from scratch, the $450 million Indian Ocean Tsunami Warning System includes more than 140 seismometers, about 100 sea-level gauges and several buoys that detect tsunamis. More buoys were installed, but they have been vandalized or accidentally destroyed. The buoys and gauges help detect whether an earthquake triggered a tsunami.
4
Getting the warnings down to people living in remote coastal areas is one of the biggest hurdles for the new system. Not all warnings reach the local level. And not every tsunami earthquake is strong enough to scare people away from shorelines. In Sumatra’s Mentawai Islands, a 2010 tsunami killed more than 400 people because residents failed to evacuate in the short time between the earthquake and the tsunami’s arrival. The shaking was simply not strong enough to trigger people’s fear of tsunamis, even though islanders had self-evacuated after a 2007 earthquake, according to an investigation by the University of Southern California’s Tsunami Research Center. There was also no clear-cut warning from the regional tsunami alert system.
5
Another hurdle is learning how to accurately forecast reflected tsunami waves. The 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami ricocheted off island chains, and some of the worst flooding arrived unexpectedly late in places like Sri Lanka and Western Australia. “I found a boat on the middle of the road, and at that point knew it was a tsunami,” recalls Charitha Pattiaratchi, a University of Western Australia tsunami expert who was driving on a coastal Sri Lankan road on Dec. 26, 2004. “I came to the conclusion that I was safe. Well, I was wrong. Twenty minutes later there was seven meters of water where I had been standing, and two hours later there were still more waves coming.”
6
A tsunami warning can go out just five minutes after a submarine earthquake raises or lowers the seafloor, thus launching a tsunami. For more detailed predictions of the wave’s impact, such as the extent of flooding, scientists rely on data collected by seismometers, GPS stations, tide gauges and buoy systems, which is relayed by satellite to warning centers. Computer models then convert the data into detailed tsunami simulations, which are based on more than 2,000 real-life examples.
7
After an earthquake, scientists with NOAA’s tsunami warning centers now spend about an hour working out the details of a tsunami forecast, said Vasily Titov, director of NOAA’s Center for Tsunami Research. The results project when the wave will arrive at shorelines and harbors, estimate tsunamiinduced currents and gauge the height of the waves. The agency’s goal is to dramatically reduce that hourlong delay. “We’re now at the point where we want to do it in five minutes,” Titov said. That means building out the seismic network, getting a faster response from the sea-level sensors and speeding up the computer forecasts. “When these three components come together, then we can save everybody,” Titov said.

By Becky Oskin, Senior Writer.

Adapted from http://www. livescience.com/49262-indian-ocean-tsunami-anniversary. html. December 26, 2014.

11. The aim of the text is to
(A) warn the reader about the risks of travelling to coastal towns in the Indian Ocean.
(B) inform the reader about the scientific developments on tsunami warning systems.
(C) make people aware of the importance of immediate evacuation as soon as they hear a tsunami alert.
(D) inspire people to subscribe to charities providing relief to the victims in the tragedy.
(E) condemn nations who have done little to invest in tsunami warning systems in the Indian Ocean.

R E S P O S T A :   B

• O objetivo do texto é

(A) warn the reader about the risks of travelling to coastal towns in the Indian Ocean.

• alertar o leitor sobre os riscos de viajar para cidades costeiras do Oceano Índico.
(B) inform the reader about the scientific developments on tsunami warning systems.

• informar o leitor sobre os desenvolvimentos científicos em sistemas de alerta de tsunami.
(C) make people aware of the importance of immediate evacuation as soon as they hear a tsunami alert.

• conscientizar as pessoas sobre a importância da evacuação imediata assim que ouvirem um alerta de tsunami.
(D) inspire people to subscribe to charities providing relief to the victims in the tragedy.

• inspirar as pessoas a se inscreverem em instituições de caridade que prestam socorro às vítimas da tragédia.
(E) condemn nations who have done little to invest in tsunami warning systems in the Indian Ocean.

• condenar as nações que pouco fizeram para investir em sistemas de alerta de tsunami no Oceano Índico.
12. In the sentence “The disaster raised awareness of tsunamis and prompted nations to pump money into research and warning systems.” (lines 9-11) , the word prompted means

(A) motivated.
(B) persuaded.
(C) suggested.
(D) restricted.
(E) impeded.

R E S P O S T A :   A

• Na frase  “The disaster raised awareness of tsunamis and prompted nations to pump money into research and warning systems.”(O desastre aumentou a conscientização sobre os tsunamis e levou as nações a investir dinheiro em sistemas de pesquisa e alerta), a palavra prompted significa

(A) motivated.

• motivou
(B) persuaded.

• persuadiu, convenceu.
(C) suggested.

• sugeriu.
(D) restricted.

• restringiu.
(E) impeded.

• impediu.

13. According to the second paragraph of the text (lines 9-21), one can arrive at the conclusion that

(A) Tsunami experts can’t still predict if a disaster will occur.
(B) The 2004 disaster didn’t promote drastic changes in tsunami warning systems.
(C) There are still obstacles to be overcome in saving lives in the case of a tsunami threat.
(D) Those who live on coastlines are the ones to find shelter most easily.
(E) Nowadays networks of monitors and ocean buoys are on alert for the next killer wave all over the world.

R E S P O S T A :   C

• De acordo com o segundo parágrafo do texto, pode-se chegar à conclusão de que...

(A) Os especialistas em tsunami ainda não conseguem prever se um desastre ocorrerá.
(B) O desastre de 2004 não promoveu mudanças drásticas nos sistemas de alerta de tsunami.
(C) Ainda existem obstáculos a serem superados para salvar vidas no caso de uma ameaça de tsunami.
(D) Quem mora na costa é quem encontra abrigo mais facilmente.
(E) Atualmente, redes de monitores e bóias oceânicas estão em alerta para a próxima onda assassina em todo o mundo.
14. Choose the item in which the idea introduced by the underlined expression is correctly described.
(A) “In fact, tsunami experts can now forecast…” (lines 15-16) Addition
(B) “Since 2004, geologists have uncovered evidence ….” (line 22) Cause
(C) “….even though islanders had self-evacuated ….” (line 52) Contrast
(D) “There was also no clear-cut warning….” (line 55) Sequence
(E) “… then we can save everybody” (line 93) Emphasis

R E S P O S T A :   C

• Escolha o item no qual a ideia introduzida pela expressão sublinhada é descrita corretamente.

(A) “De fato, os especialistas em tsunami agora podem prever…” (linhas 15-16)
(B) “Desde 2004, os geólogos descobriram evidências….” (Linha 22) Causa
(C) "... embora os ilhéus tenham se evacuado ..." (linha 52)
(D) "Também não houve aviso claro ..." (linha 55) Sequência
(E) "... então podemos salvar a todos" (linha 93) Ênfase
15. Given the information in paragraph 4 (lines 42-56), where the author sheds light on how islanders have reacted to tsunami earthquakes along the years, which of the following statements is TRUE?
(A) In 2010, the interval between the earthquake and the tsunami was not long enough for people to leave the area.
(B) All alert systems reach the islands.
(C) People living in coastal areas are bound to die from the impact of a tsunami wave.
(D) Every earthquake in the ocean will trigger people’s fear of tsunamis.
(E) The regional tsunami alert system sent precise directions to the islanders.

R E S P O S T A :   A

• Dadas as informações do parágrafo 4 (linhas 42-56), onde o autor lança luz sobre como os ilhéus reagiram aos terremotos de tsunami ao longo dos anos, qual das seguintes afirmações é VERDADEIRA?

(A) Em 2010, o intervalo entre o terremoto e o tsunami não foi longo o suficiente para as pessoas deixarem a área.
(B) Todos os sistemas de alerta chegam às ilhas.
(C) As pessoas que vivem em áreas costeiras são obrigadas a morrer pelo impacto de uma onda de tsunami.
(D) Todo terremoto no oceano desencadeia o medo das pessoas de tsunamis.
(E) O sistema regional de alerta de tsunami enviou instruções precisas aos ilhéus.
16. In paragraph 5 (lines 57-69) tsunami expert, Charitha Pattiaratchi, recalls the critical moments she faced in a Sri Lankan road on Dec.26, 2004. Which of the following proverbs best applies to the statements “I came to the conclusion that I was safe. Well, I was wrong.” (lines 66-67):
(A) Practice makes perfect.
(B) You can’t judge a book by its cover.
(C) Actions speak louder than words.
(D) Good things come to those who wait.
(E) It is no use crying over spilled milk.

R E S P O S T A :   B

• In paragraph 5 (lines 57-69) tsunami expert, Charitha Pattiaratchi, recalls the critical moments she faced in a Sri Lankan road on Dec.26, 2004. Which of the following proverbs best applies to the statements “I came to the conclusion that I was safe. Well, I was wrong.” (lines 66-67):

(A) Practice makes perfect.

(B) You can’t judge a book by its cover.
(C) Actions speak louder than words.
(D) Good things come to those who wait.
(E) It is no use crying over spilled milk.

17. The relative pronoun which (line 76), in the fragment “which is relayed by satellite to warning centers”, makes reference to
(A) detailed predictions.
(B) the wave’s impact.
(C) the extent of flooding.
(D) data.
(E) buoy systems.

R E S P O S T A :   D

• O pronome relativo which, no fragmento “which is relayed by satellite to warning centers”, faz referência a...

(A) detailed predictions.

• previsões detalhadas.

(B) the wave’s impact.

• o impacto da onda.
(C) the extent of flooding.
• a extensão das inundações.

(D) data.

• dados.
(E) buoy systems.

• sistemas de bóia.

• O pronome relativo which faz referência a data(dados).

• "[...] For more detailed predictions of the wave’s impact, such as the extent of flooding, scientists rely on data collected by seismometers, GPS stations, tide gauges and buoy systems, which is relayed by satellite to warning centers."

• Para previsões mais detalhadas do impacto da onda, como a extensão da inundação, os cientistas contam com DADOS coletados por sismômetros, estações GPS, marégrafos e sistemas de bóia, QUE são retransmitidos por satélite para centros de alerta.

18. The word dramatically in “The agency’s goal is to dramatically reduce that hour-long delay.” (lines 87-88), most nearly means
(A) desperately.
(B) easily.
(C) ordinarily.
(D) effectively.
(E) awkwardly.

R E S P O S T A :   D

• A palavra dramatically em “The agency’s goal is to dramatically reduce that hour-long delay.”(O objetivo da agência é reduzir drasticamente o atraso de uma hora.), quase significa...

(A) desperately.

• desesperadamente.
(B) easily.

• facilmente.
(C) ordinarily.

• normalmente.
(D) effectively.

• efetivamente.
(E) awkwardly

• estranhamente.

• A questão 18  é sobre o uso metafórico do advérbio “dramatically”(dramaticamente).

• Contextualmente "dramatically" transmite a mesma ideia de "completely"(completamente), "effectively"(efetivamente). 

19. In the sentence “That means building out the seismic network,” (lines 89-90), building out means to
(A) glorify.
(B) compress.
(C) simplify.
(D) incorporate.
(E) expand.

R E S P O S T A :   E

• In the sentence “That means building out the seismic network,” (lines 89-90), building out means to

(A) glorify.
(B) compress.
(C) simplify.
(D) incorporate.
(E) expand.

20. According to Vasily Titov, the greatest challenge NOAA’s Center for Tsunami Research has to face today is to
(A) estimate tsunami-induced currents.
(B) determine the height of the waves.
(C) project when the wave will arrive at shorelines and harbors.
(D) predict the extent of flooding.
(E) reduce the time they spend working out the details of a tsunami forecast.

R E S P O S T A :   E

•