EFOMM/PS/2017 – LÍNGUA INGLESA – ESCOLA DE FORMAÇÃO DE OFICIAIS DA MARINHA MERCANTE – GABARITO & TEXTO TRADUZIDO.

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❑ PROVA DE LÍNGUA INGLESA:

• EFOMM-PS-2017-PS-OFICIAL DA MARINHA MERCANTE.

www.marinha.mil.br/ciaga/aefomm

❑ ESTRUTURA-PROVA:

• 20 MCQs (Multiple Choice Questions) / 5 Options Each Question.

• Texto – | Pidgins and creoles |

❑ TEXTO:

❑ TRADUÇÃO - TEXTO:

Pidgins and creoles

Pidgin Languages

Idiomas Pidgin     

A pidgin is a system of communication which has grown up among people who do not share a common language, but who want to talk to each other, for trading or other reasons. Pidgins have been variously called ‘makeshift’, ‘marginal’, or ‘mixed’ languages.

Um pidgin é um sistema de comunicação que se desenvolveu entre pessoas que não partilham uma língua comum, mas que querem falar umas com as outras, por razões comerciais ou outras. Os pidgins têm sido designados por línguas "improvisadas", "marginais" ou "mistas".

They have a limited vocabulary, a reduced grammatical structure, and a much narrower range of functions, compared to the languages which gave rise to them. They are the native language of no one, but they are nonetheless a main means of communication for millions of people, and a major focus of interest to those who study the way languages change.

Têm um vocabulário limitado, uma estrutura gramatical reduzida e um leque de funções muito mais restrito do que as línguas que lhes deram origem. Não são a língua materna de ninguém, mas são, no entanto, o principal meio de comunicação de milhões de pessoas e um importante foco de interesse para aqueles que estudam a forma como as línguas mudam.

It is essential to avoid the stereotype of a pidgin language, as perpetrated over the years in generations of children’s comics and films. The ‘Me Tarzan, you Jane’ image is far from the reality. A pidgin is not a language which has broken down; nor is it the result of baby talk, laziness, corruption, primitive  thought processes, or mental deficiency.

É essencial evitar o estereótipo de uma língua pidgin, tal como foi perpetrado ao longo dos anos em gerações de banda desenhada e filmes para crianças. A imagem "Eu Tarzan, tu Jane" está longe de ser a realidade. Um pidgin não é uma língua que se tenha decomposto; nem é o resultado de conversa de bebé, preguiça, corrupção, processos de pensamento primitivos ou deficiência mental.

On the contrary: pidgins are demonstrably creative adaptations of natural languages, with a structure and rules of their own. Along with creoles, they are evidence of a fundamental process of  linguistic change, as languages come into contact with  each other, producing new varieties whose structures and uses contract and expand.

Pelo contrário: os pidgins são adaptações comprovadamente criativas das línguas naturais, com uma estrutura e regras próprias. Juntamente com os crioulos, são a prova de um processo fundamental de mudança linguística, quando as línguas entram em contacto umas com as outras, produzindo novas variedades cujas estruturas e usos se contraem e expandem.

They provide the clearest evidence of language being created and shaped by society for its own ends, as people adapt to new social circumstances. This emphasis on processes of change is reflected in the terms pidginization and creolization.
São a prova mais clara de que a língua é criada e moldada pela sociedade para os seus próprios fins, à medida que as pessoas se adaptam a novas circunstâncias sociais. Esta ênfase nos processos de mudança reflecte-se nos termos pidginização e crioulização.

Most pidgins are based on European languages – English, French, Spanish, Dutch, and Portuguese – reflecting the history of colonialism.  However, this observation may be the result only of our ignorance of the languages used in parts of Africa, South America, or South-east Asia, where situations of language contact are frequent.

A maioria dos pidgins baseia-se em línguas europeias - inglês, francês, espanhol, holandês e português - reflectindo a história do colonialismo.  No entanto, esta observação pode ser apenas o resultado da nossa ignorância das línguas utilizadas em partes de África, da América do Sul ou do Sudeste Asiático, onde são frequentes as situações de contacto linguístico.

One of the best-known non-European pidgins is Chinook Jargon, once used for trading by American Indians in north-west USA. Another is Sango, a pidginized variety of Ngbandi, spoken widely in west-central Africa.
Um dos pidgins não europeus mais conhecidos é o Chinook Jargon, outrora utilizado para o comércio pelos índios americanos no noroeste dos EUA. Outro é o Sango, uma variedade pidginizada do Ngbandi, falado em grande escala na África centro-ocidental.

Because of their limited function, pidgin languages usually do not last for very long – sometimes for only a few years, and rarely for more than a century. They die when the original reason for communication diminishes or disappears, as communities move apart, or one community learns the language of the other. (Alternatively, the pidgin may develop into a creole.)

Devido à sua função limitada, as línguas pidgin não duram normalmente muito tempo - por vezes apenas alguns anos e raramente mais de um século. Morrem quando a razão original da comunicação diminui ou desaparece, quando as comunidades se afastam ou quando uma comunidade aprende a língua da outra. comunidades se afastam ou uma comunidade aprende a língua da outra. (Em alternativa, o pidgin pode evoluir para um crioulo).

The pidgin French which was used in Vietnam all but disappeared when the French left; similarly, the pidgin English which appeared during the American  Vietnam campaign virtually disappeared as soon as the war was over. But there are exceptions. The pidgin known as Mediterranean Lingua Franca, or Sabir, began in the Middle Ages and lasted until the 20th century.
O pidgin francês que era utilizado no Vietname praticamente desapareceu quando os franceses partiram; do mesmo modo, o pidgin inglês que surgiu durante a campanha americana no Vietname praticamente desapareceu assim que a guerra terminou. Mas há excepções. O pidgin conhecido como Mediterranean Lingua Franca, ou Sabir, começou na Idade Média e durou até ao século XX.

Some pidgins have become so useful as a means of communication between languages that they have developed a more formal role, as regular auxiliary languages. They may even be given official status by a community, as lingua francas.

Alguns pidgins tornaram-se tão úteis como meio de comunicação entre línguas que desenvolveram um papel mais formal, como línguas auxiliares regulares. Podem mesmo ser considerados oficiais por uma comunidade, como línguas francas.

These cases are known as ‘expanded pidgins’, because of the way in which they have added extra forms to cope with the needs of their users, and have come to be used in a much wider range of situations than previously. In time, these languages may come to be used on the radio, in the press, and may even develop a literature of their own.

Estes casos são conhecidos como "pidgins expandidos", devido à forma como acrescentaram formas adicionais para responder às necessidades dos seus utilizadores e passaram a ser utilizados numa gama muito mais vasta de situações do que anteriormente. Com o tempo, estas línguas podem vir a ser utilizadas na rádio, na imprensa e podem mesmo desenvolver uma literatura própria.

Some of the most widely used expanded pidgins are Krio (in Sierra Leone), Nigerian Pidgin English, and Bislama (in Vanuatu). In Papua New Guinea, the local pidgin (Tok Pisin) is the most widely used language in the country.

Alguns dos pidgins expandidos mais utilizados são o Krio (na Serra Leoa), o inglês pidgin nigeriano e o Bislama (em Vanuatu). Na Papua Nova Guiné, o pidgin local (Tok Pisin) é a língua mais utilizada no país.

(CRYSTAL, David. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language, 3rd ed., 2010, p.344).

❑ QUESTIONÁRIO:

01 – (EFOMM-PS2017-OFICIAL DA MARINHA MERCANTE)

In line 65, 

"(...) they have added extra forms to cope with the needs of their users (...)",

the phrasal verb in bold is closest in meaning to:

(A) foresee
(B) support
(C) respect
(D) realize 
(E) handle

      Comentários e Gabarito    E  
TÓPICO - RELAÇÃO SEMÂNTICA COM TRECHO DO TEXTO:

02 – (EFOMM-PS2017-OFICIAL DA MARINHA MERCANTE)

Which option can NOT be inferred from the text?

A pidgin language is:

(A) a simplified means of linguistic communication.
(B) the native language of a speech community.
(C) employed in situations such as commerce.
(D) a contact language.
(E) constructed impromptu, or by convention, between individuals or groups of people.

      Comentários e Gabarito    B  
TÓPICO - RELAÇÃO SEMÂNTICA COM TRECHO DO TEXTO:

03 – (EFOMM-PS2017-OFICIAL DA MARINHA MERCANTE)

In line 57, "Lingua Franca" is:

(A) a language that people use to communicate when they have different first languages.
(B) a distinctive lect, or variety of English spoken by African Americans.
(C) an informal language consisting of words and expressions that are not considered appropriate for formal occasions.
(D) a body of words and phrases that apply to a specific activity or profession, such as a particular art form or a medical or scientific subject.
(E) the language that a person has spoken from earliest childhood.

      Comentários e Gabarito    A  
TÓPICO - RELAÇÃO SEMÂNTICA COM TRECHO DO TEXTO:

04 – (EFOMM-PS2017-OFICIAL DA MARINHA MERCANTE)

Which option is correct?

"She was afflicted ______ severe asthma."

(A) to
(B) by
(C) of
(D) with
(E) at

      Comentários e Gabarito    D  
TÓPICO - RELAÇÃO SEMÂNTICA COM TRECHO DO TEXTO:

05 – (EFOMM-PS2017-OFICIAL DA MARINHA MERCANTE)

Choose the correct option.

(A) The bad weather prevented me to go.
(B) I object to be treated like this.
(C) Would you mind to open the door?
(D) I meant to have called you, but I forgot.
(E) You should avoid to make mistakes.

      Comentários e Gabarito    D  
TÓPICO - RELAÇÃO SEMÂNTICA COM TRECHO DO TEXTO:

06 – (EFOMM-PS2017-OFICIAL DA MARINHA MERCANTE)

Choose the correct option.

(A) She was very ingenuous to believe that her boss would listen to her suggestions.
(B) He pretends to buy a new car soon.
(C) Put both vegetables into a recipient and crush with a potato masher.
(D) Beat the eggs and sugar until they start to engross.
(E) My family and my job both play an important part in my life, fulfilling separate but complimentary needs.

      Comentários e Gabarito    A  
TÓPICO - RELAÇÃO SEMÂNTICA COM TRECHO DO TEXTO:

07 – (EFOMM-PS2017-OFICIAL DA MARINHA MERCANTE)

Mark the correct alternative.

(A) The repairs are certain of costing more than you think.
(B) We didn't reach agreement on any of the discussed problems.
(C) Children may resemble both their father and their mother in different ways.
(D) It is not expected to have difficulty in finding somebody suitably qualified.
(E) Her family are easy to get on with them.

      Comentários e Gabarito    C  
TÓPICO - RELAÇÃO SEMÂNTICA COM TRECHO DO TEXTO:

08 – (EFOMM-PS2017-OFICIAL DA MARINHA MERCANTE)

Choose the option that correctly completes the text below, respectively.

(A) On / which / nonetheless / that

(B) About / where / notwithstanding / which
(C) In / who / instead / whom
(D) At / whom / because / who
(E) Around / that / consequently / which

      Comentários e Gabarito    D  
TÓPICO - RELAÇÃO SEMÂNTICA COM TRECHO DO TEXTO:

"______ half-past twelve next day Lord Henry Wotton strolled from Curzon Street over to the Albany to call on his uncle, Lord Fermor, a genial if somewhat rough-mannered old bachelor, ______ the outside world called selfish, ______ it derived no particular benefit from him, but ______ was considered generous by Society as he fed the people who amused him."

09 – (EFOMM-PS2017-OFICIAL DA MARINHA MERCANTE)

All the sentences below are correct, EXCEPT:

(A) Carefully, she laid the papers on the table and left the room.
(B) These children are very badly brought up. They are always shouting and fighting each other.
(C) We looked at lots of different makes of car but, in the end it was a question of price.
(D) The train is my favorite way of transport.
(E) The road out of our village goes up a steep hill.

      Comentários e Gabarito    D  
TÓPICO - RELAÇÃO SEMÂNTICA COM TRECHO DO TEXTO:

10 – (EFOMM-PS2017-OFICIAL DA MARINHA MERCANTE)

Choose the option that correctly completes the two sentences below, respectively.

I - When he started borrowing my books without asking, I had to put my ______ down.

II - I didn't want to go to the party but Jessy twisted my ______.

(A) neck / knee
(B) finger / head
(C) hand / mind
(D) foot / arm
(E) heart / leg

      Comentários e Gabarito    D  
TÓPICO - RELAÇÃO SEMÂNTICA COM TRECHO DO TEXTO:

11 – (EFOMM-PS2017-OFICIAL DA MARINHA MERCANTE)

Choose the option that correctly completes the two sentences below, respectively.

I - I ____ his insults patiently.

II - She ____ three children in six years.

III - The king's body was ____ away to the cathedral.

IV - Hundreds of children are ____ deaf each year.

(A) bear / born / bored / borne
(B) bored / born / bored / born
(C) bore / bore / borne / born
(D) bored / borne / born / borne
(E) bear / bears / beared / beared

      Comentários e Gabarito    C  
TÓPICO - RELAÇÃO SEMÂNTICA COM TRECHO DO TEXTO:

12 – (EFOMM-PS2017-OFICIAL DA MARINHA MERCANTE)

Mark the correct option to complete the sentence below.

I've just finished reading a short story called "Dangerous". It's about a woman who ______ her husband because she doesn't want to lose him.

(A) was killing
(B) kille
(C) kill
(D) is killing
(E) kills

      Comentários e Gabarito    E  
TÓPICO - RELAÇÃO SEMÂNTICA COM TRECHO DO TEXTO:

13 – (EFOMM-PS2017-OFICIAL DA MARINHA MERCANTE)

Choose the word that correctly completes the sentence.

I am not worried about the test. I ________ enough to pass.

(A) learnt
(B) have learnt
(C) learn
(D) had learnt
(E) learned

      Comentários e Gabarito    B  
TÓPICO - RELAÇÃO SEMÂNTICA COM TRECHO DO TEXTO:

14 – (EFOMM-PS2017-OFICIAL DA MARINHA MERCANTE)

Which sequence of verbs completes the sentences below?

I - The house ______ much more attractive by the new owners.

II - John ______ as a sort of clown.

III - Politics ______ the art of the possible.

IV - Nobody understood why she ______ their engagement.

V - She's worried about ______ careful enough with her translation.

(A) has being made / would see / is / breaks off / not been

(B) has been made / was seen / is / broke off / not having been
(C) made /  had been seen / are / would break off / not to be
(D) is made / could be seen / are / doesn’t break off / not being
(E) had made / sees / is / had broken off / being

      Comentários e Gabarito    B  
TÓPICO - RELAÇÃO SEMÂNTICA COM TRECHO DO TEXTO:

15 – (EFOMM-PS2017-OFICIAL DA MARINHA MERCANTE)

Mark the correct alternative.

When I saw a diamond necklace in a local jewelry store, I knew it was exactly what I ______ for.

(A) have looked
(B) had looked
(C) have been looking
(D) had been looking
(E) looking

      Comentários e Gabarito    D  
TÓPICO - RELAÇÃO SEMÂNTICA COM TRECHO DO TEXTO:

16 – (EFOMM-PS2017-OFICIAL DA MARINHA MERCANTE)

Choose the correct option.

(A) Dominoes is not played by many younger people these days.
(B) Where have you left your luggages?
(C) I found many informations about this city.
(D) Our rubbishes get collected on Thursdays.
(E) I can't stand doing all these houseworks.

      Comentários e Gabarito    A  
TÓPICO - RELAÇÃO SEMÂNTICA COM TRECHO DO TEXTO:

17 – (EFOMM-PS2017-OFICIAL DA MARINHA MERCANTE)

Which sequence completes the text ?

(A) of / of / in / with / in / at

(B) of  / of / for / of / by / on
(C) in / about / of / with / for / in
(D) in /  about / of / of / by / in
(E) on / on/ for / with / on / on

      Comentários e Gabarito    B  
TÓPICO - RELAÇÃO SEMÂNTICA COM TRECHO DO TEXTO:

"The profile of the global maritime industry encompasses a significant variation ____ cultural diversity. More pointedly, a culturally diverse milieu ____ officers and ratings is becoming more of the norm ____ contemporary maritime shipping ventures.

"O perfil do sector marítimo mundial inclui uma variação significativa  da diversidade cultural. Mais concretamente, um meio culturalmente diversificado dos oficiais e marítimos da mestrança e marinhagem está a tornar-se cada vez mais a norma dos empreendimentos marítimos contemporâneos.

Unlike the planned cohabitation of mixed cultures that were known to be tolerant and compatible ____ each other, the current mixing of diverse nationalities on board merchant cargo vessels appears to be occurring at an unprecedented rate.

Ao contrário da coabitação planeada de culturas mistas que se sabia serem tolerantes e compatíveis ____ entre si, a atual mistura de diversas nacionalidades a bordo de navios mercantes de carga parece estar a ocorrer a um ritmo sem precedentes.

This recent trend is partially explained ____ the larger percentage of mixed crew ____ foreign flagged ships. 

Regardless of the causes, however, there can be no doubt that the maritime environment has become multi-cultured, dynamic, fast paced and laden with liability.”

Esta tendência recente explica-se em parte ____ pela maior percentagem de tripulações mistas ____ navios de bandeira estrangeira. Independentemente das causas, porém, não há dúvida de que o ambiente marítimo se tornou multicultural, dinâmico, rápido e carregado de responsabilidades."

18 – (EFOMM-PS2017-OFICIAL DA MARINHA MERCANTE)

Choose the correct option.

(A) He always changes his thoughts.
(B) He walked out after a blazing row with his friend.
(C) I love his books, but in person he is a crashing nuisance.
(D) He is a devoted smoker.
(E) She might have a golden chance of passing the exam.

      Comentários e Gabarito    B  
TÓPICO - RELAÇÃO SEMÂNTICA COM TRECHO DO TEXTO:

19 – (EFOMM-PS2017-OFICIAL DA MARINHA MERCANTE)

Which sequence completes the text below?

I - My wallet has been ______.

II - The painting later proved to be a forgery and virtually ______.

III - Never walk into the road from behind a ______ vehicle.

IV - A ____ at the contents shows that it covers much familiar ground.

V - Having found a property we liked, we had to ______ money quickly. 

(A) stolen / worthless / stationery / glance / rise
(B) robbed / invaluable / stationary / glimpse / raise
(C) stolen / worthless / stationary / glance / raise
(D) stolen / invaluable / stationery / glimpse / rise
(E) robbed / invaluable / stationery / glance / raise

      Comentários e Gabarito    C  
TÓPICO - RELAÇÃO SEMÂNTICA COM TRECHO DO TEXTO:

20 – (EFOMM-PS2017-OFICIAL DA MARINHA MERCANTE)

Choose the option that correctly completes the sentences below, respectively.

I- Factories are warning that they may have to ______ workers.

II- He wore a dark grey suit that would not ______ in a workplace.

III- This plan might ______ costing us more money.

(A) put down / stand up / end up
(B) count on / rule out / come down
(C) lay off / stick out / wind up
(D) wipe out / set aside / go up
(E) give away / turn around / finish up

      Comentários e Gabarito    C  
TÓPICO - RELAÇÃO SEMÂNTICA COM TRECHO DO TEXTO: