PUC–RIO–VESTIBULAR–2011–RELAÇÕES INTERNACIONAIS–LÍNGUA INGLESA–GABARITO, TEXTOS TRADUZIDOS & AQUISIÇÃO DE VOCABULÁRIO.

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❑  PROVA DE LÍNGUA INGLESA:

• PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA-RIO DE JANEIRO-RELAÇÕES INTERNACIONAIS-VESTIBULAR-22/10/10.

❑ ESTRUTURA-PROVA:

• 20 MCQs (Multiple Choice Questions) / 4 Options Each Question.

PROVA, TRADUÇÃO, GABARITO & MUITO VOCABULÁRIO

❑ PROVA:

❑ TRADUÇÃO-TEXTO:

Rethinking the "third world"

The poor world has changed fundamentally.

Others are barely coming to grips with the implications.

Repensando o "terceiro mundo"

O mundo pobre mudou fundamentalmente.

Outros mal estão lidando com as implicações.

>> [1º PARÁGRAFO]:

EARLIER this year, Bob Zoellick, the president of the World Bank, grandly declared that “2009 saw the end of what was known as the third world” — that is, the end of a distinct, separate section of humanity that is poor, aid-dependent and does not matter very much. Is he right?

NO INÍCIO deste ano, Bob Zoellick, o presidente do Banco Mundial, declarou grandiosamente que “2009 viu o fim do que era conhecido como o terceiro mundo” — isto é, o fim de uma seção distinta e separada da humanidade que é pobre, dependente de ajuda e não importa muito. Ele está certo?
>> [2º PARÁGRAFO]:

Suppress, for a moment, the thought that the term itself went out of fashion long ago. This still seems a plausible time to consider the idea. While the rich world stumbles out of recession, Asia, Africa and Latin America are accelerating and contributing more than ever to world output. Two fast-growing countries, Turkey and Brazil, struck a deal in May that was intended to break the deadlock over Iran’s nuclear programme. Though less than meets the eye, the agreement was still an intriguing case of emerging-nation diplomacy.

Suprima, por um momento, o pensamento de que o termo em si saiu de moda há muito tempo. Este ainda parece um momento plausível para considerar a ideia. Enquanto o mundo rico tropeça para sair da recessão, a Ásia, a África e a América Latina estão acelerando e contribuindo mais do que nunca para a produção mundial. Dois países de rápido crescimento, Turquia e Brasil, fecharam um acordo em maio que pretendia quebrar o impasse sobre o programa nuclear do Irã. Embora menos do que aparenta, o acordo ainda era um caso intrigante de diplomacia de nações emergentes.
>> [3º PARÁGRAFO]:

Yet at the same time, Mr. Zoellick’s bank is not in any danger of going out of business. Aid still flows. Whatever you call it, the category still matters (“third world” later became “developing countries” or “less developed countries”). It matters for trade, to non-governmental organisations and in the United Nations. Poor countries are treated differently under the UN framework convention on climate change, for instance, with fewer commitments to cut emissions. The European Union has a special trade and aid agreement with 79 poor nations. The world is still split between haves and have-nots (though the group of seven richest haves is now a group of 20 of them). Not surprisingly, many NGOs dislike Mr. Zoellick’s assertion because, they fear, it will encourage Westerners to ignore poverty abroad.

No entanto, ao mesmo tempo, o banco do Sr. Zoellick não corre perigo de falir. A ajuda ainda flui. Não importa como você a chame, a categoria ainda importa (“terceiro mundo” mais tarde se tornou “países em desenvolvimento” ou “países menos desenvolvidos”). Importa para o comércio, para organizações não governamentais e nas Nações Unidas. Os países pobres são tratados de forma diferente sob a convenção-quadro da ONU sobre mudanças climáticas, por exemplo, com menos compromissos para cortar emissões. A União Europeia tem um acordo especial de comércio e ajuda com 79 nações pobres. O mundo ainda está dividido entre os que têm e os que não têm (embora o grupo dos sete mais ricos tenha agora um grupo de 20 deles). Não é de surpreender que muitas ONGs não gostem da afirmação do Sr. Zoellick porque, temem, isso encorajará os ocidentais a ignorar a pobreza no exterior.
>> [4º PARÁGRAFO]:

The term “third world” did not originally refer to geopolitics. The first to use it in its modern sense was Alfred Sauvy, a French demographer who drew a parallel with the “third estate” (the people) during the French revolution. In 1952 Sauvy wrote that “this ignored, exploited, scorned Third World, like the Third Estate, wants to become something, too.” The salient feature of the third world was that it wanted economic and political clout.

O termo “terceiro mundo” não se referia originalmente à geopolítica. O primeiro a usá-lo em seu sentido moderno foi Alfred Sauvy, um demógrafo francês que traçou um paralelo com o “terceiro estado” (o povo) durante a revolução francesa. Em 1952, Sauvy escreveu que “este Terceiro Mundo ignorado, explorado e desprezado, como o Terceiro Estado, quer se tornar algo também”. A característica saliente do terceiro mundo era que ele queria influência econômica e política.
>> [5º PARÁGRAFO]:

It is getting both. Cold-war terminology implied that thirdworld countries had limited room for independent manoeuvre. They aligned themselves with one side, or got ground between millstones. That is changing. Walter Russell Mead, an American foreign-policy analyst, argues that Brazil and Turkey are both countries once within America’s circle of influence where new leaders have challenged longstanding domestic elites and are trying to shake off their reliance upon America. In both cases their ambitions are global.
Está recebendo ambos. A terminologia da Guerra Fria implicava que os países do terceiro mundo tinham espaço limitado para manobra independente. Eles se alinharam com um lado, ou ganharam terreno entre mós. Isso está mudando. Walter Russell Mead, um analista de política externa americano, argumenta que o Brasil e a Turquia são ambos países que já estiveram dentro do círculo de influência dos Estados Unidos, onde novos líderes desafiaram as elites domésticas de longa data e estão tentando se livrar de sua dependência dos Estados Unidos. Em ambos os casos, suas ambições são globais.
>> [6º PARÁGRAFO]:

For richer, for poorer
Para os mais ricos, para os mais pobres
These trends have been going on a long time but the end of the great recession has speeded them up dramatically. Richer countries have not fully recovered: their income is still below what it was before the crisis. But in poorer ones — notably in Asia, the Middle East and Africa — income now exceeds pre-crisis levels by wide margins.

Essas tendências vêm acontecendo há muito tempo, mas o fim da grande recessão as acelerou dramaticamente. Os países mais ricos não se recuperaram totalmente: sua renda ainda está abaixo do que era antes da crise. Mas nos mais pobres — notavelmente na Ásia, Oriente Médio e África — a renda agora excede os níveis pré-crise por amplas margens.
>> [7º PARÁGRAFO]:

All this has — or should have — changed attitudes towards poor countries. The term “third world” used to mean poor and dependent. “Third world” countries often ran irresponsible fiscal and monetary policies and, even when growing fast, they still relied on the West for capital and markets.

Tudo isso mudou — ou deveria ter mudado — as atitudes em relação aos países pobres. O termo “terceiro mundo” costumava significar pobre e dependente. Os países do “terceiro mundo” frequentemente executavam políticas fiscais e monetárias irresponsáveis ​​e, mesmo quando cresciam rápido, ainda dependiam do Ocidente para capital e mercados.
>> [8º PARÁGRAFO]:

One part of this picture is still true. The world remains binary. Over 1 billion people live on $1.25 or less a day, more than they did when the term third world was coined. Many live in countries, like Brazil and India, which seem to have escaped from the third world. And 60 or so small poor countries retain third-world characteristics: aid dependency, corruption, violence.

Uma parte desse quadro ainda é verdadeira. O mundo continua binário. Mais de 1 bilhão de pessoas vivem com US$ 1,25 ou menos por dia, mais do que viviam quando o termo terceiro mundo foi cunhado. Muitos vivem em países, como Brasil e Índia, que parecem ter escapado do terceiro mundo. E cerca de 60 pequenos países pobres mantêm características do terceiro mundo: dependência de ajuda, corrupção, violência.
>> [9º PARÁGRAFO]:

Still, some generalisations are justified. Most developing countries have rejected populism. Now, it is rich countries that are running vast budget deficits. The economic mainstream has moved and it is no longer possible to distinguish between third and first worlds on the basis of economic policy.

Ainda assim, algumas generalizações são justificadas. A maioria dos países em desenvolvimento rejeitou o populismo. Agora, são os países ricos que estão com vastos déficits orçamentários. O mainstream econômico mudou e não é mais possível distinguir entre o terceiro e o primeiro mundos com base na política econômica.
>> [10º PARÁGRAFO]:

Nor are emerging markets as dependent on aid from the West as they used to be. China recently agreed to finance oil refineries in Nigeria worth over $23 billion — nearly twice the total increase in aid to Africa over five years in one deal.

Os mercados emergentes também não são tão dependentes da ajuda do Ocidente como costumavam ser. A China concordou recentemente em financiar refinarias de petróleo na Nigéria no valor de mais de US$ 23 bilhões — quase o dobro do aumento total em ajuda à África ao longo de cinco anos em um acordo.
>> [11º PARÁGRAFO]:

The upshot is that it is no longer clear who depends on whom. Poorer economies still depend on Western markets: their slump at the end of 2008 showed that. But their recovery reveals that they are more resilient than they used to be, partly because their economic policies are better and partly because they trade more with each other and protect one another from the worst of rich-nation recession.

O resultado é que não está mais claro quem depende de quem. Economias mais pobres ainda dependem dos mercados ocidentais: sua queda no final de 2008 mostrou isso. Mas sua recuperação revela que elas são mais resilientes do que costumavam ser, em parte porque suas políticas econômicas são melhores e em parte porque elas negociam mais entre si e se protegem mutuamente do pior da recessão das nações ricas.
>> [12º PARÁGRAFO]:

As a result, the prudent members of the third world are becoming safer places to invest than the profligate ones of the first. South Africa has a higher credit rating than Greece. Brazil, Indonesia, Turkey and Peru have all had their credit ratings upgraded this year. Those of the PIGS — Portugal, Ireland, Greece and Spain — have all been downgraded. Remarkably, the yield on ten-year government bonds is the same in Thailand as it is in America. Amar Bhattacharya, the head of the Group of 24 (a body of poorer countries), argues that the first world depends at least as much on the third as vice versa because the large and growing contribution to global demand and high returns in poorer countries are indispensable to rich ones in their attempts to return to growth and reduce debt.

Como resultado, os membros prudentes do terceiro mundo estão se tornando lugares mais seguros para investir do que os perdulários do primeiro. A África do Sul tem uma classificação de crédito mais alta do que a Grécia. Brasil, Indonésia, Turquia e Peru tiveram suas classificações de crédito elevadas este ano. As dos PIGS — Portugal, Irlanda, Grécia e Espanha — foram todas rebaixadas. Notavelmente, o rendimento dos títulos do governo de dez anos é o mesmo na Tailândia e na América. Amar Bhattacharya, o chefe do Grupo dos 24 (um corpo de países mais pobres), argumenta que o primeiro mundo depende pelo menos tanto do terceiro quanto vice-versa porque a grande e crescente contribuição para a demanda global e os altos retornos nos países mais pobres são indispensáveis ​​para os ricos em suas tentativas de retornar ao crescimento e reduzir a dívida.

• Retrieved from http://www.economist.com/node/ 16329442?story_id=16329442, on August 1st, 2010. (slightly adapted)

01 – (PUC-RIO-VESTIBULAR-2011-RELAÇÕES INTERNACIONAIS) The main purpose of this text is to

(A) claim that the third world nations are undoubtedly the safest places to invest nowadays.
(B) report on the financial drawbacks recently faced by some of the richest nations of the world.
(C) praise the Turkish and Brazilian governments that dared to escape America’s circle of influence.
(D) reject modern economic definitions that characterize the relations between poorer and richer nations.
(E) show that recent political and economic facts have called for a reconceptualized view of the binary division of the world.

      Comentários e Gabarito    E  
TÓPICO - VOCABULÁRIO & RELAÇÃO SEMÂNTICA COM TRECHO DO TEXTO:

The main purpose of this text is to

O principal objetivo deste texto é
(A) claim that the third world nations are undoubtedly the safest places to invest nowadays.

afirmar que as nações do terceiro mundo são sem dúvida os locais mais seguros para investir atualmente.
(B) report on the financial drawbacks recently faced by some of the richest nations of the world.

relatar sobre as desvantagens financeiras recentemente enfrentadas por algumas das nações mais ricas do mundo.
(C) praise the Turkish and Brazilian governments that dared to escape America’s circle of influence.

elogiar os governos turco e brasileiro que ousaram escapar do círculo de influência da América.
(D) reject modern economic definitions that characterize the relations between poorer and richer nations.

rejeitar as definições econômicas modernas que caracterizam as relações entre as nações mais pobres e as mais ricas.
(E) show that recent political and economic facts have called for a reconceptualized view of the binary division of the world.

mostrar que fatos políticos e econômicos recentes

vêm demandando uma reconceituação da visão binária do mundo.

02 – (PUC-RIO-VESTIBULAR-2011-RELAÇÕES INTERNACIONAIS) 

• In “Others are barely coming to grips with the implications.” (subtitle),

“coming to grips with” means the same as

(A) relying on.
(B) coping with.
(C) rejoicing on.
(D) disapproving of.
(E) complaining against.

      Comentários e Gabarito    B  
TÓPICO - VOCABULÁRIO & RELAÇÃO SEMÂNTICA COM TRECHO DO TEXTO:

• "Others are barely coming to grips with the implications.”
• Outros mal lidam com as implicações.

“coming to grips with” means the same as

“coming to grips with” significa o mesmo que

(A) relying on. confiar em.
(B) coping with. lidar com.
(C) rejoicing on. alegrar-se em.
(D) disapproving of. desaprovar.
(E) complaining against. reclamar contra.

>> "COME TO GRIPS WITH" (= to deal with, to copy with) - Lidar com.

03 – (PUC-RIO-VESTIBULAR-2011-RELAÇÕES INTERNACIONAIS) According to the explanation provided by the writer in lines 3-5, the ‘third world’ is generally considered

(A) an affluent area of the globe that must be taken into account.
(B) a highly relevant part of the world that should be better known.
(C) a segregated group of nations that is terribly devastated by misery and disease.
(D) a relatively insignificant group of nations which need to count on external help.
(E) the only region of the world that is characterized by poverty and economic failure.

      Comentários e Gabarito    D  
TÓPICO - VOCABULÁRIO & RELAÇÃO SEMÂNTICA COM TRECHO DO TEXTO:

>> [1º PARÁGRAFO]:

• EARLIER this year, Bob Zoellick, the president of the World Bank, grandly declared that “2009 saw the end of what was known as the third world” — that is, the end of a distinct, separate section of humanity that is poor, aid-dependent and does not matter very much. Is he right?
• NO INÍCIO deste ano, Bob Zoellick, o presidente do Banco Mundial, declarou grandiosamente que “2009 viu o fim do que era conhecido como o terceiro mundo” — isto é, o fim de uma seção distinta e separada da humanidade que é pobre, dependente de ajuda e não importa muito. Ele está certo?

According to the explanation provided by the writer in lines 3-5, the ‘third world’ is generally considered

De acordo com a explicação fornecida pelo escritor nas linhas 3-5, o "terceiro mundo" é geralmente considerado
(A) an affluent area of the globe that must be taken into account.

 uma área rica do globo que deve ser levada em consideração.
(B) a highly relevant part of the world that should be better known.

uma parte altamente relevante do mundo que deve ser mais conhecida.
(C) a segregated group of nations that is terribly devastated by misery and disease.

um grupo segregado de nações que é terrivelmente devastado pela miséria e doença.
(D) a relatively insignificant group of nations which need to count on external help.

um grupo relativamente insignificante de nações que precisa contar com ajuda externa.
(E) the only region of the world that is characterized by poverty and economic failure.

a única região do mundo que é caracterizada pela pobreza e fracasso econômico.

04 – (PUC-RIO-VESTIBULAR-2011-RELAÇÕES INTERNACIONAIS) 

• In “Though less than meets the eye, the agreement was still an intriguing case of emerging-nation diplomacy.” (lines 13-15),

“less than meets the eye” can be explained as something that is

(A) really outstanding and extraordinary.
(B) completely irrelevant and unimportant.
(C) secret and should be kept away from the public.
(D) considered unacceptable by many other nations.
(E) less interesting or complicated than it appears at first sight.

      Comentários e Gabarito    E  
TÓPICO - VOCABULÁRIO & RELAÇÃO SEMÂNTICA COM TRECHO DO TEXTO:

• “Though less than meets the eye, the agreement was still an intriguing case of emerging-nation diplomacy.”
• “Embora menos do que aparenta, o acordo ainda era um caso intrigante de diplomacia de nações emergentes.”

“less than meets the eye” can be explained as something that is

(A) really outstanding and extraordinary.

realmente notável e extraordinário.
(B) completely irrelevant and unimportant.

completamente irrelevante e sem importância.
(C) secret and should be kept away from the public.

secreto e deve ser mantido longe do público.
(D) considered unacceptable by many other nations.

considerado inaceitável por muitas outras nações.
(E) less interesting or complicated than it appears at first sight.

menos interessante ou complicado do que parece à primeira vista.

>> "LESS THAN MEETS THE EYE" - mean that there is less to something than you would expect based on a first impression - há menos em algo do que você esperaria com base em uma primeira impressão.

05 – (PUC-RIO-VESTIBULAR-2011-RELAÇÕES INTERNACIONAIS) According to paragraph 3 (lines 16-30), the World Bank is not in danger of going out of business because

(A) the group of poor nations has been increasing lately.
(B) richer nations tend to ignore poverty outside their borders.
(C) poor countries are not committed to the reduction of gas emissions.
(D) poor countries must still be financially helped due to their relevance in the world.
(E) richer nations are still willing to encourage the creation of NGOs in less developed nations.

      Comentários e Gabarito    D  
TÓPICO - VOCABULÁRIO & RELAÇÃO SEMÂNTICA COM TRECHO DO TEXTO:

06 – (PUC-RIO-VESTIBULAR-2011-RELAÇÕES INTERNACIONAIS) Bob Zoellick’s statement about the end of the third world may be considered controversial because many NGOs believe it

(A) clearly denies that poverty has been eradicated from all parts of the globe.
(B) might force an exclusion of the more developed nations from UN aid-grants.
(C) may lead to the conclusion that there is no need to help poor countries anymore.
(D) presupposes that the group of richest countries will definitely continue to increase.
(E) will emphasize the limits between ‘developing countries’ and ‘less developing countries’.

      Comentários e Gabarito    C  
TÓPICO - VOCABULÁRIO & RELAÇÃO SEMÂNTICA COM TRECHO DO TEXTO:

07 – (PUC-RIO-VESTIBULAR-2011-RELAÇÕES INTERNACIONAIS) Alfred Sauvy is mentioned in paragraph 4 (lines 31-38) since he

(A) updated a term of the past to refer to a 20th century situation.
(B) coined the term “third world” during the French Revolution.
(C) established a parallel between the French people and the developed nations.
(D) affirmed that both the “Third World” and the “Third Estate” had always been ignored in France.
(E) was the first demographer to identify the existence of less developed nations in the world.

      Comentários e Gabarito    A  
TÓPICO - VOCABULÁRIO & RELAÇÃO SEMÂNTICA COM TRECHO DO TEXTO:

08 – (PUC-RIO-VESTIBULAR-2011-RELAÇÕES INTERNACIONAIS) In the fragments

• “While the rich world stumbles out of recession,” (lines 8-9) and “…new leaders have challenged longstanding domestic elites and are trying to shake off their reliance upon America.” (lines 45-47),

the expressions stumble out and shake off mean, respectively,

(A) turn away from – ignore.
(B) plunge into – surrender to.
(C) slip up – leave behind.
(D) trip into – get away from.
(E) find its way out – get rid of.

      Comentários e Gabarito    E  
TÓPICO - VOCABULÁRIO & RELAÇÃO SEMÂNTICA COM TRECHO DO TEXTO:

09 – (PUC-RIO-VESTIBULAR-2011-RELAÇÕES INTERNACIONAIS) The fragment “These trends” (line 50) refers to the fact that

(A) third world countries have faced limited room for independent political actions.
(B) third world countries have been trying to break free from America’s circle of influence.
(C) third-world countries have been aligning themselves with the American foreign-policy.
(D) new leaders in Brazil and Turkey have been challenged by long-lasting domestic elites.
(E) Brazil and Turkey have been trying to escape the American influence ever since the Cold War.

      Comentários e Gabarito    B  
TÓPICO - VOCABULÁRIO & RELAÇÃO SEMÂNTICA COM TRECHO DO TEXTO:

10 – (PUC-RIO-VESTIBULAR-2011-RELAÇÕES INTERNACIONAIS) 

• In “All this has – or should have – changed attitudes towards poor countries.” (lines 56-57),

the use of should have implies a(an)

(A) absolute obligation.
(B) unquestionable truth.
(C) logical necessity.
(D) concrete possibility.
(E) improbable guess.

      Comentários e Gabarito    C  
TÓPICO - VOCABULÁRIO & RELAÇÃO SEMÂNTICA COM TRECHO DO TEXTO:

11 – (PUC-RIO-VESTIBULAR-2011-RELAÇÕES INTERNACIONAIS) The argument used to support

• “The world remains binary” (lines 62-63)

is that

(A) the world can still be divided into more developed and less developed regions.
(B) there are still many contrasts among the small poor countries that belong to the third world.
(C) all emerging nations still belong to the third world group due to their dependence on external help.
(D) it is relevant to distinguish between first and third world nations based on their economic policies.
(E) countries like Brazil and India have escaped the third world while others will always remain poor and dependent.

      Comentários e Gabarito    A  
TÓPICO - VOCABULÁRIO & RELAÇÃO SEMÂNTICA COM TRECHO DO TEXTO:

02 – (PUC-RIO-VESTIBULAR-2011-RELAÇÕES INTERNACIONAIS) The term in parentheses expresses the idea introduced by the term in bold in

(A) “Yet at the same time, Mr. Zoellick’s bank is not in any danger of going out of business.” – lines 16-17 – (classification)
(B) “Poor countries are treated differently under the UN framework convention on climate change, for instance, with fewer commitments to cut emissions.” – lines 21-24 – (reason)
(C) “(though the group of seven richest haves is now a group of 20 of them).” – lines 26-27 – (consequence)
(D) “Still, some generalisations are justified.” – line 69 – (contrast)
(E) “As a result, the prudent members of the third world are becoming safer places to invest than the profligate ones of the first.” – lines 88-90 – (exemplification)

      Comentários e Gabarito    D  
TÓPICO - VOCABULÁRIO & RELAÇÃO SEMÂNTICA COM TRECHO DO TEXTO:

13 – (PUC-RIO-VESTIBULAR-2011-RELAÇÕES INTERNACIONAIS) Based on the meanings of the words in the text, it can be said that

(A) output (line 11) and productivity have opposite meanings.
(B) clout (line 38) and prestige express contradictory ideas.
(C) slump (line 82) and prosperity are synonyms.
(D) downgraded (line 94) and depreciated are antonyms.
(E) yield (line 94) and return express similar ideas.

      Comentários e Gabarito    E  
TÓPICO - VOCABULÁRIO & RELAÇÃO SEMÂNTICA COM TRECHO DO TEXTO:

14 – (PUC-RIO-VESTIBULAR-2011-RELAÇÕES INTERNACIONAIS) 
Amar Bhattacharya’s claim (lines 97-98) that “the first world depends at least as much on the third as vice versa...” is sustained by the following justification:

(A) The have-nots need the haves for financial aids that will reduce their foreign debts, while the latter do not depend on the former.
(B) The income of richer countries is below the pre-crisis rates; the poorer nations, though, now have much higher incomes than they had before.
(C) The world is divided into rich and poor countries which fight for economic power; the poor countries merely supply the raw materials, while the rich the industrialized goods.
(D) Both third and first world countries are currently subject to financial troubles, but the emerging nations are more vulnerable because of their great dependence on Western markets.
(E) Third world countries, though still somewhat dependent on international aid, have become important economic markets for rich economies, as these strive to regain their growth rates and financial stability.

      Comentários e Gabarito    E  
TÓPICO - VOCABULÁRIO & RELAÇÃO SEMÂNTICA COM TRECHO DO TEXTO:

15 – (PUC-RIO-VESTIBULAR-2011-RELAÇÕES INTERNACIONAIS) 

Cartoons 1 and 2 above can be used to illustrate some of the ideas expressed in Text 1.

The appropriate match between the cartoon and the paragraph it illustrates is

(A) Cartoon 1/paragraph 1 (lines 1-5) – Cartoon 2/ paragraph 3 (lines 16-30)
(B) Cartoon 1/paragraph 3 (lines 16-30) – Cartoon 2/ paragraph 6 (lines 50-55)
(C) Cartoon 1/paragraph 6 (lines 50-55) – Cartoon 2/ paragraph 8 (lines 62-68)
(D) Cartoon 1/paragraph 8 (lines 62-68) – Cartoon 2/ paragraph 10 (lines 75-79)
(E) Cartoon 1/paragraph 12 (lines 88-102) – Cartoon 2/ paragraph 10 (lines 75-79)

      Comentários e Gabarito    B  
TÓPICO - VOCABULÁRIO & RELAÇÃO SEMÂNTICA COM TRECHO DO TEXTO:

➦IDEIA da Charge 1:
O homem grande e gordo, representando os países ricos, comendo parte do mundo e dando migalhas a um homem pequeno e magro, representando os países pobres.
➦IDEIA da Charge 1:
As economias americana e europeia estão deitadas em uma maca hospitalar, como gêmeas siamesas, supervisionadas por um médico, a quem a economia americana pergunta se a falta de pulsação da economia europeia irá afetar a sua recuperação – deixando clara a interdependência entre as economias europeia e americana. 

TEXT II

Emerging countries are looming larger in the world economy by a wide range of measures (see chart). Their share of world exports has jumped to 43%, from 20% in 1970. They consume over half of the world’s energy and have accounted for fourfifths of the growth in oil demand in the past five years. They also hold 70% of the world’s foreign-exchange reserves.

Of course there is more than one respectable way of doing the sums. So although measured at purchasing-power parity (which takes account of lower prices in poorer countries) the emerging economies now make up over half of world GDP, at market exchange rates their share is still less than 30%. But even at market exchange rates, they accounted for well over half of the increase in global output last year. And this is not just about China and India: those two together made up less than one-quarter of the total increase in emerging economies’ GDP last year.

There is also more than one definition of emerging countries, depending on who does the defining. Perhaps some of these countries should be called re-emerging economies, because they are regaining their former eminence. Until the late 19th century, China and India were the world’s two biggest economies. Before the steam engine and the power loom gave Britain its industrial lead, today’s emerging economies dominated world output. Estimates by Angus Maddison, an economic historian, suggest that in the 18 centuries up to 1820 these economies produced, on average, 80% of world GDP. But they were left behind by Europe’s technological revolution and the first wave of globalisation. By 1950 their share had fallen to 40%.

Now they are on the rebound. In the past five years, their annual growth has averaged almost 7%, its fastest pace in recorded history and well above the 2.3% growth in rich economies. The International Monetary Fund forecasts that in the next five years emerging economies will grow at an average of 6.8% a year, whereas the developed economies will notch up only 2.7%. If both groups continued in this way, in 20 years’ time emerging economies would account for two-thirds of global output (at purchasing-power parity). Extrapolation is always risky, but there seems every chance that the relative weight of the new pretenders will rise.

• The New Titans. The Economist, Sept. 14th, 2006. Retrieved from http://www.economist.com/node/7877959, on August 15th, 2010.

16 – (PUC-RIO-VESTIBULAR-2011-RELAÇÕES INTERNACIONAIS) It can be said that Text II

(A) rejects the idea of a binary division of the world exposed in Text I.
(B) conflicts with Zoellick’s view of third world countries introduced in Text I.
(C) sets the scene for the discussion of the growth of emerging markets exposed in Text I.
(D) adds a counter-argument to the assertion that emerging nations are more diplomatic, as indicated in Text I.
(E) reinforces the thesis of the end of the “third world”, discussed in Text I, by explaining the current political scenario.

      Comentários e Gabarito    C  
TÓPICO - VOCABULÁRIO & RELAÇÃO SEMÂNTICA COM TRECHO DO TEXTO:

Pode-se dizer que o texto II
(A) rejeita a ideia de uma divisão binária do mundo exposta no texto I.
(B) entra em conflito com a visão de Zoellick de países do terceiro mundo, introduzida no texto I.
(C) prepara o cenário para a discussão do crescimento de mercados emergentes expostos no Texto I.
(D) acrescenta um contra-argumento à afirmação de que os países emergentes são mais diplomáticos, conforme indicado no Texto I.
(E) reforça a tese do fim do “terceiro mundo”, discutida no Texto I, explicando o cenário político atual.

17 – (PUC-RIO-VESTIBULAR-2011-RELAÇÕES INTERNACIONAIS) The author of Text II defends the use of the term "re-emerging economies" (line 16) because

(A) the third world countries are becoming politically more stable.
(B) no definition that classifies China and India as potentially emerging countries can be considered correct.
(C) some of the emerging countries had been strong commercial nations in the world before the industrial revolution.
(D) such countries are unlikely to gain eminence in the 21st century and surpass the so-called rich countries of the 20th century.
(E) such countries have been resisting incentives to achieve high economic status since Europe’s technological revolution.

      Comentários e Gabarito    C  
TÓPICO - VOCABULÁRIO & RELAÇÃO SEMÂNTICA COM TRECHO DO TEXTO:

18 – (PUC-RIO-VESTIBULAR-2011-RELAÇÕES INTERNACIONAIS) The fragment

• “…whereas the developed economies with notch up only 2.7%.” (lines 24-25)

could be paraphrased by

(A) providing that the developed world only steps up another 2.7%.
(B) while the first world countries will score a mere 2.7% growth rate.
(C) since the richer nations will merely cut down 2.7% of their GDP.
(D) as far as the rich nations can boost a 2.7% growth index over the others.
(E) moreover the economic growth of the haves will outdo that of the have-nots in 2.7%.

      Comentários e Gabarito    B  
TÓPICO - VOCABULÁRIO & RELAÇÃO SEMÂNTICA COM TRECHO DO TEXTO:

19 – (PUC-RIO-VESTIBULAR-2011-RELAÇÕES INTERNACIONAIS) In terms of numerical reference

(A) 43% (line 2) refers to the recent increment in the amount of world exports by emerging countries.
(B) 30% (line 9) refers to the emerging countries’ previous share of market exchange rates.
(C) 80% (line 20) refers to the actual amount of the world GDP currently produced by today’s emerging economies.
(D) 40% (line 21) refers to the share of the world GDP produced by the so-called emerging economies in mid-20th century.
(E) 7% (line 22) refers to the average annual growth of rich European economies.

      Comentários e Gabarito    A  
TÓPICO - VOCABULÁRIO & RELAÇÃO SEMÂNTICA COM TRECHO DO TEXTO:

20 – (PUC-RIO-VESTIBULAR-2011-RELAÇÕES INTERNACIONAIS) The fragment

• “Now they are on the rebound” (line 22)

refers to the fact that
(A) emerging economies are regaining their former economic condition.
(B) emerging economies will experience slower economic growth than rich nations.
(C) rich economies have been facing a sudden increase in their annual growth rates.
(D) emerging economies will grow as much as developed economies in 20 years’ time.
(E) developed economies will grow more than emerging economies in the next five years.

      Comentários e Gabarito    C  
TÓPICO - VOCABULÁRIO & RELAÇÃO SEMÂNTICA COM TRECHO DO TEXTO: