domingo, 14 de dezembro de 2014

PUC/Rio – 2015 – VESTIBULAR – GRUPOS 1, 3 e 4 – LÍNGUA INGLESA – PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO – PROVA COM GABARITO & TEXTO TRADUZIDO.

❑ PROVA DE LÍNGUA INGLESAPUC/RIO-2015-GRUPOS 1, 3 e 4 - VESTIBULAR-12/10/2014.

https://www.puc-rio.br/vestibular/
❑ ESTRUTURA-PROVA:
 10 Multiple Choice Questions / 5 Options Each Question.
 Text  – Do screens make us stupider?
Time for a rethink of reading
 
http://blogs.discovermagazine.com |

 PROVA:
TEXTO:
Do screens make us stupider?
As telas nos tornam mais estúpidos?
Time for a rethink of reading
É hora de repensar a leitura
At the university where I teach, fewer and fewer new books are available from the library in their physical, printed form.
Na universidade onde leciono, cada vez menos livros novos estão disponíveis na biblioteca na sua forma física, impressa.
And yet, the company that just published my textbook tells me that about 90 percent of students who buy my book choose to lug around the four-pound paper version rather than purchase the weightless e-book.
E, no entanto, a empresa que acaba de publicar o meu manual diz-me que cerca de 90% dos estudantes que compram o meu livro optam por carregar a versão em papel de quatro quilos em vez de comprar o livro eletrónico que não pesa nada.
The information is exactly the same, so why would students opt for the pricier and more cumbersome version? Is the library missing something important about the nature of printed versus electronic books? 
As informações são exatamente as mesmas, então por que os alunos optariam pela versão mais cara e pesada? A biblioteca está perdendo algo importante sobre a natureza dos livros impressos versus eletrônicos?
Some studies do show that information becomes more securely fixed in people’s minds when they read it from paper than when they read it from the screen.
Alguns estudos mostram que as informações ficam mais seguras na mente das pessoas quando elas as leem no papel do que quando as leem na tela.
Findings like these may resonate with our subjective experience of reading, and yet still seem puzzling at an intellectual level.
Descobertas como estas podem estar em sintonia com a nossa experiência subjetiva de leitura e, no entanto, parecerem intrigantes a nível intelectual.
This is because we’re used to thinking about reading—or information processing more generally—as the metaphorical equivalent of consuming food. We talk about devouring novels, digesting a report, and absorbing information.
Isto deve-se ao fato de estarmos habituados a pensar na leitura - ou no processamento de informação em geral - como o equivalente metafórico do consumo de alimentos. Falamos em devorar romances, digerir um relatório e absorver informação.
If we’re ingesting the same material, whether it’s presented in print or electronically, how can the results be so different?
Se estamos ingerindo o mesmo material, quer seja apresentado em papel ou em formato eletrónico, como é que os resultados podem ser tão diferentes?
Within the prevailing food metaphor, the only sensible way to think about these different outcomes is that reading from paper leads to more efficient or complete digestion.
Dentro da metáfora alimentar prevalecente, a única forma sensata de pensar sobre estes resultados diferentes é que a leitura em papel conduz a uma digestão mais eficiente ou completa.
An intuitive explanation may be that visual fatigue or the effort of navigating text onscreen interferes with the processing of information. Or perhaps we’ve picked up shallow mental habits while onscreen that prevent us from taking the time to properly chew on the information as we take it in.
Uma explicação intuitiva pode ser que o cansaço visual ou o esforço de navegar pelo texto na tela interfere no processamento da informação. Ou talvez tenhamos adquirido hábitos mentais superficiais enquanto estamos na tela que nos impedem de parar para mastigar adequadamente as informações à medida que as assimilamos.
In both cases, the implication is that valuable informational nutrients that are “there” in the text end up being mentally excreted rather than absorbed.
Em ambos os casos, a implicação é que valiosos nutrientes informativos que estão “lá” no texto acabam sendo mentalmente excretados em vez de absorvidos.
But, in reality, the whole reading-as-digestion metaphor is deeply flawed.
Mas, na realidade, toda a metáfora da leitura como digestão é profundamente errada.
Cognitive research shows that while reading, it’s possible, among other things, to generate strong visual images based on the text, to marshal arguments against the author’s main point, to speculate about the motivations of characters, to connect the text to personal experiences, to form an opinion, or to notice the sensory and aesthetic qualities of the text, to name just a few.
A pesquisa cognitiva mostra que, durante a leitura, é possível, entre outras coisas, gerar imagens visuais fortes com base no texto, organizar argumentos contra o ponto principal do autor, especular sobre as motivações dos personagens, conectar o texto a experiências pessoais, formar uma opinião ou perceber as qualidades sensoriais e estéticas do texto, para citar apenas algumas.
Not all of these take place every time you read, so there is not just one activity called “reading,” done either poorly or well.
Nem todos estes aspectos ocorrem sempre que se lê, pelo que não existe apenas uma atividade chamada "leitura", mal ou bem feita.
There are probably all sorts of subtle cues around us, influencing our cognitive goals moment by moment.
Provavelmente, há todo o tipo de pistas sutis à nossa volta, que influenciam os nossos objectivos cognitivos a cada momento.
A study showed that when people read a product review in a hard-to-read font, they more carefully evaluated the merits of the arguments than when the same information was presented in easyto-read font — suggesting that when information merely feels hard to process, we automatically bring out the heavy cognitive machinery.
Um estudo demonstrou que, quando as pessoas liam uma crítica de um produto num tipo de letra difícil de ler, avaliavam mais cuidadosamente os méritos dos argumentos do que quando a mesma informação era apresentada num tipo de letra fácil de ler - o que sugere que, quando a informação parece simplesmente difícil de processar, accionamos automaticamente a maquinaria cognitiva pesada.
The emerging research on cognitive goals and their triggers offers an intriguing way to think about why reading the same text in different formats or even styles of presentation might engage the mind in such different ways.
A pesquisa emergente sobre objetivos cognitivos e seus gatilhos oferece uma maneira intrigante de pensar por que a leitura do mesmo texto em diferentes formatos ou mesmo estilos de apresentação pode envolver a mente de maneiras tão diferentes.
A hard-copy textbook may serve as a powerful cue that sets off cognitive activities that are very distinct from those that are involved in reading your Twitter feed or thumbing through a paperback romance novel.
Um livro impresso pode servir como uma sugestão poderosa que desencadeia atividades cognitivas que são muito distintas daquelas que estão envolvidas na leitura do seu feed do Twitter ou folheando um romance de bolso.
The research should also motivate publishers— especially of online text—to think deeply about how elements of presentation and design can serve as signals to nudge the reader into the mental activities that do justice to the text.
A pesquisa também deve motivar os editores – especialmente de textos on-line – a pensar profundamente sobre como os elementos de apresentação e design podem servir como sinais para levar o leitor às atividades mentais que fazem justiça ao texto.
For example, an online literary magazine may leave readers with unsatisfying experiences simply because it’s too hard to arouse the contemplative and sensory goals that lead to properly savoring its content.
Por exemplo, uma revista literária online pode deixar os leitores com experiências insatisfatórias simplesmente porque é muito difícil despertar os objetivos contemplativos e sensoriais que levam a saborear adequadamente seu conteúdo.
The magazine needs to signal that a different kind of reading is called for, perhaps by borrowing some of the elements that poets have long used to cue readers to pay close attention to the language of a poem: stripping away graphic distractions, formatting text sparsely and unconventionally, and surrounding it with generous swaths of empty space.
A revista precisa sinalizar que um tipo diferente de leitura é necessário, talvez tomando emprestados alguns dos elementos que os poetas há muito usam para sugerir aos leitores que prestem muita atenção à linguagem de um poema: eliminando as distrações gráficas, formatando o texto de forma esparsa e não convencional e cercando-o com faixas generosas de espaço vazio.
Understanding how reading works means abandoning the idea that the presentation of a text is as inconsequential as whether a plate of food is served with a sprig of decorative parsley.
Compreender como funciona a leitura significa abandonar a ideia de que a apresentação de um texto é tão inconsequente como o fato de um prato de comida ser servido com um ramo de salsa decorativo.
In fact, the packaging of text likely contains rich implicit instructions for what we do with it.
De fato, a embalagem do texto contém provavelmente ricas instruções implícitas sobre o que fazemos com ele.
Available at: <http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/crux/2014/06/17/do-screens-make-us-stupider-time-for-a-rethink-of-reading/>.Retrieved on: July 10th, 2014. Adapted.
11. Given the information in lines 1-11, which of the following statements is TRUE?
(A) Most students prefer buying electronic books.
(B) The author understands the students’ options concerning the book format.
(C) The price is a major concern for students when purchasing books.
(D) The author’s students prefer physical books rather than e-books.
(E) The library is not equipped with electronic books.
 👍   Comentários e Gabarito    D  
TÓPICO - INFORMAÇÕES DENTRO DO TEXTO:
• Dadas as informações nas linhas 1-11, qual das seguintes afirmações é VERDADEIRA?
(A) Most students prefer buying electronic books.
• A maioria dos alunos prefere comprar livros eletrônicos.
(B) The author understands the students’ options concerning the book format.
• O autor entende as opções dos alunos quanto ao formato do livro.
(C) The price is a major concern for students when purchasing books.
• O preço é uma grande preocupação para os alunos na compra de livros.
(D) The author’s students prefer physical books rather than e-books.
 Os alunos do autor preferem livros físicos em vez de e-books.
(E) The library is not equipped with electronic books.
• A biblioteca não está equipada com livros eletrônicos.

12. The expression in boldface introduces an idea of emphasis in:
(A) “And yet, the company that just published my textbook…” (line 3)
(B) “The information is exactly the same, so why would students opt…” (line 8)
(C) “This is because we’re used to thinking about reading…” (line 17)
(D) “The research should also motivate publishers…” (line 66)
(E) “In fact, the packaging of text likely contains…” (lines 85-86)
 👍   Comentários e Gabarito    E  
TÓPICO - MARCADORES DISCURSIVOS:
The expression in boldface introduces an idea of emphasis in:
A expressão em negrito introduz uma IDEIA DE ÊNFASE em:
(A) “And yet, the company that just published my textbook…” (line 3) – “E NO ENTANTO, a empresa que acabou de publicar meu livro didático…” (IDEIA DE CONTRASTE)
(B) “The information is exactly the same, so why would students opt…” (line 8) – “A informação é exatamente a mesma, então por que os alunos optariam...” (IDEIA DE CONCLUSÃO)
(C) “This is because we’re used to thinking about reading…” (line 17) – “Isso é porque estamos acostumados a pensar em ler...” (IDEIA DE EXPLICAÇÃO)
(D) “The research should also motivate publishers…” (line 66) – “A pesquisa também deve motivar os editores…” (IDEIA DE ADIÇÃO)
(E) “In fact, the packaging of text likely contains…” (lines 85-86)
 – “De fato, a embalagem do texto provavelmente contém…” (IDEIA DE ÊNFASE)

13. In the fragment “the effort of navigating text onscreen interferes with the processing of information”, “processing” (lines 29-30) is to “process” as:
(A) ”thinking” (line 18) is to “think”.
(B) “consuming” (line 20) is to “consume”.
(C) “ingesting” (line 22) is to “ingest”.
(D) “reading” (line 64) is to “read”.
(E) “abandoning” (line 83) is to “abandon”.
 👍   Comentários e Gabarito    D  
TÓPICO - GERUND FORM & INFINITIVE FORM :
In the fragment “the effort of navigating text onscreen interferes with the processing of information”, “processing” (lines 29-30) is to “process” as:
No fragmento “o esforço de navegar pelo texto na tela interfere no processamento da informação”, “processing” (NOUN) é “process(VERB)  como:
(A) ”thinking” (VERB) is to “think”(pensar)(VERB).
➭ "[...] This is because we’re used to thinking about reading" – CONSUMING (GERUND) 
(B) “consuming” (VERB) is to “consume”(consumir)(VERB).
"[...] as the metaphorical equivalent of consuming food."  CONSUMING (GERUND)
(C) “ingesting” (VERB) is to “ingest”(ingerir)(VERB).
➭ "[...] If we’re ingesting the same material,..." INGESTING (PARTICIPLE PRESENT)
(D) “reading” (NOUN) is to “read”(ler)(VERB).
➭ "[...] that are involved in reading your Twitter feed" – READING (NOUN)
(E) “abandoning” (VERB) is to “abandon”(abandonar)(VERB).
➭ "[...] Understanding how reading works means abandoning the idea" – ABANDONING (GERUND)

14. In the fragment “But, in reality, the whole reading-asdigestion metaphor is deeply flawed.” (lines 37-38), the connector But could be replaced by
(A) Therefore
(B) Moreover
(C) Furthermore
(D) What is more
(E) However
 👍   Comentários e Gabarito    E  
TÓPICO - THE MAIN IDEIA - O PROPÓSITO PRINCIPAL DO TEXTO:
In the fragment “But, in reality, the whole reading-asdigestion metaphor is deeply flawed.” (lines 37-38), the connector But could be replaced by
No fragmento “Mas, na realidade, toda a metáfora da leitura como digestão é profundamente falha”. (linhas 37-38), o conector Mas poderia ser substituído por
(A) Therefore – Portanto
(B) Moreover – Além disso
(C) Furthermore – Além disso
(D) What is more – O que é mais
(E) However
 – No entanto

15. In paragraph 6 (lines 49-65), the author claims that
(A) the cognitive activities triggered when reading a hard- -copy textbook or a Twitter feed are possibly analogous.
(B) the font, the style of presentation and the format are examples of subtle cues that impact on our cognitive goals when reading from screens or from paper.
(C) it is easy to engage the mind into processing online information.
(D) according to a study, people consider product reviews with easy-to-read fonts more reliable than reviews with hard-to-read fonts.
(E) the subtle cues that influence our cognitive goals during the activity of reading distract us from understanding argumentative texts.
 👍   Comentários e Gabarito    B  
TÓPICO - THE MAIN IDEIA - O PROPÓSITO PRINCIPAL DO TEXTO:
In paragraph 6 (lines 49-65), the author claims that
No parágrafo 6 (linhas 49-65), o autor afirma que 
(A) the cognitive activities triggered when reading a hard- -copy textbook or a Twitter feed are possibly analogous. – as atividades cognitivas desencadeadas ao ler um livro impresso ou um feed do Twitter são possivelmente análogas.
(B) the font, the style of presentation and the format are examples of subtle cues that impact on our cognitive goals when reading from screens or from paper. – a fonte, o estilo de apresentação e o formato são exemplos de dicas sutis que afetam nossos objetivos cognitivos ao ler em telas ou em papel.
(C) it is easy to engage the mind into processing online information. – é fácil envolver a mente no processamento de informações online.
(D) according to a study, people consider product reviews with easy-to-read fonts more reliable than reviews with hard-to-read fonts. – 
de acordo com um estudo, as pessoas consideram avaliações de produtos com fontes fáceis de ler mais confiáveis do que avaliações com fontes difíceis de ler.
(E) as pistas sutis que influenciam nossos objetivos
(E) the subtle cues that influence our cognitive goals during the activity of reading distract us from understanding argumentative texts.
 – as pistas sutis que influenciam nossos objetivos cognitivos durante a atividade de leitura nos distraem da compreensão de textos argumentativos.

16. The demonstrative “those” (line 64), in the fragment “from those that are involved in reading your Twitter feed or thumbing through a paperback romance novel”, makes reference to
(A) styles of presentation (line 60)
(B) hard-copy textbook (line 62)
(C) sets off (line 63)
(D) cognitive activities (line 63)
(E) paperback romance novel (line 65)
 👍   Comentários e Gabarito    D  
TÓPICO - THE MAIN IDEIA - O PROPÓSITO PRINCIPAL DO TEXTO:
The demonstrative “those” (line 64), in the fragment “from those that are involved in reading your Twitter feed or thumbing through a paperback romance novel”, makes reference to
O demonstrativo “aqueles” (linha 64), no fragmento “daqueles que estão envolvidos na leitura de seu feed do Twitter ou folheando um romance de bolso”, faz referência a
(A) styles of presentation (line 60) – estilos de apresentação 
(B) hard-copy textbook (line 62) – 
livro didático impresso 
(C) sets off (line 63) – começa
(D) cognitive activities (line 63) – atividades cognitivas
(E) paperback romance novel (line 65)
 – romance de bolso

17. In the fragment “The research should also motivate publishers…” (line 66), “should” conveys the idea of
(A) obligation
(B) possibility
(C) recommendation
(D) condition
(E) request
 👍   Comentários e Gabarito    C  
TÓPICO - MODAL VERB:
In the fragment “The research should also motivate publishers…” (line 66), “should” conveys the idea of
No fragmento “A pesquisa também deve motivar os editores…” (linha 66), “deve” transmite a ideia de
(A) obligation – obrigação
(B) possibility – possibilidade
(C) recommendation – recomendação
(D) condition – condição
(E) request
 – pedido

18. The word nudge, in the fragment “how elements of presentation and design can serve as signals to nudge the reader into the mental activities that do justice to the text.” (lines 67-70), is closest in meaning to
(A) encourage
(B) annoy
(C) disturb
(D) transform
(E) trouble
 👍   Comentários e Gabarito    A  
TÓPICO - THE MAIN IDEIA - O PROPÓSITO PRINCIPAL DO TEXTO:
 The word nudge, in the fragment “how elements of presentation and design can serve as signals to nudge the reader into the mental activities that do justice to the text.” (lines 67-70), is closest in meaning to
A palavra nudge, no fragmento “como elementos de apresentação e design podem servir como sinais para cutucar o leitor nas atividades mentais que fazem justiça ao texto”. (linhas 67-70), é o significado mais próximo de
(A) encourage – encorajar
(B) annoy – irritar
(C) disturb – perturbar
(D) transform – transformar
(E) trouble
 – problema

19. In paragraph 7 (lines 66-81), the author defends the idea that magazine editors should borrow some of the elements that poets have long used to cue readers to pay attention to their poems. Among these elements, the one that is NOT mentioned is:
(A) The artistic language used in poetry.
(B) The sparse formatting of the text.
(C) The use of empty spaces around and inside the text.
(D) The lack of graphic distractions.
(E) The unconventional formatting of the text.
 👍   Comentários e Gabarito    A  
TÓPICO - THE MAIN IDEIA - O PROPÓSITO PRINCIPAL DO TEXTO:
In paragraph 7 (lines 66-81), the author defends the idea that magazine editors should borrow some of the elements that poets have long used to cue readers to pay attention to their poems. Among these elements, the one that is NOT mentioned is:
No parágrafo 7 (linhas 66-81), o autor defende a ideia de que os editores de revistas devem tomar emprestados alguns dos elementos que os poetas há muito usam para induzir os leitores a prestar atenção em seus poemas. Entre esses elementos, o que NÃO é mencionado é:
(A) The artistic language used in poetry. – A linguagem artística usada na poesia.
(B) The sparse formatting of the text. – A formatação esparsa do texto.
(C) The use of empty spaces around and inside the text. – O uso de espaços vazios ao redor e dentro do texto.
(D) The lack of graphic distractions. – A falta de distrações gráficas.
(E) The unconventional formatting of the text. – 
A formatação não convencional do texto.

20. In paragraph 8 (lines 82-87), the author presents her main argument about what she calls “a rethink of reading”. According to her,
(A) online and offline texts should be formatted the same.
(B) the presentation of a text is of no importance for the reader’s engagement in it.
(C) the presentation of a text is of vital importance for the reader’s engagement in it.
(D) the packaging of a text should take into account only the aesthetical aspects of a book.
(E) we find instructions for what we do with a text in online editions, only.
 👍   Comentários e Gabarito    C  
TÓPICO - THE MAIN IDEIA - O PROPÓSITO PRINCIPAL DO TEXTO:
In paragraph 8 (lines 82-87), the author presents her main argument about what she calls “a rethink of reading”. According to her,
No parágrafo 8 (linhas 82-87), a autora apresenta seu principal argumento sobre o que chama de “repensar a leitura”. De acordo com ela,
(A) online and offline texts should be formatted the same. – os textos online e offline devem ser formatados da mesma forma.
(B) the presentation of a text is of no importance for the reader’s engagement in it. – a apresentação de um texto não tem importância para o engajamento do leitor nele.
(C) the presentation of a text is of vital importance for the reader’s engagement in it. – a apresentação de um texto é de vital importância para o engajamento do leitor nele.
(D) the packaging of a text should take into account only the aesthetical aspects of a book. – a embalagem de um texto deve levar em conta apenas os aspectos estéticos de um livro.
(E) we find instructions for what we do with a text in online editions, only. – 
encontramos instruções sobre o que fazer com um texto apenas nas edições online.

CESGRANRIO 2010 – PETROBRAS – NÍVEL SUPERIOR (Vários Cargos)

❑ PROVA DE LÍNGUA INGLESACESGRANRIO-2010-PETROBRAS-NÍVEL SUPERIOR (Vários Cargos).

www.cesgranrio.org.br
❑ ORGANIZADORhttps://www.cesgranrio.org.br/
❑ ESTRUTURA-PROVA:
 20 MCQs (Multiple-Choice Questions) | 5 Options Each Question.
 Text (1) – The age of speed: how to reduce global fuel consumption by 75 percent | /www.lowtechmagazine.com | (504 words)
 Text (2) – Peak Oil for Dummies http://seekingalpha.com (651 words)
 GABARITO:


01-B,  02-C,  03-E,  04-B,  05-E
06-A,  07-C,  08-D,  09-A,  10-E


 PROVA:
 Text 1:

The age of speed: how to reduce global fuel consumption by 75 percent
September 11, 2008
Low-tech Magazine 

Breaking speed records was an almost daily occurrence throughout the 20th century. Cars, ships, planes and trains became faster and faster, year after year. Because the power needed to push an object through air increases with the cube of velocity, this race to ever higher speeds raises energy consumption exponentially.


Engineers treat velocity as a non-variable, while in fact it is the most powerful factor to save a really huge amount of energy - with just one stroke, at minimal cost, and without the need for new technology. Lower speeds combined with more energy efficient engines, better aerodynamics and lighter materials could make fuel savings even larger.

Air resistance increases with the square of speed, and therefore the power needed to push an object through air increases with the cube of the velocity. If a car cruising on the highway at 80 km/h requires 30 kilowatts to overcome air drag, that same car will require 240 kilowatts at a speed of 160 km/h. Thus, a vehicle needs 8 times the engine power to reach twice the speed. In principle, this means that fuel consumption will increase fourfold (not eightfold, because the faster vehicle exerts the power only over half the time).

Over a distance of 1,000 kilometres, the slow car would consume 375 kilowatt-hours (12.5 hours multiplied by 30 kilowatts) and the fast car would consume 1,500 kilowatt-hours (6.25 hours multiplied by 240 kilowatts).

However, this extra fuel consumption can be diminished or even negated by, most importantly, more fuel efficient engines, lighter materials and better aerodynamics. Even though today’s cars are faster than those from decades ago, they consume a similar amount of fuel. This is the reason why almost everybody is talking about energy efficiency and aerodynamics, and not about speed.

But if you lower the speed, fuel consumption is decreased by the full 75 percent. More efficient technology cannot change that – unless in a positive way. If you combine a lower speed with more fuel efficient engines and better aerodynamics, fuel savings can become much larger than 75 percent.

A decrease of 75 percent in fuel consumption is not peanuts. More than 60 percent of world oil production is used for transportation, which means that total oil production would be almost halved (-45%). In combination with more efficient engines, better aerodynamics and lighter materials a 75 percent reduction of oil production is not unrealistic.

Yet, when the International Energy Agency argues that the average car sold in 2030 would need to consume 60 percent less fuel than the average car sold in 2005, it claims: “With current technologies, only plug-in hybrids are capable of this”.

This statement is wrong. We could lower the fuel consumption of cars (and other vehicles) by at least 75 percent, we could do it today, and we can do it with present technology.

© Kris De Decker (edited by Vincent Grosjean) http://www.lowtechmagazine.com/2008/09/speed-energy.html,access on April 6, 2010.
➧ TRADUÇÃO REVISADA DO TEXTO (1) - 504 PALAVRAS:

A era da velocidade: como reduzir o consumo global de combustível em 75%

11 de Setembro 2008

Revista Low-tech 

Quebrar recordes de velocidade foi uma ocorrência quase diária ao longo do século 20. Carros, navios, aviões e trens se tornaram cada vez mais rápidos, ano após ano. Como a potência necessária para empurrar um objeto pelo ar aumenta com o cubo de velocidade, esta corrida para velocidades cada vez mais altas aumenta o consumo de energia exponencialmente.

Os engenheiros tratam a velocidade como uma não-variável, quando, na verdade, é o fator mais poderoso para economizar uma quantidade realmente enorme de energia - com apenas uma tacada, a um custo mínimo e sem a necessidade de novas tecnologias. Velocidades menores combinadas com motores mais eficientes em termos de energia, melhor aerodinâmica e materiais mais leves poderiam tornar a economia de combustível ainda maior.

A resistência do ar aumenta com o quadrado da velocidade e, portanto, a potência necessária para empurrar um objeto através do ar aumenta com o cubo da velocidade. Se um carro trafegando na estrada a 80 km/h requer 30 quilowatts para vencer a resistência do ar, esse mesmo carro exigirá 240 quilowatts a uma velocidade de 160 km/h. Assim, um veículo precisa de 8 vezes a potência do motor para atingir o dobro da velocidade. Em princípio, isto significa que o consumo de combustível aumentará quatro vezes (não oito vezes, porque o veículo mais rápido exerce a potência apenas ao longo da metade do tempo).

Em uma distância de 1.000 quilômetros, o carro lento consumiria 375 quilowatts-hora (12,5 horas multiplicadas por 30 quilowatts) e o carro rápido consumiria 1.500 quilowatts-hora (6,25 horas multiplicadas por 240 quilowatts).

No entanto, esse consumo extra de combustível pode ser diminuído ou até mesmo anulado por, principalmente, motores mais eficientes em termos de combustível, materiais mais leves e melhor aerodinâmica. Embora os carros de hoje sejam mais rápidos do que os de décadas atrás, eles consomem uma quantidade semelhante de combustível. Esta é a razão pela qual quase toda a gente está falando de eficiência energética e aerodinâmica, e não de velocidade.

Mas se você diminuir a velocidade, o consumo de combustível é reduzido em 75%. Uma tecnologia mais eficiente não pode mudar isso – a não ser de forma positiva. Se você combinar uma velocidade mais baixa com motores mais eficientes em termos de combustível e melhor aerodinâmica, a economia de combustível pode se tornar muito maior do que 75%.

Uma diminuição de 75% no consumo de combustível não é amendoim. Mais de 60% da produção mundial de petróleo é usada para transporte, o que significa que a produção total de petróleo seria reduzida quase reduzida a metade (-45%). Em combinação com motores mais eficientes, melhor aerodinâmica e materiais mais leves, uma redução de 75% da produção de óleo não é irrealista.

No entanto, quando a Agência Internacional de Energia argumenta que o carro médio vendido em 2030 precisaria consumir 60% menos combustível do que o carro médio vendido em 2005, afirma: "Com as tecnologias atuais, apenas híbridos flex são capazes disso".

Essa afirmação está errada. Poderíamos reduzir o consumo de combustível dos carros (e outros veículos) em pelo menos 75%, poderíamos fazer isso hoje, e podemos fazer isso com a tecnologia atual.

© Kris De Decker (editado por Vincent Grosjean) http://www.lowtechmagazine.com/2008/09/speed-energy.html,access em 6 de abril de 2010. 

👉 Questão  31 :

The main solution that Text I introduces for reducing global fuel consumption is

(A) eliminating cars and forcing people to use bikes.
(B) decreasing the average speed that cars can run.
(C) discovering alternative biotechnologies for transportation.
(D) building faster cars and stimulating the use of highspeed trains.
(E) designing faster vehicles with better aerodynamics and more air resistance.

👍 Comentários e Gabarito  B 
TÓPICO - IDEIA CONTEXTUAL ou INFORMAÇÃO DENTRO DO TEXTO:
(A) eliminating cars and forcing people to use bikes.
(B) decreasing the average speed that cars can run.
(C) discovering alternative biotechnologies for transportation.
(D) building faster cars and stimulating the use of highspeed trains.
(E) designing faster vehicles with better aerodynamics and more air resistance.

👉 Questão  32 :
'It' in "... while in fact it is the most powerful factor..."(lines 8-9) refers to
(A) race (line 5)
(B) consumption (line 6)
(C) velocity (line 8)
(D) non-variable (line 8)
(E) energy (line 10)

👍 Comentários e Gabarito  C 
TÓPICO - IDEIA CONTEXTUAL ou INFORMAÇÃO DENTRO DO TEXTO:
(A) race (line 5)
(B) consumption (line 6)
(C) velocity (line 8)
(D) non-variable (line 8)
(E) energy (line 10)

👉 Questão  33 :
In "Thus, a vehicle needs 8 times the engine power to..." (lines 20-21), the word thus introduces a
(A) contrast.
(B) condition.
(C) concession.
(D) comparison.
(E) consequence.

👍 Comentários e Gabarito  E 
TÓPICO - IDEIA CONTEXTUAL ou INFORMAÇÃO DENTRO DO TEXTO:
(A) contrast.
(B) condition.
(C) concession.
(D) comparison.
(E) consequence.

👉 Questão  34 :
According to Paragraph 5, “…almost everybody is talking about energy efficiency and aerodynamics, and not about speed.” (lines 35-37) because
(A) the government is interested in selling more modern cars.
(B) speed was never an important factor in designing newer car engines.
(C) fast cars consume just as much fuel as slow ones.
(D) people want to reduce fuel consumption without having to give up faster speeds.
(E) people believe that producing cars from lighter materials is the only means to make energy efficient vehicles.

👍 Comentários e Gabarito  D 
TÓPICO - IDEIA CONTEXTUAL ou INFORMAÇÃO DENTRO DO TEXTO:
(A) the government is interested in selling more modern cars.
(B) speed was never an important factor in designing newer car engines.
(C) fast cars consume just as much fuel as slow ones.
(D) people want to reduce fuel consumption without having to give up faster speeds.
(E) people believe that producing cars from lighter materials is the only means to make energy efficient vehicles.

👉 Questão  35 :
The fragment "A decrease of 75 percent in fuel consumption is not peanuts."(lines 44-45) means that this reduction is
(A) as small as a pea.
(B) not insignificant.
(C) not really dangerous.
(D) a simple calculation.
(E) considered unreachable.

👍 Comentários e Gabarito  B 
TÓPICO - IDEIA CONTEXTUAL ou INFORMAÇÃO DENTRO DO TEXTO:
(A) as small as a pea.
(B) not insignificant.
(C) not really dangerous.
(D) a simple calculation.
(E) considered unreachable.

👉 Questão  36 :
In terms of numerical reference
(A) “…30 kilowatts…” (lines 18-19) refers to the amount of energy needed to run a car at 80 km/h.
(B) “…240 kilowatts…” (line 20) refers to the energy consumed by a car driving along a 160 km road.
(C) “…375 kilowatt-hours…” (line 26) refers to the total energy spent by any car on 12.5 hour trips.
(D) “6.25…” (line 28) refers to the number of hours needed to consume 240 kilowatts.
(E) “-45%” (line 47) refers to the reduction in oil consumed in transportation.

👍 Comentários e Gabarito  A 
TÓPICO - IDEIA CONTEXTUAL ou INFORMAÇÃO DENTRO DO TEXTO:
(A) “…30 kilowatts…” (lines 18-19) refers to the amount of energy needed to run a car at 80 km/h.
(B) “…240 kilowatts…” (line 20) refers to the energy consumed by a car driving along a 160 km road.
(C) “…375 kilowatt-hours…” (line 26) refers to the total energy spent by any car on 12.5 hour trips.
(D) “6.25…” (line 28) refers to the number of hours needed to consume 240 kilowatts.
(E) “-45%” (line 47) refers to the reduction in oil consumed in transportation.

👉 Questão  37 :
The author affirms that the statement “With current technologies, only plug-in hybrids are capable of this.” (lines 54-55) is wrong because
(A) by 2030, it will be unnecessary to build cars that consume 1/3 less fuel.
(B) only the medium-sized car can be a hybrid vehicle and run on electricity and gas.
(C) there is no technology available today that will allow for a reduction in gasoline consumption.
(D) he does not believe the international energy agency has calculated the figures correctly.
(E) it is already possible to reduce the consumption of fuel in transportation nowadays.

👍 Comentários e Gabarito  E 
TÓPICO - IDEIA CONTEXTUAL ou INFORMAÇÃO DENTRO DO TEXTO:
(A) by 2030, it will be unnecessary to build cars that consume 1/3 less fuel.
(B) only the medium-sized car can be a hybrid vehicle and run on electricity and gas.
(C) there is no technology available today that will allow for a reduction in gasoline consumption.
(D) he does not believe the international energy agency has calculated the figures correctly.
(E) it is already possible to reduce the consumption of fuel in transportation nowadays.

👉 Questão  38 :
The calculation used by the author to support his major view on fuel consumption is that
(A) a car can save up to 75% of its oil consumption if it has a hybrid fuel engine.
(B) a car driven slowly needs only 25% the fuel it consumes when driven fast.
(C) current cars are faster and consume much less than those of the past.
(D) today’s vehicles can travel faster because they are made to consume 8 times more over half the time.
(E) older cars would spend 4 times more fuel than modern cars because their engines were not energy efficient.

👍 Comentários e Gabarito  B 
TÓPICO - IDEIA CONTEXTUAL ou INFORMAÇÃO DENTRO DO TEXTO:
(A) a car can save up to 75% of its oil consumption if it has a hybrid fuel engine.
(B) a car driven slowly needs only 25% the fuel it consumes when driven fast.
(C) current cars are faster and consume much less than those of the past.
(D) today’s vehicles can travel faster because they are made to consume 8 times more over half the time.
(E) older cars would spend 4 times more fuel than modern cars because their engines were not energy efficient.

 Text 2:
Peak Oil for Dummies
by Tom Rogue - August 09, 2009

Over the past decade, a fierce debate has emerged amongst energy experts about whether global oil production was about to reach a peak, followed by an irreversible decline. This event, commonly known as “Peak Oil” far outreaches the sole discipline of geology. From transportation to modern agriculture, petrochemicals and even the pharmaceutical industry all of them rely on one commodity: cheap and abundant oil. In order to sustain the needs of an ever globalized world, oil demand should double by 2050.

Nonetheless, geological limitations will disrupt this improbable scenario. In fact, a growing proportion of energy experts argue that Peak Oil is impending and warn about the extraordinary scale of the crisis.

According to the 2009 BP Statistical Review, the world has precisely 42 years of oil left. Those numbers come from a very simple formula, the R/P ratio, which consists of dividing the official number of global oil reserves by the level of today’s production.

Nevertheless, this methodology is dangerously defective on several key points as it ignores geological realities. Oil production does not consist of a plan level of production that brutally ends one day; it follows a bell-shaped curve.

Indeed, the important day occurs when production starts to decline, not when it ends. As it is a non-flexible commodity, even a small deficit in oil production can lead to a major price surge.

Finally, the R/P ratio does not acknowledge that production costs increase over the time; the first oil fields to be developed were logically the easy ones and so the most profitable. It is well recognized that remaining oil fields consist of poor quality oil or remotely located fields which need high technologies and expensive investments. Therefore, relying on the R/P ratio gives a false impression of security while the actual situation is critical.

Oil is a strategic resource; therefore having oil is a key political and economical advantage for a state. This is why politics interfere in the evaluation of oil reserves, especially in countries with poor accountability records; that is, the majority of OPEC countries. In fact, OPEC oil reserves have dramatically increased during the 1980s and 1990s. However, they have not discovered major oil fields after the 1970s. At this conjuncture, the question of what lays behind these fluctuations needs to be asked.

The geologist Dr. Colin Campbell, founder of the Association for the Study of Peak Oil and Gas (ASPO), explains the hidden reasons that led to these changes: “In 1985, Kuwait, added 50% to its reserve. At that time, the OPEC quota was based on the reported reserves; the more you reported, the more you could produce.”

Fellow OPEC members who were unwilling to see the influence of Kuwait growing, simply raised their reserves soon after. Moreover, OPEC countries continue to present their reserves as flat despite having extracted huge amounts of oil during the past twenty years.

At this point, we should not forget that oil reserves reported by these countries are not audited by independent experts. In 2006, the notorious Petroleum Intelligence Weekly said it had access to confidential Kuwaiti reports which stated that reserves were half the official numbers.

The question of oil reserves is most relevant. As oil exporting countries have less oil in their ground, Peak Oil will arrive faster. Oil optimists who argue Peak Oil is still decades away rely on these same erroneous data.

In addition, if importing countries assume oil reserves are abundant as they do, the crisis will be unexpected, unprepared and misunderstood; in one word: overwhelming. Similarly, once oil shortages occur, oil importing countries may assume that exporting countries are deliberately reducing their oil exports to harm their national interests.

Such a flawed assumption from oil importing countries is likely to have serious repercussions, and eventually lead to new oil wars.
http://seekingalpha.com/article/154901-peak-oil-for-dummies, access on March 14, 2010.
➧ TRADUÇÃO REVISADA DO TEXTO (2) - 651 PALAVRAS:

Pico de óleo para manequins

por Tom Rogue - 09 de agosto de 2009


Na última década, um debate acirrado surgiu entre especialistas em energia sobre se a produção global de petróleo estava prestes a atingir um pico, seguido por um declínio irreversível. Este evento, comumente conhecido como "Pico do Petróleo", ultrapassa em muito a única disciplina da geologia. Do transporte à agricultura moderna, petroquímica e até mesmo à indústria farmacêutica, todos eles dependem de uma commodity: petróleo a preço reduzido e abundante. Para sustentar as necessidades de um mundo cada vez mais globalizado, a demanda por petróleo deve dobrar até 2050.

No entanto, limitações geológicas vão interferir esse cenário improvável. De fato, uma proporção crescente de especialistas em energia argumenta que o Pico do Petróleo é iminente e alerta sobre a escala extraordinária da crise.

De acordo com a BP Statistical Review de 2009, o mundo tem precisamente 42 anos de petróleo restantes. Esses números vêm de uma fórmula muito simples, a relação R/P, que consiste em dividir o número oficial de reservas globais de petróleo pelo nível da produção atual.

No entanto, esta metodologia é perigosamente defeituosa em vários pontos fundamentais, pois ignora as realidades geológicas. A produção de petróleo não consiste em um plano de produção que termina brutalmente um dia; segue uma curva em forma de sino.

Na verdade, o dia importante ocorre quando a produção começa a diminuir, não quando termina. Como é uma commodity não flexível, mesmo um pequeno déficit na produção de petróleo pode levar a um grande aumento de preços.

Finalmente, a relação R/P não reconhece que os custos de produção aumentam ao longo do tempo; Os primeiros campos de petróleo a serem desenvolvidos eram logicamente os mais fáceis e, portanto, os mais rentáveis. É bem reconhecido que os campos de petróleo remanescentes consistem em petróleo de baixa qualidade ou campos remotamente localizados que precisam de alta tecnologia e investimentos caros. Portanto, confiar na relação R/P dá uma falsa impressão de segurança enquanto a situação real é crítica.

O petróleo é um recurso estratégico; Portanto, ter petróleo é uma vantagem política econômica fundamental para um Estado. É por isso que a política interfere na avaliação das reservas de petróleo, especialmente em países com registros de prestação de contas pobres; ou seja, a maioria dos países da OPEP. De fato, as reservas de petróleo da OPEP aumentaram drasticamente durante as décadas de 1980 e 1990. No entanto, eles não descobriram grandes campos de petróleo após a década de 1970. Nessa conjuntura, a pergunta sobre o que está por trás dessas flutuações precisa ser feita.

O geólogo Dr. Colin Campbell, fundador da Association for the Study of Peak Oil and Gas (ASPO), explica as razões ocultas que levaram a essas mudanças: "Em 1985, o Kuwait adicionou 50% à sua reserva. Naquela época, a cota da Opep era baseada nas reservas relatadas, quanto mais você relatava, mais você podia produzir."

Outros membros da OPEP que não estavam dispostos a ver a influência do Kuwait crescer, simplesmente aumentaram suas reservas logo depois. Além disso, os países da OPEP continuam a apresentar suas reservas como estáveis, apesar de terem extraído enormes quantidades de petróleo durante os últimos vinte anos.

Neste ponto, não devemos esquecer que as reservas de petróleo comunicadas por esses países não são auditadas por peritos independentes. Em 2006, a famigerada Petroleum Intelligence Weekly disse que teve acesso a relatórios confidenciais do Kuwait que afirmavam que as reservas eram metade dos números oficiais.

A questão das reservas de petróleo é muito relevante. Como os países exportadores de petróleo têm menos petróleo em seu solo, o Pico do Petróleo chegará mais rápido. Os otimistas do petróleo que argumentam que o Pico do Petróleo ainda está a décadas de distância baseiam-se nesses mesmos dados errôneos.

Além disso, se os países importadores presumirem que as reservas de petróleo são abundantes como são, a crise será inesperada, despreparada e mal compreendida; em uma palavra: esmagadora. Da mesma forma, uma vez que ocorra escassez de petróleo, os países importadores de petróleo podem presumir que os países exportadores estão deliberadamente reduzindo suas exportações de petróleo para prejudicar seus interesses nacionais.

É provável que essa suposição equivocada dos países importadores de petróleo tenha sérias repercussões e, eventualmente, levará a novas guerras petrolíferas.

http://seekingalpha.com/article/154901-peak-oil-for-dummies, acesso em 14 de março de 2010

👉 Questão  39 :
The aim of Text II is to
(A) announce to the public the consensus on the exact number of years left to end global oil reserves.
(B) complain against the complex methodology used to calculate the volume of remaining world oil reserves.
(C) warn about issues concerning the evaluation of future oil reserves and the possibility of shortages.
(D) denounce the OPEC countries for extracting more oil than needed for their consumption.
(E) minimize the relevance of the threat of a crisis in the oil industry caused by devastated reserves.

👍 Comentários e Gabarito  C 
TÓPICO - IDEIA CONTEXTUAL ou INFORMAÇÃO DENTRO DO TEXTO:
(A) announce to the public the consensus on the exact number of years left to end global oil reserves.
(B) complain against the complex methodology used to calculate the volume of remaining world oil reserves.
(C) warn about issues concerning the evaluation of future oil reserves and the possibility of shortages.
(D) denounce the OPEC countries for extracting more oil than needed for their consumption.
(E) minimize the relevance of the threat of a crisis in the oil industry caused by devastated reserves.

👉 Questão  40 :
In relation to “Peak Oil”, the author of Text II shows a concern for the
(A) conflicts among specialists about whether oil demand is growing or not.
(B) globalized crises among geologists and politicians about predictions for oil substitutes.
(C) imminent collapse of modern society’s major source of energy subsequent to the recent declines in supply.
(D) geological limitation of farming soil and the decline of the substances used in the pharmaceutical industry.
(E) need for cheap and abundant alternative sources of energy to sustain the petrochemical industry.

👍 Comentários e Gabarito  C 
TÓPICO - IDEIA CONTEXTUAL ou INFORMAÇÃO DENTRO DO TEXTO:
(A) conflicts among specialists about whether oil demand is growing or not.
(B) globalized crises among geologists and politicians about predictions for oil substitutes.
(C) imminent collapse of modern society’s major source of energy subsequent to the recent declines in supply.
(D) geological limitation of farming soil and the decline of the substances used in the pharmaceutical industry.
(E) need for cheap and abundant alternative sources of energy to sustain the petrochemical industry.

👉 Questão  41 :
The fragment “oil demand should double by 2050.” (line 10) expresses a(n)
(A) improbable guess.
(B) future permission.
(C) past ability.
(D) scientific certainty.
(E) reasonable expectation.
_____________________________________________________________________________
👍 Comentários e Gabarito  E 
TÓPICO - IDEIA CONTEXTUAL ou INFORMAÇÃO DENTRO DO TEXTO:
(A) improbable guess.
(B) future permission.
(C) past ability.
(D) scientific certainty.
(E) reasonable expectation.

👉 Questão  42 :
Based on the meanings in Text II, the words reveal opposite ideas in
(A) “…fierce…” (line 1) – passionate.
(B) “…disrupt…” (line 11) – disturb.
(C) “…impending…” (line 13) – approaching.
(D) “…defective…” (line 21) – faultless.
(E) “…acknowledge…” (line 29) – recognize.

👍 Comentários e Gabarito  D 
TÓPICO - IDEIA CONTEXTUAL ou INFORMAÇÃO DENTRO DO TEXTO:
(A) “…fierce…” (line 1) – passionate.
(B) “…disrupt…” (line 11) – disturb.
(C) “…impending…” (line 13) – approaching.
(D) “…defective…” (line 21) – faultless.
(E) “…acknowledge…” (line 29) – recognize.

👉 Questão  43 :
The boldfaced marker is synonymous with the expression in parentheses in
(A) "In order to sustain the needs of an ever globalized world," - lines 9-10. (So as to)
(B) "Nonetheless, geological limitations will disrupt this improbable scenario.” - lines 11-12. (Moreover)
(C) "Nevertheless, this methodology is dangerously defective on several key points…” - lines 20-21. (Consequently)
(D) "Therefore, relying on the R/P ratio gives a false impression of security…” - lines 35-36. (Yet)
(E) "Moreover, OPEC countries continue to present their reserves as flat…” - lines 56-57. (However)

👍 Comentários e Gabarito  A 
TÓPICO - IDEIA CONTEXTUAL ou INFORMAÇÃO DENTRO DO TEXTO:
(A) “In order to sustain the needs of an ever globalized world,” - lines 9-10. (So as to)
(B) “Nonetheless, geological limitations will disrupt this improbable scenario.” - lines 11-12. (Moreover)
(C) “Nevertheless, this methodology is dangerously defective on several key points…” - lines 20-21. (Consequently)
(D) “Therefore, relying on the R/P ratio gives a false impression of security…” - lines 35-36. (Yet)
(E) “Moreover, OPEC countries continue to present their reserves as flat…” - lines 56-57. (However)

👉 Questão  44 :
According to Paragraphs 4 to 6 (lines 20-37), the R/P ratio is inefficient because
(A) geological factors are not fully taken into account in its calculation.
(B) oil production costs tend to become more accessible as time goes by.
(C) oil production will abruptly come to an end in the next few years.
(D) poor quality oil fields have already been explored in their totality.
(E) remotely located fields will be economically viable.

👍 Comentários e Gabarito  A 
TÓPICO - IDEIA CONTEXTUAL ou INFORMAÇÃO DENTRO DO TEXTO:
(A) geological factors are not fully taken into account in its calculation.
(B) oil production costs tend to become more accessible as time goes by.
(C) oil production will abruptly come to an end in the next few years.
(D) poor quality oil fields have already been explored in their totality.
(E) remotely located fields will be economically viable.

👉 Questão  45 :
The sentence “Indeed, the important day occurs when production starts to decline, not when it ends.” (lines 25-26) means that
(A) the deficit in oil for industrial use is the only issue the governments need to worry about.
(B) the end of oil supplies will mark the decline of modern civilization as we know it today.
(C) the most important event in the history of oil extraction was the day the price of this commodity reached a peak.
(D) it is absolutely essential to be aware of the point at which a decrease in the need for oil will happen.
(E) it is more valuable to know when a decrease in oil production starts than to know when no more oil can be extracted.

👍 Comentários e Gabarito  E 
TÓPICO - IDEIA CONTEXTUAL ou INFORMAÇÃO DENTRO DO TEXTO:
(A) the deficit in oil for industrial use is the only issue the governments need to worry about.
(B) the end of oil supplies will mark the decline of modern civilization as we know it today.
(C) the most important event in the history of oil extraction was the day the price of this commodity reached a peak.
(D) it is absolutely essential to be aware of the point at which a decrease in the need for oil will happen.
(E) it is more valuable to know when a decrease in oil production starts than to know when no more oil can be extracted.

👉 Questão  46 :
The section of Text II that includes paragraph 7 through 12 (lines 38-77) could be preceded by the subtitle
(A) “Global Oil Reserves: Lies and Manipulations”
(B) “The Industrial Civilization at Risk”
(C) “Any Viable Alternative Energy?”
(D) “No Need to Fear Peak Oil!”
(E) “42 years of Oil left?”
_____________________________________________________________________________
👍 Comentários e Gabarito  A 
TÓPICO - IDEIA CONTEXTUAL ou INFORMAÇÃO DENTRO DO TEXTO:
(A) “Global Oil Reserves: Lies and Manipulations”
(B) “The Industrial Civilization at Risk”
(C) “Any Viable Alternative Energy?”
(D) “No Need to Fear Peak Oil!”
(E) “42 years of Oil left?”

👉 Questão  47 :
Kuwait is mentioned in Paragraphs 8 (lines 48-53) and 10 (lines 60-65) to
(A) explain the reports that informed about the poor accountability records of industrial countries.
(B) illustrate the case of an oil producing nation that reported having more reserves than it actually had.
(C) justify the announcement of more oil production by nations that had discovered new and abundant reserves.
(D) show that independent experts have done a good job in auditing all of the recently found reserves in most oil exporting countries.
(E) exemplify the fact that there has been a dramatic increase in oil availability since major oil fields have been discovered after the 70s.

👍 Comentários e Gabarito  B 
TÓPICO - IDEIA CONTEXTUAL ou INFORMAÇÃO DENTRO DO TEXTO:
(A) explain the reports that informed about the poor accountability records of industrial countries.
(B) illustrate the case of an oil producing nation that reported having more reserves than it actually had.
(C) justify the announcement of more oil production by nations that had discovered new and abundant reserves.
(D) show that independent experts have done a good job in auditing all of the recently found reserves in most oil exporting countries.
(E) exemplify the fact that there has been a dramatic increase in oil availability since major oil fields have been discovered after the 70s.

👉 Questão  48 :
According to Paragraphs 12 and 13 (lines 71-80), all of the following reasons could, directly or indirectly, lead to new oil wars, EXCEPT
(A) unreliable reports of oil reserves from OPEC countries.
(B) oil shortage that, will affect all major producers in the world.
(C) suspicions that the national interests of major importing nations may be at risk.
(D) alliances among the largest oil exporting countries in the world and their target markets.
(E) misunderstandings between oil importing and oil exporting nations concerning oil shortage.

👍 Comentários e Gabarito  D 
TÓPICO - IDEIA CONTEXTUAL ou INFORMAÇÃO DENTRO DO TEXTO:
(A) unreliable reports of oil reserves from OPEC countries.
(B) oil shortage that, will affect all major producers in the world.
(C) suspicions that the national interests of major importing nations may be at risk.
(D) alliances among the largest oil exporting countries in the world and their target markets.
(E) misunderstandings between oil importing and oil exporting nations concerning oil shortage.

👉 Questão  49 :
“Such a flawed assumption…” (line 78) refers to the supposition that
(A) global oil crises are highly unlikely to occur any time soon.
(B) world oil shortages may eventually happen without notice.
(C) world oil reserves will still be plentiful for a long lasting period.
(D) exporting countries will never discontinue their oil exports to importing nations.
(E) exporting countries might reduce their oil exports in an attempt to damage the economy of importing nations.

👍 Comentários e Gabarito  E 
TÓPICO - IDEIA CONTEXTUAL ou INFORMAÇÃO DENTRO DO TEXTO:
(A) global oil crises are highly unlikely to occur any time soon.
(B) world oil shortages may eventually happen without notice.
(C) world oil reserves will still be plentiful for a long lasting period.
(D) exporting countries will never discontinue their oil exports to importing nations.
(E) exporting countries might reduce their oil exports in an attempt to damage the economy of importing nations.

👉 Questão  50 :
Which of the predictions about Peak Oil is NOT expressed in Text II?
(A) Global oil production will start to decline after reaching a peak.
(B) Optimists claim that Peak Oil will only happen within some decades.
(C) Oil importing nations will realize the imminence of Peak Oil later than oil exporters.
(D) Energy experts affirm that Peak Oil is a mistaken concept since it will not actually occur.
(E) Specialists in oil extraction believe in the imminence of Peak Oil and the seriousness of the oil crisis.

👍 Comentários e Gabarito  D 
TÓPICO - IDEIA CONTEXTUAL ou INFORMAÇÃO DENTRO DO TEXTO:
(A) Global oil production will start to decline after reaching a peak.
(B) Optimists claim that Peak Oil will only happen within some decades.
(C) Oil importing nations will realize the imminence of Peak Oil later than oil exporters.
(D) Energy experts affirm that Peak Oil is a mistaken concept since it will not actually occur.
(E) Specialists in oil extraction believe in the imminence of Peak Oil and the seriousness of the oil crisis.