- Texto (1) | White women and slavery | The Economist |
- Texto (2) | From the american writer David Mccloskey | Prospect, March 2024 |
- Texto (3) | Trial by jury | 100 Ideas That Changed The World | Time |
- Texto (4) | The attempted assassination of Theodore Roosevelt | Wikipedia |
- Texto (5) | Another great flood | Natural History |
- 15 MCQs (Multiple Choice Questions) | 5 Options Question |
WHITE WOMEN AND SLAVERY
Mulheres brancas e escravatura
(Historical Note: Based on English common law, coverture laws in the United States forbade a married woman to own property, sign legal documents or enter into a contract, obtain an education against her husband's wishes, or keep a salary for herself.)
(Nota histórica: Com base no direito comum inglês, as leis de cobertura nos Estados Unidos proibiam uma mulher casada de possuir bens, assinar documentos legais ou celebrar contratos, obter educação contra a vontade do marido ou manter um salário para si própria.)
[1º PARÁGRAFO ]
They didn't know how bad it was.
Elas não sabiam o quão mau era.
That was how James Redpath, a northern journalist who toured the U.S. South in the 1850s, explained white southern women's support for slavery to his readers.
Foi assim que James Redpath, um jornalista do norte que excursionou o sul dos EUA na década de 1850, explicou aos seus leitores o apoio das mulheres brancas do sul à escravatura.
He reckoned that women were shielded from the "most obnoxious features" - rarely witnessing the auctions and punishments - and were oblivious to the "gigantic commerce" that it had become.
Ele pensava que as mulheres eram protegidas das "características mais desagradáveis" - raramente testemunhavam os leilões e os castigos - e eram alheias ao "comércio gigantesco" em que se tornara.
Os historiadores concordaram que a escravidão era um assunto dos homens.
[2º PARÁGRAFO]
Uma pesquisa publicada no mês passado destrói esta narrativa.
Economists at Ohio State University analyzed data from the New Orleans slave market, the biggest.
Os economistas da Universidade Estadual de Ohio analisaram os dados do mercado de escravos de Nova Orleães, o maior.
They found that women were buyers or sellers in 30% of all transactions and 38% of those that involved female slaves.
Descobriram que as mulheres eram compradoras ou vendedoras em 30% de todas as transações e 38% das que envolviam escravas.
[3º PARÁGRAFO]
These are the first hard numbers building on qualitative work by Stephanie Jones-Rogers at the University of California, Berkeley, showing just how instrumental women were to the slave economy.
Estes são os primeiros números concretos baseados no trabalho qualitativo de Stephanie Jones-Rogers, da Universidade da Califórnia, em Berkeley, mostrando o quão importantes as mulheres foram para a economia esclavagista.
In the travel logs of foreigners she recently uncovered descriptions of southern belles bidding [mulheres sulistas finas dando lances] at the slave markets dressed in their finest silks and "glittering in precious jewels."
Nos diários de viagem de estrangeiros, ela descobriu recentemente descrições de belas sulistas a licitar [mulheres sulistas finas a licitar] nos mercados de escravos, vestidas com as suas melhores sedas e "brilhando com jóias preciosas".
For the ladies of the antebellum South [0 Sul antes da Guerra Civil (1861-1865)], slavery was more than business - it was their ticket to economic freedom.
Para as mulheres do Sul antes da Guerra Civil (1861-1865), a escravidão era mais do que um negócio: era o seu bilhete para a liberdade econômica.
Coverture laws compelled women to relinquish [ceder] property and money to men when they married, but exceptions were made for slaves.
As leis de cobertura obrigavam as mulheres a renunciar [ceder] propriedades e dinheiro aos homens quando se casavam, mas eram abertas exceções para os escravos.
Fathers hoping to secure their daughters' futures gave them slaves at baptisms, birthdays, and engagements [noivados].
Os pais que esperavam garantir o futuro das suas filhas davam-lhes escravas em batizados, aniversários e noivados.
[4º PARÁGRAFO]
Women put slaves to work selling cakes or dresses and pocketed the profits in secret.
As mulheres colocavam escravos a trabalhar na venda de bolos ou vestidos e embolsavam os lucros em segredo.
Some ran slave brothels [bordeis].
Algumas geriam bordéis de escravos.
They then used the cash to reinvest in the slave market.
Elas então usavam o dinheiro para reinvestir no mercado de escravos.
But unlike their husbands, who often bought men to work the fields, women bought more women, who were cheaper but paid dividends later on when they reproduced.
Mas, ao contrário dos seus maridos, que compravam frequentemente homens para trabalhar nos campos, as mulheres compravam mais mulheres, que eram mais baratas, mas pagavam dividendos mais tarde, quando se reproduziam.
After the Civil War it would be decades before the women of the South gained the right to control their earnings, have property, and vote.
Após a Guerra Civil, seriam necessárias décadas até que as mulheres do Sul conquistassem o direito de controlar os seus rendimentos, de ter propriedades e de votar.
Ms. Jones-Rogers contends [argumenta] that their fight for segregation into the 20th century was fuelled by the sense of power they had known and lost.
A Sra. Jones-Rogers sustenta [argumenta] que a sua luta pela segregação no século XX foi alimentada pelo sentimento de poder que conheceram e perderam.
In the subjugation of others they had tasted freedom.
Na subjugação dos outros, elas experimentaram a liberdade.
- Adapted from The Economist, June 22,2024.
31 – The articles first sentence – "They didnt know how bad it was" – most likely refers to the belief that
(A) during the days of slavery in the U.S. South, northerners had an unrealistic, romanticized view of that institution.
(B) because of southern customs and traditions, white southern women had to pretend they knew nothing about the institution of slavery.
(C) slavery in the U.S. South would have ended much sooner if northerners had known how bad that institution was.
(D) U.S. historians accepted superficial descriptions of southern slavery until James Redpath published his investigative journalism in the 1850s.
(E) white southern women were advocates of slavery only because they had so little familiarity with the terrible reality of that institution.
• Gabarito E
The articles first sentence – "They didnt know how bad it was" – most likely refers to the belief that
A primeira frase do artigo – “Eles não sabiam o quão mau era” – refere-se provavelmente à crença de que
(A) during the days of slavery in the U.S. South, northerners had an unrealistic, romanticized view of that institution.
durante os tempos da escravatura no sul dos EUA, os nortenhos tinham uma visão irrealista e romanceada desta instituição.
(B) because of southern customs and traditions, white southern women had to pretend they knew nothing about the institution of slavery.
devido aos costumes e tradições do sul, as mulheres brancas do sul tinham de fingir que não sabiam nada sobre a instituição da escravatura.
(C) slavery in the U.S. South would have ended much sooner if northerners had known how bad that institution was.
a escravatura no sul dos EUA teria terminado muito antes se os nortistas soubessem o quão má era esta instituição.
(D) U.S. historians accepted superficial descriptions of southern slavery until James Redpath published his investigative journalism in the 1850s.
Os historiadores dos EUA aceitaram descrições superficiais da escravatura no Sul até James Redpath publicar o seu jornalismo de investigação na década de 1850.
(E) white southern women were advocates of slavery only because they had so little familiarity with the terrible reality of that institution.
as mulheres brancas do sul eram defensoras da escravatura apenas porque tinham pouca familiaridade com a terrível realidade desta instituição.
32 – The information in the article most likely supports which of the following?
(A) White southern women needed special permission to witness the punishments and auctions of slaves.
(B) Contrary to popular belief, white southern women in general constituted the biggest group of buyers at the New Orleans slave market.
(C) For many years, written observations by foreign travellers failed to effectively counter James Redpaths view of white southern womens relationship with slavery.
(D) When upper-class white southern women were present, a slave auction was conducted as more of a social event than a commercial one.
(E) According to some economists, white southern women were involved in a combined total of 68% of all slave transactions at the New Orleans slave market.
• Gabarito C
The information in the article most likely supports which of the following?
As informações contidas no artigo provavelmente apoiam qual das seguintes opções?
(A) White southern women needed special permission to witness the punishments and auctions of slaves.
As mulheres brancas do sul necessitavam de uma autorização especial para testemunhar os castigos e leilões de escravos.
(B) Contrary to popular belief, white southern women in general constituted the biggest group of buyers at the New Orleans slave market.
Ao contrário da crença popular, as mulheres brancas do Sul, em geral, constituíam o maior grupo de compradoras no mercado de escravos de New Orleans.
(C) For many years, written observations by foreign travellers failed to effectively counter James Redpaths view of white southern womens relationship with slavery.
Durante muitos anos, as observações escritas por viajantes estrangeiros não conseguiram contrariar eficazmente a visão de James Redpath sobre a relação das mulheres brancas do Sul com a escravatura.
(D) When upper-class white southern women were present, a slave auction was conducted as more of a social event than a commercial one.
Quando estavam presentes mulheres brancas sulistas de classe alta, um leilão de escravos era realizado mais como um evento social do que comercial.
(E) According to some economists, white southern women were involved in a combined total of 68% of all slave transactions at the New Orleans slave market.
De acordo com alguns economistas, as mulheres brancas do Sul estavam envolvidas num total combinado de 68% de todas as transações de escravos no mercado de escravos de New Orleans.
33 – Because of coverture laws in the U.S. South, we may presume that
(A) political ideology became a mask for a married white southern womans economic self-interest.
(B) slaves were the only property that white southern women could own.
(C) a white southern woman who didnt own slaves was considered little better than a slave herself.
(D) white southern women who possessed valuable patrimony resisted getting married.
(E) though white southern men and women often supported slavery and, later, segregation, their reasons for doing so were not necessarily the same.
• Gabarito E
Because of coverture laws in the U.S. South, we may presume that
Devido às leis de cobertura no sul dos EUA, podemos presumir que
(A) political ideology became a mask for a married white southern womans economic self-interest.
a ideologia política tornou-se uma máscara para os interesses econômicos de uma mulher sulista branca e casada.
(B) slaves were the only property that white southern women could own.
os escravos eram a única propriedade que as mulheres brancas do sul podiam possuir.
(C) a white southern woman who didnt own slaves was considered little better than a slave herself.
uma mulher branca do sul que não possuía escravos era considerada pouco melhor do que uma escrava.
(D) white southern women who possessed valuable patrimony resisted getting married.
as mulheres brancas do sul que possuíam um patrimônio valioso resistiam a casar.
(E) though white southern men and women often supported slavery and, later, segregation, their reasons for doing so were not necessarily the same.
embora os homens e as mulheres brancos do sul apoiassem frequentemente a escravatura e, mais tarde, a segregação, as suas razões para tal não eram necessariamente as mesmas.
34 – The article's last sentence – "In the subjugation of others they had tasted freedom" – most likely refers to which of the following?
(A) The abolition of slavery deprived many white southern women of an important source of economic independence.
(B) By owning slaves, white southern women could free themselves from the never-ending responsibilities of domestic duties.
(C) By profiting from the labor of their slaves, white southern women could be equal to any man.
(D) Slavery freed white southern women from traditional moral constraints and enabled them to concentrate on making money.
(E) Though they themselves were oppressed, white southern women did not hesitate to oppress slaves.
• Gabarito A
The article's last sentence – "In the subjugation of others they had tasted freedom" – most likely refers to which of the following?
A última frase do artigo – "Na subjugação de outros, experimentaram a liberdade" – refere-se provavelmente a qual das seguintes opções?
(A) The abolition of slavery deprived many white southern women of an important source of economic independence.
A abolição da escravatura privou muitas mulheres brancas do sul de uma importante fonte de independência econômica.
(B) By owning slaves, white southern women could free themselves from the never-ending responsibilities of domestic duties.
Ao possuírem escravos, as mulheres brancas do sul podiam libertar-se das intermináveis responsabilidades dos deveres domésticos.
(C) By profiting from the labor of their slaves, white southern women could be equal to any man.
Ao lucrar com o trabalho dos seus escravos, as mulheres brancas do sul podiam ser iguais a qualquer homem.
(D) Slavery freed white southern women from traditional moral constraints and enabled them to concentrate on making money.
A escravidão libertou as mulheres brancas do sul das restrições morais tradicionais e permitiu-lhes concentrar-se em ganhar dinheiro.
(E) Though they themselves were oppressed, white southern women did not hesitate to oppress slaves.
Embora elas próprias fossem oprimidas, as mulheres brancas do sul não hesitavam em oprimir os escravos.
❑ TEXTO 2: Texto para as perguntas 35 e 36.
FROM THE AMERICAN WRITER DAVID McCLOSKEY
Do escritor americano David Mccloskey
I find it depressing that there's a gulf between Russian and western (specifically American) views of freedom.
Acho deprimente que haja um abismo entre as visões russa e ocidental (especificamente americana) da liberdade.
We Americans have a tendency to "mirror-image" the Russian people, to assume that they want the same things we do, that the hopes and desires of Americans are an acceptable proxy for what most Russian's hope and desire.
Nós, americanos, temos tendência a "espelhar" o povo russo, a presumir que eles querem as mesmas coisas que nós, que as esperanças e os desejos dos americanos são um substituto aceitável para o que a maioria dos russos espera e deseja.
I'm not sure it's true, or at least it's not true often enough.
Não tenho a certeza se isto é verdade, ou pelo menos não é verdade com frequência suficiente.
It's one of the reasons there has not been much sustained, energetic, and organized opposition inside Russia to the war in Ukraine.
É uma das razões pelas quais não houve muita oposição sustentada, enérgica e organizada dentro da Rússia à guerra na Ucrânia.
In general, Americans would protest and scream for freedom, but many (most?) Russians put their heads down and just try to get by, or get their dose of autonomy in some other, more limited way.
Em geral, os americanos protestavam e gritavam pela liberdade, mas muitos (a maioria?) dos russos baixavam a cabeça e tentavam sobreviver ou obter a sua dose de autonomia de alguma outra forma mais limitada.
- Adapted from Prospect, March 2024.
35 – When David McCloskey mentions "the gulf between Russian and western (specifically American) views of freedom", he is most likely referring to which of the following?
(A) Russians have been conditioned not to openly express their hopes and desires, whatever they may be.
(B) Americans often fall into the trap of thinking that they and the Russians are merely two groups that can be considered separate but equal.
(C) Russians dont understand freedom because, throughout their countrys history, they have never really had it.
(D) Americans have a hard time understanding that their love of freedom and their desire to maintain it are not necessarily shared by Russians.
(E) There can never be real understanding between Russia and the U.S. as long as both countries insist on competing for a dominant position worldwide.
• Gabarito D
When David McCloskey mentions "the gulf between Russian and western (specifically American) views of freedom", he is most likely referring to which of the following?
Quando David McCloskey menciona "o abismo entre as visões russa e ocidental (especificamente americana) da liberdade", está provavelmente a referir-se a qual das seguintes?
(A) Russians have been conditioned not to openly express their hopes and desires, whatever they may be.
Os russos foram condicionados a não expressarem abertamente as suas esperanças e desejos, fossem eles quais fossem.
(B) Americans often fall into the trap of thinking that they and the Russians are merely two groups that can be considered separate but equal.
Os americanos caem muitas vezes na armadilha de pensar que eles e os russos são meramente dois grupos que podem ser considerados separados, mas iguais.
(C) Russians dont understand freedom because, throughout their countrys history, they have never really had it.
Os russos não compreendem a liberdade porque, ao longo da história do seu país, nunca a tiveram verdadeiramente.
(D) Americans have a hard time understanding that their love of freedom and their desire to maintain it are not necessarily shared by Russians.
Os americanos têm dificuldade em compreender que o seu amor pela liberdade e o seu desejo de a manter não são necessariamente partilhados pelos russos.
(E) There can never be real understanding between Russia and the U.S. as long as both countries insist on competing for a dominant position worldwide.
Nunca poderá haver um entendimento real entre a Rússia e os EUA enquanto ambos os países insistirem em competir por uma posição dominante em todo o mundo.
36 – By saying "Im not sure its true, or its not true often enough," David McCloskey is most likely
(A) distancing himself from what he considers a common American opinion.
(B) admitting his own typically American inability to view Russians as "westerners".
(C) expressing his fear that Russians can neither be understood nor trusted.
(D) condemning Russians for not adhering to certain concepts that Americans consider both good and self-evident.
(E) affirming that, to avoid problems with their government, most Russians never seek any kind of personal independence.
• Gabarito A
By saying "Im not sure its true, or its not true often enough," David McCloskey is most likely
Ao dizer "Não tenho a certeza se é verdade, ou não é verdade com frequência suficiente", David McCloskey está provavelmente
(A) distancing himself from what he considers a common American opinion.
distanciando-se do que considera ser uma opinião americana comum.
(B) admitting his own typically American inability to view Russians as "westerners".
admitindo a sua incapacidade tipicamente americana de ver os russos como "ocidentais".
(C) expressing his fear that Russians can neither be understood nor trusted.
manifestando o seu receio de que os russos não sejam compreendidos nem de confiança.
(D) condemning Russians for not adhering to certain concepts that Americans consider both good and self-evident.
condenando os russos por não aderirem a determinados conceitos que os americanos consideram bons e evidentes.
(E) affirming that, to avoid problems with their government, most Russians never seek any kind of personal independence.
afirmando que, para evitar problemas com o seu governo, a maioria dos russos nunca procura qualquer tipo de independência pessoal.
❑ TEXTO 3: Texto para as perguntas de 37 a 39.
Julgamento por júri
[1º PARÁGRAFO]
One institution of government that many people will take part in at some time is the jury trial.
Uma instituição de governo na qual muitas pessoas participarão em algum momento é o julgamento por júri.
It's a system with sources in medieval England, especially in actions by King Henry II, who ruled from 1154 to 1189.
É um sistema com origens na Inglaterra medieval, especialmente em ações do Rei Henrique II, que governou de 1154 a 1189.
Para resolver litígios sobre terras e heranças, Henrique introduziu a prática das "sessões judiciais".
Twelve local men with knowledge of the dispute would be called to testify as to who was the rightful owner or heir.
Doze homens locais com conhecimento de litígio seriam chamados a testemunhar sobre quem era o legítimo proprietário ou herdeiro.
They differed from a modern jury in that they were expected to arrive in court already knowing the facts of the case, instead of having evidence of the two sides presented to them there.
Diferiam de um júri moderno porque esperavam que chegassem ao tribunal já conhecendo os fatos do caso, em vez de lhes serem apresentadas as provas de ambos os lados.
[2º PARÁGRAFO]
In Henry's time, people suspected of crimes (often punishable by death) were subjected to trial by ordeal [julgamento por meio de provações].
Na época de Henrique, as pessoas suspeitas de crimes (muitas vezes puníveis com a morte) eram submetidas a julgamento através de provações.
In one variety, a priest would be summoned to bless a pond or river, and the accused would be thrown in.
Numa variedade, um padre era chamado para abençoar uma lagoinha ou rio, e o acusado era atirado para o interior.
Se ele ou ela flutuasse, a culpa seria assumida, uma vez que a água benta o tinha "rejeitado".
In 1215 the Catholic Church forbade clergymen [membros do clero] to assist in trial by ordeal.
Em 1215, a Igreja Católica proibiu os clérigos [membros do clero] de auxiliarem no julgamento por provações.
The decision delegitimized the procedure, which rested on an assumption that God protected the innocent.
A decisão deslegitimou o procedimento, que se baseava no pressuposto de que Deus protegia os inocentes.
So the assize panels were adapted to serve as something more like modern juries - bodies that decide guilt and innocence, and by the 15th century they were more commonly hearing evidence presented to them in court rather than working entirely on the basis of their own information about the case.
Depois, os júris foram adaptados para servir como algo mais parecido com os júris modernos — órgãos que decidem sobre a culpa e a inocência — e, por volta do século XV, ouviam com mais frequência as provas que lhes eram apresentadas em tribunal, em vez de trabalharem apenas com base nas suas próprias informações sobre o caso.
Though the right to a jury trial is guaranteed in the U.S. Constitution, juries have become less common in the land of their birth.
Embora o direito a um julgamento por júri seja garantido pela Constituição dos EUA, os júris tornaram-se menos comuns na sua terra natal.
In England, both civil and criminal cases are now more likely to be tried before judges alone.
Na Inglaterra, tanto os casos civis como os criminais têm agora mais probabilidades de serem julgados apenas por juízes.
- Adapted from 100 Ideas That Changed The World, published by Time.
- Adaptado de 100 Ideias que Mudaram o Mundo, publicado pela Time.
37 – The information in the article most likely supports which of the following?
(A) Most people in countries that have adopted the English legal system will participate in a jury trial at least once during their lifetime.
(B) Juries developed from a way of trying to verify which person had the strongest right to possess a certain disputed item or patrimony.
(C) Before the reign of King Henry II, trial by ordeal was the standard way of resolving land and inheritance disputes in England.
(D) The assizes were always forbidden to judge men and women accused of criminal behavior.
(E) By royal decree, the twelve men in an assize panel had to be recognized experts appointed by the King of England.
• Gabarito B
The information in the article most likely supports which of the following?
As informações contidas no artigo provavelmente apoiam qual das seguintes opções?
(A) Most people in countries that have adopted the English legal system will participate in a jury trial at least once during their lifetime.
A maioria das pessoas dos países que adotaram o sistema jurídico inglês participará num julgamento por júri pelo menos uma vez na vida.
(B) Juries developed from a way of trying to verify which person had the strongest right to possess a certain disputed item or patrimony.
Os júris surgiram como forma de tentar verificar qual a pessoa que tinha o direito mais forte de possuir um determinado item ou património disputado.
(C) Before the reign of King Henry II, trial by ordeal was the standard way of resolving land and inheritance disputes in England.
Antes do reinado do Rei Henrique II, o julgamento por ordália era a forma padrão de resolver disputas de terras e heranças em Inglaterra.
(D) The assizes were always forbidden to judge men and women accused of criminal behavior.
Os tribunais sempre estiveram proibidos de julgar homens e mulheres acusados de comportamentos criminosos.
(E) By royal decree, the twelve men in an assize panel had to be recognized experts appointed by the King of England.
Por decreto real, os doze homens de um painel de avaliação tinham de ser especialistas reconhecidos, nomeados pelo Rei de Inglaterra.
38 – With respect to "trial by ordeal", as described in the article, you can most logically conclude that
(A) if God was on the side of a person being submitted to a trial by ordeal, he or she would probably drown.
(B) people believed that the water blessed by a Catholic priest for a trial by ordeal would remain sacred for eternity.
(C) the people who advocated trial by ordeal had complete and unquestioning faith in Gods infallible justice.
(D) the people of that time probably believed that without the participation and support of the Catholic Church, trial by ordeal made no sense.
(E) when trial by ordeal was abandoned in England, the assize panels were forced to take on several new duties to avoid becoming obsolete.
• Gabarito D
With respect to "trial by ordeal", as described in the article, you can most logically conclude that
No que diz respeito ao “julgamento por provação”, tal como descrito no artigo, pode concluir logicamente que
(A) if God was on the side of a person being submitted to a trial by ordeal, he or she would probably drown.
se Deus estivesse do lado de uma pessoa que está a ser submetida a uma provação, esta provavelmente morreria afogada.
(B) people believed that the water blessed by a Catholic priest for a trial by ordeal would remain sacred for eternity.
as pessoas acreditavam que a água benzida por um padre católico para um julgamento por provação permaneceria sagrada por toda a eternidade.
(C) the people who advocated trial by ordeal had complete and unquestioning faith in Gods infallible justice.
as pessoas que defendiam o julgamento por provação tinham uma fé completa e inquestionável na justiça infalível de Deus.
(D) the people of that time probably believed that without the participation and support of the Catholic Church, trial by ordeal made no sense.
as pessoas daquela época provavelmente acreditavam que sem a participação e o apoio da Igreja Católica, o julgamento por provação não fazia sentido.
(E) when trial by ordeal was abandoned in England, the assize panels were forced to take on several new duties to avoid becoming obsolete.
quando o julgamento por provação foi abandonado em Inglaterra, os painéis de assize foram obrigados a assumir várias novas funções para evitar tornarem-se obsoletos.
39 – The information in the article most likely supports all of the following except
(A) until 1215, the Catholic Church in England actively opposed the implementation of trial by jury.
(B) in some types of trial by ordeal, the ability to swim would not necessarily keep an accused person alive.
(C) before the 15th century, members of assize panels were expected to have a significant amount of knowledge and preparation before helping to decide a dispute.
(D) ironically, the country that gave the world the concept of trial by jury now makes little use of it.
(E) before 1215, people in England generally believed that, on certain occasions, God worked with an essential representative on earth to protect innocent people.
• Gabarito A
The information in the article most likely supports all of the following except
As informações no artigo provavelmente apoiam todos os seguintes, exceto
(A) until 1215, the Catholic Church in England actively opposed the implementation of trial by jury.
até 1215, a Igreja Católica em Inglaterra opôs-se ativamente à implementação do julgamento por júri.
(B) in some types of trial by ordeal, the ability to swim would not necessarily keep an accused person alive.
em alguns tipos de julgamento por ordálio, a capacidade de nadar não manteria necessariamente o arguido vivo.
(C) before the 15th century, members of assize panels were expected to have a significant amount of knowledge and preparation before helping to decide a dispute.
antes do século XV, esperava-se que os membros dos painéis de avaliação tivessem uma quantidade significativa de conhecimentos e preparação antes de ajudarem a decidir um litígio.
(D) ironically, the country that gave the world the concept of trial by jury now makes little use of it.
ironicamente, o país que deu ao mundo o conceito de julgamento por júri faz agora pouco uso dele.
(E) before 1215, people in England generally believed that, on certain occasions, God worked with an essential representative on earth to protect innocent people.
antes de 1215, as pessoas em Inglaterra acreditavam geralmente que, em certas ocasiões, Deus trabalhava com um representante essencial na Terra para proteger pessoas inocentes.
❑ TEXTO 4: Texto para as perguntas de 40 a 42.
THE ATTEMPTED ASSASSINATION OF THEODORE ROOSEVELT
A TENTATIVA DE ASSASSINATO DE THEODORE ROOSEVELT
(Historical Note: In 1912, as the candidate of the Progressive Party, whose symbol was a magnificent bull moose [alce macho], Theodore Roosevelt ran unsuccessfully for an unprecedented third term [terceiro mandato] as president of the United States.)
(Nota histórica: Em 1912, como candidato do Partido Progressista, cujo símbolo era um magnífico alce macho, Theodore Roosevelt concorreu sem sucesso a um terceiro mandato sem precedentes como presidente dos Estados Unidos.)
[1° PARÁGRAFO]
On October 14, 1912, while arriving at a campaign event in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Theodore Roosevelt was shot by the deranged John Schrank, who believed the ghost of the assassinated U.S. president William McKinley had directed him to kill Roosevelt.
A 14 de outubro de 1912, ao chegar a um evento de campanha em Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Theodore Roosevelt foi baleado pelo perturbado John Schrank, que acreditava que o fantasma do presidente norte-americano assassinado, William McKinley, lhe tinha ordenado que matasse Roosevelt.
The bullet lodged [se alojou] in his chest after penetrating his steel eyeglass case [estojo] and passing through a 50-page single-folded copy of the speech he intended to give that night.
A bala alojou-se no seu peito após penetrar o estojo de aço dos seus óculos e atravessar uma cópia dobrada de 50 páginas do discurso que ele pretendia fazer naquela noite.
Schrank was disarmed and captured by Roosevelt's stenographer, Elbert E. Martin, as he attempted to fire a second time, and might have been lynched had Roosevelt not shouted for Schrank to remain unharmed.
Schrank foi desarmado e capturado pelo estenógrafo de Roosevelt, Elbert E. Martin, quando tentava disparar pela segunda vez, e poderia ter sido linchado se Roosevelt não tivesse gritado para Schrank permanecer ileso.
Roosevelt assured the crowd that he was all right, then ordered the police to take Schrank and make sure no violence was done to him.
Roosevelt garantiu à multidão que estava bem e ordenou então à polícia que levasse Schrank e se certificasse de que não era cometida qualquer violência contra ele.
[2° PARÁGRAFO]
As an experienced hunter and knowledgeable about anatomy, Roosevelt correctly assumed that since he was not coughing blood, the bullet had not reached his lung.
Como caçador experiente e conhecedor de anatomia, Roosevelt presumiu, corretamente, que, como não tossia sangue, a bala não lhe tinha atingido o pulmão.
He refused to go to a hospital immediately and insisted on proceeding to the auditorium where ten thousand people waited to hear his speech.
Recusou-se a ir imediatamente para um hospital e insistiu em ir para o auditório onde dez mil pessoas esperavam para ouvir o seu discurso.
After mounting the stage [depois de subir no palco], he showed the audience his bloody shirt and said: "I have just been shot, but it takes more than that to kill a bull moose."
Depois de subir ao palco, mostrou à plateia a sua camisa ensanguentada e disse: "Acabei de ser baleado, mas é preciso mais do que isso para matar um alce".
[3° PARÁGRAFO]
Roosevelt then delivered a 90-minute speech with blood seeping into his shirt.
Roosevelt fez então um discurso de 90 minutos com sangue infiltrando-se na sua camisa.
Only afterwards did he accept medical attention.
Só depois aceitou assistência médica.
Probes [apalpações] and an X-ray showed the bullet embedded [cravada, enfiada] in Roosevelt's chest muscle.
Apalpações e um raio-X mostraram a bala cravada, enfiada no músculo do peito de Roosevelt.
Doctors concluded that it would be less dangerous to leave it than attempt to remove it, and SO Roosevelt carried the bullet in him for the rest of his life.
Os médicos concluíram que seria menos perigoso deixá-la do que tentar retirá-la, e o SO Roosevelt carregou a bala consigo para o resto da vida.
Once he wrote a friend about the bullet: "I do not mind it any more than if it were in my waistcoat-pocket [bolso de colete]."
Uma vez escreveu a um amigo sobre a bala: "Não me importo mais com ela do que se estivesse no bolso do meu colete."
- Adapted from Wikipedia.
40 – According to the information in the article, which of the following most likely happened in Milwaukee on October 14, 1912?
(A) A paid assassin tried to kill Theodore Roosevelt.
(B) A madman acted, as he alleged, because of a request from a dead U.S. president.
(C) That morning, the city of Milwaukee awoke to the news that Theodore Roosevelt had almost died.
(D) As part of a conspiracy, a terrorist was sent to Milwaukee to assassinate Theodore Roosevelt.
(E)John Schranks incompetence with a gun saved Theodore Roosevelts life.
• Gabarito B
According to the information in the article, which of the following most likely happened in Milwaukee on October 14, 1912?
De acordo com as informações do artigo, qual dos seguintes acontecimentos ocorreu provavelmente em Milwaukee, a 14 de outubro de 1912?
(A) A paid assassin tried to kill Theodore Roosevelt.
Um assassino contratado tentou matar Theodore Roosevelt.
(B) A madman acted, as he alleged, because of a request from a dead U.S. president.
Um louco agiu, como alegou, por causa de um pedido de um falecido presidente dos EUA.
(C) That morning, the city of Milwaukee awoke to the news that Theodore Roosevelt had almost died.
Nessa manhã, a cidade de Milwaukee acordou com a notícia de que Theodore Roosevelt quase tinha morrido.
(D) As part of a conspiracy, a terrorist was sent to Milwaukee to assassinate Theodore Roosevelt.
No âmbito de uma conspiração, um terrorista foi enviado para Milwaukee para assassinar Theodore Roosevelt.
(E) John Schranks incompetence with a gun saved Theodore Roosevelts life.
A incompetência de John Schrank com uma arma salvou a vida de Theodore Roosevelt.
41 – The information in the article most likely supports all of the following except
(A) Its possible that Elbert E. Martin saved Theodore Roosevelts life.
(B) Theodore Roosevelt at least twice expressed his concern for the safety of John Schrank.
(C) If he had been coughing blood after being shot, Theodore Roosevelt probably would have accepted immediate medical care.
(D) Theodore Roosevelts decision to give his speech after being shot was not foolish.
(E) After several failed attempts to remove the bullet, the doctors decided to leave it in Theodore Roosevelts chest.
• Gabarito E
The information in the article most likely supports all of the following except
As informações no artigo provavelmente apoiam todos os seguintes, exceto
(A) Its possible that Elbert E. Martin saved Theodore Roosevelts life.
É possível que Elbert E. Martin tenha salvo a vida a Theodore Roosevelt.
(B) Theodore Roosevelt at least twice expressed his concern for the safety of John Schrank.
Theodore Roosevelt manifestou pelo menos duas vezes a sua preocupação com a segurança de John Schrank.
(C) If he had been coughing blood after being shot, Theodore Roosevelt probably would have accepted immediate medical care.
Se estivesse a tossir sangue após ter sido baleado, Theodore Roosevelt teria provavelmente aceitado assistência médica imediata.
(D) Theodore Roosevelts decision to give his speech after being shot was not foolish.
A decisão de Theodore Roosevelt de fazer o seu discurso após ter sido baleado não foi insensata.
(E) After several failed attempts to remove the bullet, the doctors decided to leave it in Theodore Roosevelts chest.
Após várias tentativas falhadas para remover a bala, os médicos decidiram deixá-la no peito de Theodore Roosevelt.
42 – The information in the article most likely suggests that, after Theodore Roosevelt was shot,
(A) He surprised everyone by being more concerned about John Schranks well-being than his own well-being.
(B) For the first time in his life he truly understood the importance of luck.
(C) He soon found a way to use that occurrence to benefit his political campaign.
(D) His experience as a hunter and his knowledge of anatomy saved his life.
(E) For the rest of his life he did his best to ignore the pain that the bullet in his chest was causing.
• Gabarito C
The information in the article most likely suggests that, after Theodore Roosevelt was shot,
As informações contidas no artigo sugerem provavelmente que, depois de Theodore Roosevelt ter sido baleado,
(A) He surprised everyone by being more concerned about John Schranks well-being than his own well-being.
Surpreendeu toda a gente ao estar mais preocupado com o bem-estar de John Schrank do que com o seu próprio bem-estar.
(B) For the first time in his life he truly understood the importance of luck.
Pela primeira vez na sua vida compreendeu realmente a importância da sorte.
(C) He soon found a way to use that occurrence to benefit his political campaign.
Ele encontrou logo uma forma de utilizar esta ocorrência para beneficiar a sua campanha política.
(D) His experience as a hunter and his knowledge of anatomy saved his life.
A sua experiência como caçador e o seu conhecimento de anatomia salvaram-lhe a vida.
(E) For the rest of his life he did his best to ignore the pain that the bullet in his chest was causing.
Durante o resto da sua vida, fez o possível para ignorar a dor que a bala que tinha no peito estava a causar.
❑ TEXTO 5: Texto para as perguntas de 43 a 45.
ANOTHER GREAT FLOOD
MAIS UM GRANDE DILÚVIO
(Historical Note: 1 cubit = 44 cm)
(Nota histórica: 1 côvado = 44 cm)
[1º PARÁGRAFO]
Well before the Book of Genesis was written down, a similar story about a great flood was recorded in ancient Mesopotamia, that historical region situated within the Tigris-Euphrates river system.
Bem antes de o Livro do Gênesis ser escrito, uma história semelhante sobre um grande dilúvio foi registada na antiga Mesopotâmia, uma região histórica situada dentro do sistema dos rios Tigre e Eufrates.
In this earlier account, the gods had grown unhappy with humankind.
Neste relato anterior, os deuses ficaram descontentes com a humanidade.
They had made people out of clay [argila] to labor at building canals and raising crops to save the lesser gods from the drudgery [trabalho penoso].
Fizeram pessoas de barro [argila] para trabalhar na construção de canais e no cultivo de plantações para salvar os deuses menores do trabalho penoso.
But humans, headstrong [obstinados, teimosos] and irritating, had caused so much trouble that the gods, led by Anu, the king of the gods, decided to wash them away by flooding Mesopotamia.
Mas os humanos, obstinados [teimosos] e irritantes, causaram tantos problemas que os deuses, liderados por Anu, o rei dos deuses, decidiram exterminá-los inundando a Mesopotâmia.
However, the lesser god Hea, feeling sorry for the humans, came to a man named Adrakhasis (also "Atrahasis") in his city on the Euphrates River and told him to build a great boat, 600 cubits long and 60 wide, and to fill it with "thy grain [teus grãos], thy furniture, thy goods [bens], they wealth, thy women slaves, thy handmaids [criadas], and the sons of the people, the beasts of the field, and the wild animals of the field."
Entretanto, o deus menor Hea, sentindo pena dos humanos, foi ter com um homem chamado Adrakhasis (também "Atrahasis") na sua cidade do rio Eufrates e disse-lhe para construir um grande barco, com 600 côvados de comprimento e 60 de largura, e enchê-lo com "os teus grãos, os teus móveis, os teus bens, as tuas riquezas, as tuas escravas, as tuas servas, e os filhos do povo, os animais do campo e os animais selvagens do campo".
The door was sealed and a great storm began, driven by the gods of wind and rain.
A porta foi fechada e começou uma grande tempestade, provocada pelos deuses do vento e da chuva.
It lasted for seven days and nights.
Durou sete dias e sete noites.
When the rain stopped, the people in the boat found a flooded world, with corpses floating on the water like reeds [juncos - um tipo de planta].
Quando a chuva parou, as pessoas no barco encontraram um mundo inundado, com cadáveres a flutuar na água como juncos - um tipo de planta.
The ship came to rest on Mt. Nizir.
O navio parou no Monte Nizir.
Adrakhasis sent out a dove [pomba], a sparrow [pardal], and a raven [corvo] to find the land, and when the flood receded, he released all his animals to repopulate the world.
Adrakhasis enviou uma pomba, um pardal e um corvo para encontrar a terra e, quando o dilúvio recuou, libertou todos os seus animais para repovoar o mundo.
He built an altar on the mountain and made a sacrifice to the gods, who all came around and were so impressed that they granted Adrakhasis immortality.
Ele construiu um altar na montanha e fez um sacrifício aos deuses, que se aproximaram e ficaram tão impressionados que concederam a imortalidade a Adrakhasis.
[2º PARÁGRAFO]
This story is in cuneiform on Table XI of the Epic of Gilgamesh, written around 2100 BCE ["Before the Common Era," i.e., "Before Christ"]
Esta história está em escrita cuneiforme na Tabela XI da Epopeia de Gilgamesh, escrita por volta de 2100 a.C. ["Antes da Era Comum", ou seja, "Antes de Cristo"]
- Adapted from Natural History, February 2024.
43 – As presented in the article, this story of a great flood probably least supports which of the following?
(A) It seems to suggest that the worlds only humans lived in Mesopotamia.
(B) The gods had created humans in their image.
(C) The original purpose of humans was to act as a kind of labor-saving device for a certain group of gods.
(D) The gods were apparently inefficient when they created humans.
(E) The emotion of pity saved humans from extinction.
• Gabarito B
As presented in the article, this story of a great flood probably least supports which of the following?
Como apresentado no artigo, esta história de um grande dilúvio provavelmente corrobora menos qual das seguintes opções?
(A) It seems to suggest that the worlds only humans lived in Mesopotamia.
Parece sugerir que os únicos humanos do mundo viveram na Mesopotâmia.
(B) The gods had created humans in their image.
Os deuses criaram os humanos à sua imagem.
(C) The original purpose of humans was to act as a kind of labor-saving device for a certain group of gods.
O propósito original dos humanos era o de atuar como uma espécie de dispositivo de economia de trabalho para um determinado grupo de deuses.
(D) The gods were apparently inefficient when they created humans.
Os deuses foram aparentemente ineficientes quando criaram os humanos.
(E) The emotion of pity saved humans from extinction.
A excitação da piedade salvou os humanos da extinção.
44 – With respect to the gods, which of the following is most likely not supported by the information in the article?
(A) They could take an inanimate substance and turn it into something alive.
(B) Some of them avoided certain kinds of work.
(C) They were associated with a religion that predates the Jewish religion.
(D) They didnt always agree unanimously among themselves and were capable of changing their minds.
(E) Though powerful, they apparently were not omniscient.
• Gabarito C
With respect to the gods, which of the following is most likely not supported by the information in the article?
Em relação aos deuses, qual das seguintes afirmações não é provavelmente apoiada pela informação do artigo?
(A) They could take an inanimate substance and turn it into something alive.
Poderiam pegar numa substância inanimada e transformá-la em algo vivo.
(B) Some of them avoided certain kinds of work.
Alguns deles evitavam determinado tipo de trabalho.
(C) They were associated with a religion that predates the Jewish religion.
Estavam associados a uma religião anterior à religião judaica.
(D) They didnt always agree unanimously among themselves and were capable of changing their minds.
Nem sempre concordavam unanimemente entre si e eram capazes de mudar de ideias.
(E) Though powerful, they apparently were not omniscient.
Embora poderosos, aparentemente não eram omniscientes.
45 – The story in cuneiform on Table XI of the Epic of Gilgamesh most likely suggests which of the following?
(A) The first time a god spoke directly to a human was just before the great flood.
(B) Hea chose to speak to Adrakhasis because he was both the leader and the richest man of Mesopotamia.
(C) By his actions alone, Adrakhasis saved humans from extinction.
(D) Not only did the great flood kill humans, but it also killed both domesticated and wild animals.
(E) The gods rewarded Adrakhasis by making him a god.
• Gabarito D
The story in cuneiform on Table XI of the Epic of Gilgamesh most likely suggests which of the following?
A história em escrita cuneiforme na Tabela XI da Epopeia de Gilgamesh sugere provavelmente qual das seguintes opções?
A primeira vez que um deus falou diretamente com um humano foi pouco antes do grande dilúvio.
(B) Hea chose to speak to Adrakhasis because he was both the leader and the richest man of Mesopotamia.
Hea escolheu falar com Adrakhasis porque era o líder e o homem mais rico da Mesopotâmia.
(C) By his actions alone, Adrakhasis saved humans from extinction.
Só com as suas ações, Adrakhasis salvou os humanos da extinção.
(D) Not only did the great flood kill humans, but it also killed both domesticated and wild animals.
O grande dilúvio não matou apenas humanos, mas também animais domésticos e selvagens.
(E) The gods rewarded Adrakhasis by making him a god.
Os deuses recompensaram Adrakhasis ao fazer dele um deus.