CACD – DISCURSIVA 2019 – DIPLOMATA – LÍNGUA INGLESA –WRITING EXAMINATION

 Welcome back to another post!

➧ PROVA DE LÍNGUA INGLESA: IADES-2019-DIPLOMATA-CACD-2ªFASE-WRITING EXAMINATION.

➧ BANCA/ORGANIZADOR: https://www.iades.com.br/

➧ ESTRUTURA-WRITING EXAMINATION-2019:

➭ COMPOSITION – 50 points.

- Assunto (geral) – Text 1 & Text 2.

- Tema (específico) – Discuta se e em que medida as mudanças tecnológicas e econômicas nas últimas décadas transformaram a natureza intrínseca da diplomacia e da política internacional.

➭ SUMMARY – 15 points.

-Text (8 parágrafos) - Latin American Diplomacy & The Sage Handbook of Diplomacy. 

➭ TRANSLATION (English/Portuguese) – 20 points.

- Text (1 parágrafo) - The Road to Wigan Pier | Literatura.

➭ VERSION (Portuguese/English) – 15 points.

- Text (2 parágrafos) - Cerrados | Literatura.

➭ PROVA:

Read the following texts carefully.

Text 1

    

How can he explain to him? The world is not run from where he thinks. Not from his border fortresses, not even from Whitehall. The world is run from Antwerp, from Florence, from places he has never imagined; from Lisbon, from where the ships with sails of silk drift west and are burned up in the sun. Not from castle walls, but from counting houses, not by the call of the bugle but by the click of the abacus, not by the grate and click of the mechanism of the gun but by the scrape of the pen on the page of the promissory note that pays for the gun and the gunsmith and the powder and shot.

Mantel, Hilary. (2010) Wolf Hall: a novel.

Picador, p. 349.

Text 2

    [Diplomats] need to understand JPMorgan Chase or Google’s diplomatic machinery in the way that they understand China’s. They should be competing with the best technology they can lay their hands on. They should be on a digital war footing.

    

I often ask people who they think will have the greatest influence on the twenty-first century – Google or Britain? Increasingly, most say Google. I want to show in this book how they can be proved wrong. Google has been a technological superpower for a decade. Britain has been one for at least 250 years.

Fletcher, Tom. (2017) William Collins,

p. 17, with adaptations.

Discuss whether and to what extent technological and economic changes over the past few decades have transformed the intrinsic nature of diplomacy and (or) international politics. Draw connections between the ideas in the two texts.

Text length: 45 to 50 lines

[value: 50,00 points]

Read the following text carefully.

    The train bore me away, through the monstrous scenery. This was March, but the weather had been horribly cold and everywhere there were mounds of blackened snow. As we moved slowly through the outskirts of the town we passed row after row of little grey slum houses running at right angles to the embankment. At the back of one of the houses a young woman was kneeling on the stones, poking a stick up the leaden waste-pipe which ran from the sink inside and which I suppose was blocked. I had time to see everything about her – her coarse apron, her clumsy boots, her arms reddened by the cold. She looked up as the train passed, and I was almost near enough to catch her eye. She had a round pale face, the usual exhausted face of the slum girl who is twenty-five and looks forty, thanks to miscarriages and drudgery; and it wore, for the second in which I saw it, the most desolate, hopeless expression I have ever seen. It struck me then that we are mistaken when we say that “It isn’t the same for them as it would be for us”, and that people bred in the slums can imagine nothing but the slums. For what I saw in her face was not the ignorant suffering of an animal. She knew well enough what was happening to her – understood as well as I did how dreadful a destiny it was to be kneeling there in the bitter cold, on the slimy stone of a slum backyard, poking a stick up a foul drain-pipe.

Orwell, George. (1972) The Road to Wigan Pier

Mariner Books. pp. 20-1, with adaptations

Translate this excerpt into Portuguese.

[value: 20,00 points]

Read the following text carefully.

    A literatura brasileira construiu uma concepção do Brasil, projetando a visão que temos de nós, a maneira como nos compreendemos e nos representamos. É uma concepção plural, e nisso reside sua força e vigor – que é literário, cultural e político. A pluralidade é resultado do empenho por meio do qual projetos minoritários de Brasil foram expressos e preservados. A questão é: qual o sentido desses projetos ainda hoje? Projetos alternativos coexistem, na maioria das vezes, em condição de inferioridade, com o projeto de Brasil elaborado e levado a cabo pelas elites. Considera-se, também, que os projetos das elites ganham significado maior quando percebemos neles contradições, ou seja, quando neles percebemos as vozes das classes oprimidas. Enquanto houver contradição, convém dizer, o empenho continua, a História também.

    Os antecessores de Machado de Assis tentavam ver o Brasil com os olhos europeus, indicando os caminhos para que o País pudesse acertar o passo com o progresso da civilização. Machado inverte o olhar: a Europa civilizada passa a ser vista pela ótica brasileira. Quando Machado publica suas obras fundamentais, a formação do sistema literário brasileiro se completa. Entenda-se por isso: produz as primeiras grandes obras de valor estético universal. Sendo um escritor identificado com os valores cosmopolitas, que desqualificou a busca da cor local como caminho para a excelência literária, sua obra, entretanto, está ancorada no ponto de vista local. Só que, agora, local já não é sinônimo de pitoresco, é aquele sentimento íntimo do tempo e da História.

BASTOS, Hermenegildo. In: Cerrados.Revista do

Programa de Pós-Graduação em Literatura,

n. 21, ano 15, 2006, p. 91-112,

com adaptações.

Translate this excerpt into English.

[value: 15,00 points]

Read the following text carefully.

    After the close of the 2003 World Trade Organization (WTO) ministerial meeting in Cancun, Mexico, United States Trade Representative Robert Zoellick unleashed a stinging attack on Brazil and its Latin American partners in the G-20 trade negotiating coalition. Lamenting the failure to reach agreement on the US/EU proposal to conclude the Doha round, Zoellick (2003) criticized Brazil’s “tactics of confrontation”, refusal to compromise and insistence on a “massive list of required changes” to the chairperson’s discussion text. The tension between the Brazilian-led G-20 negotiating coalition and the US offers a highly illustrative point to initiating a discussion on contemporary Latin American diplomacy.

CHANGING TRADITIONAL VIEWS: LATIN AMERICA IS NOT A HOMOGENOUS ENTITY

    Perhaps the cleverest element of Zoellick’s blast against Brazil was the emphasis on how the G-20 not only violated pan-Southern solidarity by rejecting a text from the Thai WTO Director General Supachai Panitchpakdi, but also invalidated the supposedly rooted idea of intra-Latin American unity. As Zoellick highlighted, the text blocked by the G-20 was drafted by the WTO’s General Council chairperson Carlos Pérez del Castillo, Uruguay’s ambassador to the organization. In his ire, Zoellick appeared to be assuming Latin America can be viewed as a homogeneous unit with consistent shared interests and attitudes. The region is instead comprised of countries possessing a wide range of geographic, demographic, economic and historical characteristics impacting their independent foreign policy positions. “Latin America” as a “unity” is itself an externally devised notion promoted by the French in the 1830s in an effort to create an implicit sense of alliance between the region and Romancelanguage European countries engaged in a struggle with their Anglo-Saxon and Slavic neighbors. The French idea of “Latin America” as a contiguous unit did stick in the Washington policy consciousness during the 1800s when gunboat diplomacy sustained US efforts to establish the Western Hemisphere as its exclusive zone of influence.

    While there has been important variation in how Washington has attempted to manage the different countries, the general tone and approach has started from a remarkably similar place whether the US counterpart was Brazil, Bolivia, Costa Rica or Mexico. Even the regional organizations spanning the hemisphere, such as the Organization of American States, have been seen as opportunistic tools for Washington, not forums within which to engage in serious problem-solving or issue management. Per the tradition initiated with the Monroe Doctrine of 1823, Latin America has remained a question of bilateral management and control for Washington (HAKIM, 2006).

    The combination of somewhat comparable histories of Iberian colonization, geographic continuity on a common continental land mass, similarities in language – Brazilian diplomats speak fluent Spanish –, as well as an absence of serious inter-state armed conflict helps to build a sense that the region is harmonious and relatively homogenous. Overlooked in this surface-level sketch is the persistence of rooted tensions and conflicts in the region. Brazil and Mexico have soft contending ambitions for regional leadership, with Argentina often staking its own claim as well. The Bolivian armed forces are led by an admiral as a sustained note of protest against what it claims as Chile’s illegal seizure of its coastal provinces during the 1879–83 War of the Pacific. Peru, too, has border complaints against Chile from that nineteenth century war and only recently settled an additional border conflict with Ecuador in 1998, a dispute which dated from 1942 and saw a series of conflicts and casualties throughout the twentieth century.

If we expand the list of territorial disputes in the region to include trade disagreements, political contretemps, historical misunderstandings and other forms of regional rivalry, we end up with a fairly extensive catalogue of dissent and discord in Latin America. What matters for understanding Latin American diplomacy is that these very real disagreements have a tendency to become of second-order importance to regional diplomats when faced with the need to unify in the face of pressure from a US or Europe that either dismissively tries to aggregate the region into a single, easy to manage unit, or pursues a strategy of divide and conquer to maintain implicit and explicit dominance. This pressure has had a major influence on how Latin American countries approach diplomacy and how they self-consciously exploit the externally created identity of Latin America.

NOT QUITE UNITY, NOT QUITE COALITION

    Thanks to an accommodative and legalistic predilection for talking through disagreements, Latin America has become notable for the absence of inter-state conflicts. Although there are unsolved disputes in the region, resolution is consistently sought through negotiation and arbitration, not armed invasion. Even when conflict has erupted, the tensions appear reluctant and are quickly brought to the negotiating table by other regional countries.

    Perhaps the best theorizing of the lack of inter-state armed hostility within Latin America can be found in the concertación approach to diplomatic management advanced by Argentine scholar Federico Merke (2015). The term concertación has no simple translation into English, being a reflection of an Ibero-American tradition of managing difference and dissent in politics such that it can become a strength rather than source of discord. At the heart lies an informally institutionalized process of summitry and discussion in lieu of power politics. Escalation in Latin American terms means the convocation of presidential diplomacy to discuss the matter of dissent, not the deployment of military forces to border regions. More significantly, it is often not just the presidents of the directly affected countries that meet, but rather the region’s leadership or a delegated sub-grouping of ministers or national presidents.

Although there are a series of semi-regular presidential summits through groupings such as UNASUR, MERCOSUR, CELAC and so on, the concertación process is not rooted in a formalized framework, but rather exists as a convention embedded in the region’s shared legalistic approach to international affairs. Chief amongst the legal norms driving concertación are the interlinked principles of sovereignty and nonaggression. Although precise interpretations are debated, there is cross-national agreement in Latin America that respect of international law is essential for mutual security and that great emphasis should be placed upon setting and observing the rules. The depth of concertación strategies of avoiding military conflict have been highlighted over the last fifteen years as substantial increases in military expenditure by many regional countries have resulted in increases in mutual confidence, not a rise of distrust-fueled arms races (VILLA; WEIFFEN, 2014).

Burges, Sean; Chagas Bastos, Fabrício. Latin American Diplomacy. In: Constantinou, Costas; Kerr, Pauline; Sharp, Paul (Orgs.). (2016) The Sage Handbook of Diplomacy. London: Sage Publications Ltd., with adaptations.

Write a summary of the text in your own words using up to 50 lines.

Text length: up to 50 lines

[value: 15,00 points]  

CACD – DISCURSIVA 2019 – DIPLOMATA – LÍNGUA INGLESA –WRITING EXAMINATION

www.inglesparaconcursos.blog.br

❑ PROVA DE LÍNGUA INGLESA:

DIPLOMATA-CACD-WRITING EXAMINATION-2019-2ª FASE-CEBRASPE.

❑ ESTRUTURA-WRITING EXAMINATION:

• COMPOSITION – | Why the World Went to War. | 50 points |
• TRANSLATION – | 20 points |
• VERSION – | 15 points |
• SUMMARY – | Diplomacy in the digital age | 5 points |

❑ PROVA:

❑ REDAÇÃO:

Read the following texts carefully.

    When the statesmen who took Europe to war in 1914 came to write their memoirs, they agreed on one thing: that war had been inevitable — the result of such vast historical forces that no human agency could have prevented it. “The nations slithered over the brink into the boiling cauldron of war,” wrote David Lloyd George in a famous passage in his War Memoirs. Nor was this the only metaphor he employed to convey the vast, impersonal forces at work...

Niall Ferguson. Why the World Went to War.

Penguin, 2005, p. 1 (adapted).

In light of the quote above, comment on the conclusion the statesmen had come to, regarding the inevitability of the First World War. Mention and explain some of the circumstances that induced them individually to arrive at such a common judgement.

Extensão: 400 a 450 palavras

[valor: 50,00 pontos]

❑ TRADUÇÃO 1:

Translate the following excerpt into Portuguese.

[valor: 20,00 pontos]

    Consider the subtleness of the sea; how its most dreaded creatures glide under water, unapparent for the most part, and treacherously hidden beneath the loveliest tints of azure. Consider also the devilish brilliance and beauty of many of its most remorseless tribes, as the dainty embellished shape of many species of sharks. Consider, once more, the universal cannibalism of the sea; all whose creatures prey upon each other, carrying on the eternal war since the world began. Consider all this; and then turn to this green, gentle, and most docile earth; consider them both, the sea and the land; and do you not find a strange analogy to something in yourself? For as this appalling ocean surrounds the verdant land, so in the soul of man there lies one insular Tahiti, full of peace and joy, but surrounded by all the horrors of the half-known life. God keep thee! Push not off from that isle, thou canst never return!

Herman Melville. Moby Dick.

Penguin books, 1994 (adapted).

❑ TRADUÇÃO 2:

Translate the following excerpt into English.

[valor: 15,00 pontos]

    Nenhum povo está mais distante dessa noção ritualista da vida do que o brasileiro. Nossa forma ordinária de relações sociais é fundamentalmente o oposto de polidez. Ela pode iludir na aparência, e isso se explica pelo fato de a atitude polida consistir precisamente em uma espécie de mímica deliberada de manifestações que são espontâneas no “homem cordial”; é a forma natural e viva convertida em fórmula. Além disso a polidez é, de algum modo, uma organização da defesa ante a sociedade. Está na parte exterior, superficial do indivíduo, podendo mesmo servir, quando necessário, de meio de resistência. Equivale a um disfarce que permitirá a cada um de nós preservar intatas nossa sensibilidade e emoções.

    Por meio de semelhante padronização das formas exteriores da cordialidade, que não precisam ser legítimas para se manifestarem, revela-se um decisivo triunfo do espírito. Armado dessa máscara, o indivíduo mantém sua supremacia ante a sociedade. Com efeito, a polidez implica uma presença contínua e soberana do indivíduo.

Sérgio Buarque de Holanda.

Raízes do Brasil. 26.ª ed. São Paulo:

Companhia das Letras, 1995, p. 147

(com adaptações).

❑ RESUMO:

Write a summary in your own words (280 minimum to 400 maximum) of the following text.

[valor: 15,00 pontos]

    People have huge amounts of information to deal with. How do you do this as diplomats? Do you keep it close to your chest? Does information mean power? Or do you share the information with the network in which you are increasingly operating? The playing field is changing very rapidly, partly as a result of digitalisation.

Operating in a network

    I used to tell my students that 90% of diplomatic information was in the public domain, but the figure is even higher now. Of course, confidentiality, and even secrecy, are important in diplomacy, particularly when it comes to matters like peace and security. However, diplomatic success depends increasingly on collaboration with others. Collaboration takes place in networks, which are becoming increasingly digital. The rules are not the same as in your own diplomatic circles, where you know roughly how your counterparts work, whatever country they come from. In a network you are not merely an official representative of a government; what defines you more is probably the information you bring to the network. That kind of added value is what people are judged on. That is what you are worth. It is a changing playing field through which information now flows much faster, via your network. And that network is what you rely on.

Role of social media

Everyone immediately thinks of people like Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi or US President Barack Obama, who practise “Twiplomacy” — diplomacy via Twitter. Social media make things more personal and bring people who traditionally operate in the shadows into the limelight, giving an ambassador a face. You can find out what they are doing by following them on their social media account. People also get more “digital personality”. You can be sure that political leaders are cultivating this quite carefully.

    It’s still the early days. Institutions and individuals still have to adjust and find their voice in the digital age. They are wondering what exactly to do on Twitter. What should they say? A personal note must also serve their professional goals. My opinion is that, in reality, diplomats, who have always been quite focused on their own professional group, might continue in the same vein on social media. Meanwhile, it is important to remember that there are different ways of using social media. We often assume that you interact with those around you on social media. You make sure you tweet every day, you join the conversation. But diplomats also use it passively, following what’s happening. It’s a useful tool that allows you to discover things you might not otherwise find, or at least not as quickly. So, in fact you see a conservative diplomat using new media on a new information playing field in the same way as an intelligence officer.

Fine to make mistakes

    The motto at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs used to be “Call DVL!”, the former Information and Communication Department. Wherever you were and whatever happened, if you were approached by the media, you just had to say “Call DVL!”. But that’s all ancient history. The information environment is much more open now, and the people at the embassies have much more freedom to take the initiative. They need background material to give their own account. In this age of social media, we accept that people might make mistakes, and then simply admit it. That’s new. It used to be f atal f or your career if you made a mistake. That created a professional culture in which the approach to providing information was extremely conservative. This is all changing, things are gradually becoming more open. The question is no longer “What can we release?”, but “What do we really need to keep secret?”. An essential difference.

New winners

    Excellence in terms of responding to the digital environment is partly the preserve of the “usual suspects”, like the US and the UK. But Estonia, India, Kosovo and tech champions like South Korea are also responding well. All aspects of diplomatic work can benefit: searching for information, collaborating with others, explaining what you do, negotiating, how open you can be with the outside world. This question of information is increasingly important. Digitisation is also about the modernisation of diplomacy, becoming more experimental, seeing the network more as the starting point. Questions about digitalisation will then automatically find their way onto the agenda. There are in fact only a few countries that take a holistic view. Digital transformation is a trend in the business world, but it is much less so in the public sector. The reality is that many countries simply do not have the capacity. You can perform a conceptual analysis of the impact of big data, but that is only the start of the challenge. It is also a matter of focus. Like in Estonia and Kosovo, where they are thinking creatively about how communications technology and digital technology can help them achieve what they want with few resources. Jan Melissen.

Diplomacy in the digital age:

More than Twiplomacy.

May/2016. Internet: (adapted).

FGV 2023 – LÍNGUA INGLESA – VESTIBULAR UNIFICADO

https://vestibular.fgv.br

Prova de Inglês & Gabarito Oficial

• Texto (1) – | Cooking and evolution | Natural History |
• Texto (2) – | Human-induced fire in the pantanal | Natural History |
• Texto (3) – | Can images undermine truth? Some would say so | Time |
• Texto (4) – | Russia threatens to sue swiss newspaper | I am expat |
• 15 MCQs (Multiple Choice Questions) | 5 Options Question |

❑ TEXTO 1: Texto para as perguntas de 1 a 7.

Cooking and Evolution

Cozinha e Evolução

(Note: The most commonly used recent definition of “hominin”: the group consisting of modern humans, extinct human species and all our immediate ancestors, including members of the genera Homo, Australopithecus, Paranthropus, and Ardipithecus.)

(Nota: A definição recente mais comumente usada de “hominídeo”: o grupo que consiste em humanos modernos, espécies humanas extintas e todos os nossos ancestrais imediatos, incluindo membros dos gêneros Homo, Australopithecus, Paranthropus e Ardipithecus.)

Cooking is fundamental to human nutrition, and it is a truly ancient practice that was pivotal in the evolution of humans.

Cozinhar é fundamental para a nutrição humana e é uma prática verdadeiramente antiga que foi fundamental na evolução dos humanos.

The idea that cooking makes us human is an old one.

A ideia de que cozinhar nos torna humanos é antiga.

In 1785 the Scottish biographer and diarist James Boswell wrote: “My Definition of Man, is a ‘Cooking Animal.’

Em 1785, o biógrafo e diarista escocês James Boswell escreveu: “Minha definição de homem é um ‘animal culinário’.

The beasts have memory, judgment, and the faculties and passions of our mind, in a certain degree; but no beast is a cook…”

Os animais têm memória, julgamento e as faculdades e paixões de nossa mente, em certo grau; mas nenhum animal é cozinheiro…”

Boswell was writing before Darwin, and so he was not making an evolutionary argument, but the idea that cooking is fundamental to our species is a conclusion that others have also felt in their very guts [os próprios intestinos] to be right.

Boswell escreveu antes de Darwin, e por isso não estava a apresentar um argumento evolucionista, mas a ideia de que cozinhar é fundamental para a nossa espécie é uma conclusão que outros também sentiram nas suas entranhas [os próprios intestinos] estar certa. 

Gut instinct [intuição] is generally frowned upon [pouco aceitável] as a source of evidence in science, but guts are key witnesses in this matter.

O instinto intestinal [intuição] é geralmente desaprovado [pouco aceitável] como fonte de evidência na ciência, mas os intestinos são testemunhas-chave nesta questão.

Since no beast is a cook and, as Boswell said, we are cooking animals, the obvious question is, how and when did this habit evolve?

Como nenhum animal é cozinheiro e, como disse Boswell, cozinhamos animais, a questão óbvia é: como e quando esse hábito evoluiu?

Our great ape [grande símio] cousins are essentially vegetarians, living on leaves and fruits.

Nossos primos grandes símios [grande símio] são essencialmente vegetarianos, vivendo de folhas e frutas.

Gorillas eat only plants, but chimpanzees will catch and eat animals when they can, though this is opportunistic behavior and they live mainly on fruit.

Os gorilas comem apenas plantas, mas os chimpanzés capturam e comem animais quando podem, embora este seja um comportamento oportunista e eles vivam principalmente de frutas.

Chimps can’t cook, even though it has been argued that they are intelligent enough for the task.

Os chimpanzés não sabem cozinhar, embora se argumente que são suficientemente inteligentes para essa tarefa.

The common ancestor of chimps and ourselves must have been a vegetarian, and so we meat-eating, cooking humans evolved by stages from vegetarian, indeed vegan [um vegetariano que come somente produtos de plantas], stock [o progenitor original].

O ancestral comum dos chimpanzés e de nós mesmos deve ter sido vegetariano e, portanto, nós, humanos que comemos carne e cozinhamos, evoluímos por etapas de vegetarianos, na verdade veganos [um vegetariano que vem somente produtos de plantas], stock [o progenitor original].

The enormous gulf between ourselves and other animals appears so large – not just in diet and cooking, but also in intelligence, language, brain size, and anatomy – because the intermediates along the evolutionary pathway that we unwittingly [sem saber] followed have been erased by extinction.

O enorme abismo entre nós e os outros animais parece tão grande – não apenas na dieta e na culinária, mas também na inteligência, na linguagem, no tamanho do cérebro e na anatomia – porque os intermediários ao longo do caminho evolutivo que involuntariamente [sem saber] seguimos foram apagados. por extinção.

Vegetarians leave little behind in the paleoarchaeological record to show what they ate – or rather, what they leave behind is very little.

Os vegetarianos deixam pouco no registo paleoarqueológico para mostrar o que comeram – ou melhor, o que deixam é muito pouco.

The characteristic shapes of very tiny grains of silica called phytoliths – which are part of the structure of leaves and when eaten can become lodged [presos] in teeth – can tell us something about what kind of plants were eaten by, say, Lucy, the 3.18 million-year-old Australopithecus afarensis found in 1974 by Donald Johanson and Tom Gray in the desert of Hadar in Ethiopia.

As formas características de minúsculos grãos de sílica chamados fitólitos – que fazem parte da estrutura das folhas e quando comidos podem ficar alojados [presos] nos dentes – podem nos dizer algo sobre que tipo de plantas foram comidas por, digamos, Lucy, a Australopithecus afarensis de 3,18 milhões de anos encontrado em 1974 por Donald Johanson e Tom Gray no deserto de Hadar, na Etiópia.

The diet of Lucy and her kind [espécie], though mainly vegetarian, included a wider range of plants than is eaten by chimps, and it seems that Australopithecus, of which there are several species, were in general adapted to live in a wider range of environments than chimps do.

A dieta de Lucy e de sua espécie, embora principalmente vegetariana, incluía uma variedade maior de plantas do que a consumida pelos chimpanzés, e parece que o Australopithecus, do qual existem várias espécies, estava em geral adaptado para viver em uma variedade mais ampla. de ambientes do que os chimpanzés.

A. afarensis had larger molars, smaller canine teeth, and more powerful jaws than a chimp, suggesting that this ancestor did a great deal of chewing of tough food.

A. afarensis tinha molares maiores, dentes caninos menores e mandíbulas mais poderosas que as de um chimpanzé, sugerindo que esse ancestral mastigava bastante alimentos duros.

The scientific consensus is that our own genus, Homo, arose from a species of Australopithecus, probably Lucy’s own A. afarensis, which lived 3.8-2.95 million years ago.

O consenso científico é que o nosso próprio género, Homo, surgiu de uma espécie de Australopithecus, provavelmente o A. afarensis da própria Lucy, que viveu entre 3,8 e 2,95 milhões de anos atrás.

In any event, the answer to exactly when cooking began is likely to become clearer as more fossil and paleoarchaeological evidence is discovered.

Em qualquer caso, a resposta sobre quando exatamente começou o cozimento provavelmente se tornará mais clara à medida que mais evidências fósseis e paleoarqueológicas forem descobertas.

By comparison with the mystery of when cooking began, the question of why has a much clearer answer.

Em comparação com o mistério de quando começou a cozinhar, a questão do porquê tem uma resposta muito mais clara.

Cooking increases the digestibility of food, enabling us to extract more energy from it, and it inactivates many toxins, incidentally, opening new vistas of possibility in hominin evolution.

Cozinhar aumenta a digestibilidade dos alimentos, permitindo-nos extrair mais energia deles, e inativa muitas toxinas, aliás, abrindo novas perspectivas de possibilidade na evolução dos hominídeos.

Perhaps the most persuasive evidence that we are truly the cooking animal is that brain growth and cooking do seem inextricably linked.

Talvez a evidência mais convincente de que somos realmente o animal que cozinha é que o crescimento do cérebro e a culinária parecem inextricavelmente ligados.

During the evolution of humans, our guts shrank at around the same time that our brains grew.

Durante a evolução dos humanos, nossas entranhas encolheram mais ou menos na mesma época em que nossos cérebros cresceram.

Large, smart brains unlocked the possibility of uniquely human capabilities such as complex language, abstract thinking, and all that flowed from that.

Cérebros grandes e inteligentes desbloquearam a possibilidade de capacidades exclusivamente humanas, como linguagem complexa, pensamento abstrato e tudo o que daí resultou.

Brains are very energy-hungry organs.

Os cérebros são órgãos que consomem muita energia.

The human brain is only about 2 percent of body weight but uses fully 20 percent of the energy consumed in a resting state.

O cérebro humano representa apenas cerca de 2% do peso corporal, mas utiliza totalmente 20% da energia consumida em estado de repouso.

While our brains are much bigger than the norm for a primate of our size, our guts are much smaller.

Embora nossos cérebros sejam muito maiores do que o normal para um primata do nosso tamanho, nossas entranhas são muito menores.

By economizing on guts, evolution spared energy for splurging [gastar liberalmente] on bigger brains.

Ao economizar coragem, a evolução poupou energia para gastar [gastar liberalmente] em cérebros maiores.

Studies suggest that by increasing the energy value of our food, cooking made it possible for smaller guts to supply the burgeoning [crescentes] requirements of brain evolution.

Estudos sugerem que, ao aumentar o valor energético dos nossos alimentos, o cozimento tornou possível que intestinos menores suprissem as necessidades crescentes da evolução do cérebro.

Our evolutionary history has indeed shaped our dietary capabilities, but it has broadened rather than narrowed them.

A nossa história evolutiva moldou efectivamente as nossas capacidades alimentares, mas ampliou-as em vez de as estreitar. 

We have survived and then thrived [florescido], multiplied, and occupied every continent because we are adaptable, intelligent omnivores.

Sobrevivemos e depois prosperamos [florescido], multiplicamo-nos e ocupamos todos os continentes porque somos omnívoros inteligentes e adaptáveis.

• Adapted from Natural History, 12/17-01/18

01 – In paragraph 1, the quotation from James Boswell is most likely presented to

(A) highlight the fact that cooking is a crucial part of human nutrition.

(B) show when the idea first appeared that humans are unique because they are the only animal that cooks.

(C) give an idea of the longevity of a widespread point of view.

(D) identify a theory that has led to an even more important theory.

(E) explain the essence of what it means to be human.

•    Gabarito C  

In paragraph 1, the quotation from James Boswell is most likely presented to

No parágrafo 1, a citação de James Boswell é provavelmente apresentada para

(A) highlight the fact that cooking is a crucial part of human nutrition.

destacar o fato de que cozinhar é uma parte crucial da nutrição humana.

(B) show when the idea first appeared that humans are unique because they are the only animal that cooks.

mostrar quando surgiu pela primeira vez a ideia de que os humanos são únicos porque são o único animal que cozinha.

(C) give an idea of the longevity of a widespread point of view.

dar uma ideia da longevidade de um ponto de vista difundido.

(D) identify a theory that has led to an even more important theory.

identificar uma teoria que levou a uma teoria ainda mais importante.

(E) explain the essence of what it means to be human.

explicar a essência do que significa ser humano.

02 – In paragraph 2, the term “opportunistic behavior” most likely refers to which of the following?

(A) Chimpanzees do not regularly and deliberately seek meat as part of their diet.

(B) The guts of gorillas did not develop specifically for the digestion of meat. 

(C) The guts of chimpanzees did not develop specifically for the digestion of meat.

(D) The main factor separating the chimpanzee diet from the gorilla diet is opportunity.

(E) For chimpanzees, meat is a luxury rather than a necessity.

•    Gabarito A  

No parágrafo 2, o termo “comportamento oportunista” refere-se provavelmente a qual das seguintes opções?

(A) Chimpanzees do not regularly and deliberately seek meat as part of their diet.

Os chimpanzés não procuram regular e deliberadamente carne como parte de sua dieta.

(B) The guts of gorillas did not develop specifically for the digestion of meat.

Os intestinos dos gorilas não se desenvolveram especificamente para a digestão da carne.

(C) The guts of chimpanzees did not develop specifically for the digestion of meat.

Os intestinos dos chimpanzés não se desenvolveram especificamente para a digestão da carne.

(D) The main factor separating the chimpanzee diet from the gorilla diet is opportunity.

O principal fator que separa a dieta do chimpanzé da dieta do gorila é a oportunidade.

(E) For chimpanzees, meat is a luxury rather than a necessity.

Para os chimpanzés, a carne é um luxo e não uma necessidade.

03 – The information in the article most supports which of the following?

(A) If the evolutionary ancestors of humans were not all extinct, it might be possible nowadays to perceive greater similarities between humans and other animals.

(B) So far, all scientific experiments focused on the potential of chimpanzees to cook meat have produced varied, inconclusive results.

(C) There are fewer evolutionary differences between chimpanzees and humans than between chimpanzees and gorillas. 

(D) Because chimpanzees are potentially able to cook, we must assume that they are far more developed than gorillas.

(E) Evolutionary studies confirm that the human race has avoided extinction because it has always eaten meat.

•    Gabarito A  

As informações no artigo apoiam melhor qual das seguintes opções?

(A) If the evolutionary ancestors of humans were not all extinct, it might be possible nowadays to perceive greater similarities between humans and other animals.

Se os ancestrais evolutivos dos humanos não estivessem todos extintos, hoje seria possível perceber maiores semelhanças entre os humanos e outros animais.

(B) So far, all scientific experiments focused on the potential of chimpanzees to cook meat have produced varied, inconclusive results.

Até agora, todas as experiências científicas centradas no potencial dos chimpanzés para cozinhar carne produziram resultados variados e inconclusivos.

(C) There are fewer evolutionary differences between chimpanzees and humans than between chimpanzees and gorillas.

Existem menos diferenças evolutivas entre chimpanzés e humanos do que entre chimpanzés e gorilas.

(D) Because chimpanzees are potentially able to cook, we must assume that they are far more developed than gorillas.

Como os chimpanzés são potencialmente capazes de cozinhar, devemos assumir que eles são muito mais desenvolvidos que os gorilas.

(E) Evolutionary studies confirm that the human race has avoided extinction because it has always eaten meat.

Estudos evolutivos confirmam que a raça humana evitou a extinção porque sempre comeu carne.

04 – With respect to phytoliths (as mentioned in paragraph 4), the information in the article most likely provides support for which of the following?

(A) They are one of the many things left behind in the paleoarchaeological record that provide evidence of what early vegetarians ate.

(B) Since they are non-digestible and are therefore expelled in the feces of vegetarian animals, they can be important elements of paleoarchaeological research. 

(C) The presence of phytoliths in certain Ethiopian fossils enabled scientists to establish the age of the Australopithecus afarensis known as Lucy.

(D) In 1974, while doing research in the desert of Hadar in Ethiopia, Donald Johanson and Tom Gray were the first to discover the scientific importance of phytoliths.

(E) The presence of phytoliths in the teeth of Lucy suggest differences between the diets and even the habitats of A. afarensis and chimpanzees.

•    Gabarito E  

With respect to phytoliths (as mentioned in paragraph 4), the information in the article most likely provides support for which of the following?

No que diz respeito aos fitólitos (conforme mencionado no parágrafo 4), a informação no artigo provavelmente fornece suporte para qual das seguintes opções?

(A) They are one of the many things left behind in the paleoarchaeological record that provide evidence of what early vegetarians ate.

São uma das muitas coisas deixadas no registo paleoarqueológico que fornece evidências do que os primeiros vegetarianos comiam.

(B) Since they are non-digestible and are therefore expelled in the feces of vegetarian animals, they can be important elements of paleoarchaeological research.

Por não serem digeríveis e, portanto, serem expelidos nas fezes de animais vegetarianos, podem ser elementos importantes da pesquisa paleoarqueológica.

(C) The presence of phytoliths in certain Ethiopian fossils enabled scientists to establish the age of the Australopithecus afarensis known as Lucy.

A presença de fitólitos em certos fósseis etíopes permitiu aos cientistas estabelecer a idade do Australopithecus afarensis conhecido como Lucy.

(D) In 1974, while doing research in the desert of Hadar in Ethiopia, Donald Johanson and Tom Gray were the first to discover the scientific importance of phytoliths.

Em 1974, enquanto faziam pesquisas no deserto de Hadar, na Etiópia, Donald Johanson e Tom Gray foram os primeiros a descobrir a importância científica dos fitólitos.

(E) The presence of phytoliths in the teeth of Lucy suggest differences between the diets and even the habitats of A. afarensis and chimpanzees.

A presença de fitólitos nos dentes de Lucy sugere diferenças entre as dietas e até mesmo os habitats de A. afarensis e chimpanzés.

05 – In paragraph 4, the phrase “A. afarensis had larger molars, smaller canine teeth, and more powerful jaws than a chimp…” most likely suggests which of the following?

(A) The diet of A. afarensis contained a wide and copious variety of raw meat.

(B) The standard diet of chimpanzees probably contains a relatively smaller percentage of tough food than did the diet of A. afarensis. 

(C) The genus Homo owed its evolutionary success to the powerful jaw and efficient arrangement of teeth that it had inherited from A. afarensis.

(D) Because of their inefficient arrangement of teeth and weak jaw muscles, chimpanzees are limited to a small range of foods and habitats.

(E) An efficient digestive system is the most important prerequisite for success along the evolutionary pathway.

•    Gabarito B  

No parágrafo 4, a frase “A. afarensis tinha molares maiores, dentes caninos menores e mandíbulas mais poderosas do que um chimpanzé…” provavelmente sugere qual das seguintes opções?

(A) The diet of A. afarensis contained a wide and copious variety of raw meat.

A dieta de A. afarensis continha uma grande e abundante variedade de carne crua.

(B) The standard diet of chimpanzees probably contains a relatively smaller percentage of tough food than did the diet of A. afarensis.

A dieta padrão dos chimpanzés provavelmente contém uma percentagem relativamente menor de alimentos duros do que a dieta do A. afarensis.

(C) The genus Homo owed its evolutionary success to the powerful jaw and efficient arrangement of teeth that it had inherited from A. afarensis.

O gênero Homo deveu seu sucesso evolutivo à mandíbula poderosa e ao arranjo eficiente dos dentes que herdou de A. afarensis.

(D) Because of their inefficient arrangement of teeth and weak jaw muscles, chimpanzees are limited to a small range of foods and habitats.

Devido à disposição ineficiente dos dentes e aos músculos fracos da mandíbula, os chimpanzés estão limitados a uma pequena variedade de alimentos e habitats.

(E) An efficient digestive system is the most important prerequisite for success along the evolutionary pathway.

Um sistema digestivo eficiente é o pré-requisito mais importante para o sucesso ao longo do caminho evolutivo.

06 – According to the information in the article,

(A) though raw food is healthier than cooked food, it provides the human body with less energy.

(B) it was unnecessary to collect and interpret fossil and paleoarchaeological evidence to discover why cooking began.

(C) without cooking, it would have been impossible for A. afarensis to evolve into present-day human beings.

(D) because of cooked food, energy previously required by our guts could be channeled to our brain.

(E) a diet of raw food will of necessity be detrimental to the intellectual processes of any animal species.

•    Gabarito D  

De acordo com as informações do artigo,

(A) though raw food is healthier than cooked food, it provides the human body with less energy.

embora os alimentos crus sejam mais saudáveis do que os cozidos, eles fornecem menos energia ao corpo humano.

(B) it was unnecessary to collect and interpret fossil and paleoarchaeological evidence to discover why cooking began.

era desnecessário coletar e interpretar evidências fósseis e paleoarqueológicas para descobrir por que o cozimento começou.

(C) without cooking, it would have been impossible for A. afarensis to evolve into present-day human beings.

sem cozinhar, teria sido impossível para o A. afarensis evoluir para os seres humanos atuais.

(D) because of cooked food, energy previously required by our guts could be channeled to our brain.

por causa dos alimentos cozidos, a energia anteriormente exigida pelo nosso intestino poderia ser canalizada para o nosso cérebro.

(E) a diet of raw food will of necessity be detrimental to the intellectual processes of any animal species.

uma dieta de alimentos crus será necessariamente prejudicial aos processos intelectuais de qualquer espécie animal.

07 – The main purpose of the last paragraph is most likely to

(A) identify the evolutionary processes that led to the great efficiency of the human brain.

(B) point to one of the main reasons for the extinction of certain hominin species and for the survival of others.

(C) give a brief summary of the probable cause and effect of the dietary and mental abilities of humans.

(D) demonstrate the value of paleoarchaeological research in establishing credible evolutionary narratives.

(E) lay out clearly the successful evolutionary pathway that has led to human predominance of Earth.

•    Gabarito C  

D

 👍  Comentários e Gabarito  C 
TÓPICO - THE MAIN PURPOSE :

O objetivo principal do último parágrafo é provavelmente

(A) identify the evolutionary processes that led to the great efficiency of the human brain. – identificar os processos evolutivos que levaram à grande eficiência do cérebro humano.

(B) point to one of the main reasons for the extinction of certain hominin species and for the survival of others. – apontar para uma das principais razões para a extinção de certas espécies de hominídeos e para a sobrevivência de outras.

(C) give a brief summary of the probable cause and effect of the dietary and mental abilities of humans. – dar um breve resumo da provável causa e efeito das habilidades alimentares e mentais dos humanos.

(D) demonstrate the value of paleoarchaeological research in establishing credible evolutionary narratives. – demonstrar o valor da investigação paleoarqueológica no estabelecimento de narrativas evolutivas credíveis.

(E) lay out clearly the successful evolutionary pathway that has led to human predominance of Earth. – expor claramente o caminho evolutivo bem-sucedido que levou à predominância humana na Terra.

❑ TEXTO 2: Texto para as perguntas 8 e 9.

HUMAN-INDUCED FIRE IN THE PANTANAL

Fogo induzido pelo homem no pantanal

• By Eric Scigliano

The vast inland delta known as the Pantanal is the world’s largest contiguous wetland, covering more than 40,000 square miles of seasonally flooded grass and woodland in Brazil and thousands more in Bolivia and Paraguay.

O vasto delta interior conhecido como Pantanal é a maior zona húmida contígua do mundo, cobrindo mais de 40.000 milhas quadradas de pastagens e florestas sazonalmente inundadas no Brasil e milhares mais na Bolívia e no Paraguai.

Richer in wildlife than the Amazon rainforest, the Pantanal has now joined California and Siberia as a major fire disaster zone.

Mais rico em vida selvagem do que a floresta amazônica, o Pantanal juntou-se agora à Califórnia e à Sibéria como uma zona de grande desastre de incêndios.

In 2020, about 29 percent of the Pantanal burned – making it the worst recorded fire year for the area, by far [de longe], according to an analysis of satellite spectroradiometer imaging data by researchers at NASA’s Goddard and Marshall Space Flight Centers [in the U.S.], the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, and Cardiff University in Wales.

Em 2020, cerca de 29 por cento do Pantanal queimou – tornando-o o pior ano de incêndios registrado na área, de longe [de longe], de acordo com uma análise de dados de imagens de espectrorradiômetro de satélite por pesquisadores dos Centros de Voo Espacial Goddard e Marshall da NASA [em os EUA], a Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro e a Universidade de Cardiff no País de Gales.

Brazilian authorities blamed the fires on an exceptionally severe drought [seca] in 2018.

As autoridades brasileiras atribuíram os incêndios a uma seca excepcionalmente severa [seca] em 2018.

But the new research points to a more direct form of human causation.

Mas a nova pesquisa aponta para uma forma mais direta de causalidade humana.

The burning concentrated strongly on relatively intact natural areas, while areas already devoted to cattle grazing [pasto de gado] suffered far less. – 

As queimadas concentraram-se fortemente em áreas naturais relativamente intactas, enquanto as áreas já dedicadas à pastagem de gado sofreram muito menos.

Prior to 2020, despite a long history of people using fire to clear areas for grazing, vegetation in natural conservation areas remained lush [exuberante, abundante].

Antes de 2020, apesar de um longo histórico de uso do fogo para limpar áreas de pastagem, a vegetação nas áreas de conservação natural permanecia exuberante [abundante].

In 2020, however, blazes burned 52 percent of protected areas and 44 percent of areas with minimal grazing – about 360 percent above mean burning levels [níveis médios de queimadas] since 2003.

Em 2020, no entanto, os incêndios queimaram 52% das áreas protegidas e 44% das áreas com pastoreio mínimo – cerca de 360% acima dos níveis médios de queimadas [níveis médios de queimadas] desde 2003.

By contrast, just 6 percent of areas with medium cattle density and less than 1 percent of heavily grazed areas burned.

Em contraste, apenas 6 % das áreas com densidade média de gado e menos de 1 % das áreas com pastoreio pesado foram queimadas.

Natural forests and wetlands, which ranchers and farmers may seek to alter and put to use, burned markedly more than savannah, pasture [pasto], and croplands [terras de plantações] that are already usable.

As florestas naturais e as zonas húmidas, que os pecuaristas e agricultores podem procurar alterar e utilizar, queimaram significativamente mais do que a savana, as pastagens e as terras agrícolas já utilizáveis.

• Adapted from Natural History, April 2022.

08 – With respect to the Pantanal, which of the following is probably least supported by the information in the passage?

(A) Just the Brazilian portion of the Pantanal contains more flora and fauna than does the entire Amazon rainforest.

(B) Although located in different parts of the world, California, Siberia, and the Pantanal all share an urgent, serious characteristic.

(C) At least until 2020, a common Brazilian agrarian practice wasn’t extremely destructive in the Pantanal’s protected wilderness areas.

(D) Although it is classified as a contiguous wetland, the Pantanal is not flooded all year long.

(E) It may have been inaccurate for Brazilian authorities to attribute the 2020 fires to the 2018 drought.

•    Gabarito A  

With respect to the Pantanal, which of the following is probably least supported by the information in the passage?

Com relação ao Pantanal, qual das afirmações a seguir é provavelmente menos apoiada pelas informações contidas na passagem?

(A) Just the Brazilian portion of the Pantanal contains more flora and fauna than does the entire Amazon rainforest.

Apenas a porção brasileira do Pantanal contém mais flora e fauna do que toda a floresta amazônica.

(B) Although located in different parts of the world, California, Siberia, and the Pantanal all share an urgent, serious characteristic.

Embora localizados em diferentes partes do mundo, a Califórnia, a Sibéria e o Pantanal compartilham uma característica urgente e séria.

(C) At least until 2020, a common Brazilian agrarian practice wasn’t extremely destructive in the Pantanal’s protected wilderness areas.

Pelo menos até 2020, uma prática agrária brasileira comum não era extremamente destrutiva nas áreas selvagens protegidas do Pantanal.

(D) Although it is classified as a contiguous wetland, the Pantanal is not flooded all year long.

Embora seja classificado como zona úmida contígua, o Pantanal não fica inundado o ano todo.

(E) It may have been inaccurate for Brazilian authorities to attribute the 2020 fires to the 2018 drought.

Pode ter sido impreciso as autoridades brasileiras atribuirem os incêndios de 2020 à seca de 2018.

09 – Considering the information in the passage, you can most likely conclude which of the following?

(A) Land in the Pantanal remains essentially useless for many years after being subjected to extensive burning.

(B) Using fire to clear land for plantations and cattle ranches in the Pantanal is an efficient, productive, and widely approved agricultural practice.

(C) Since the Pantanal is in reality eternal, loud warnings about its imminent destruction are merely examples of irresponsible propaganda.

(D) Scientific research suggests that the 2020 Pantanal fires were more the result of human action than of natural forces.

(E)Natural phenomena protected agricultural and grazing lands in the Pantanal from the worst effects of the 2020 fires.

•    Gabarito D  

Considering the information in the passage, you can most likely conclude which of the following?

Considerando as informações contidas na passagem, você provavelmente pode concluir qual das seguintes opções?

(A) Land in the Pantanal remains essentially useless for many years after being subjected to extensive burning.

As terras no Pantanal permanecem essencialmente inúteis por muitos anos após serem submetidas a queimadas extensas.

(B) Using fire to clear land for plantations and cattle ranches in the Pantanal is an efficient, productive, and widely approved agricultural practice.

Usar o fogo para limpar terras para plantações e fazendas de gado no Pantanal é uma prática agrícola eficiente, produtiva e amplamente aprovada.

(C) Since the Pantanal is in reality eternal, loud warnings about its imminent destruction are merely examples of irresponsible propaganda.

Como o Pantanal é na realidade eterno, os avisos ruidosos sobre a sua destruição iminente são apenas exemplos de propaganda irresponsável.

(D) Scientific research suggests that the 2020 Pantanal fires were more the result of human action than of natural forces.

Pesquisas científicas sugerem que os incêndios no Pantanal de 2020 foram mais resultado da ação humana do que de forças naturais.

(E) Natural phenomena protected agricultural and grazing lands in the Pantanal from the worst effects of the 2020 fires.

Os fenômenos naturais protegeram as terras agrícolas e de pastagem do Pantanal dos piores efeitos dos incêndios de 2020. 

❑ TEXTO 3: Texto para as perguntas de 10 a 12

CAN IMAGES UNDERMINE TRUTH? SOME WOULD SAY SO

As imagens podem minar a verdade?

Alguns diriam assim

In March 2001, the Taliban regime that ruled Afghanistan stunned the world by destroying two ancient and monumental sculptures of the Buddha carved [esculpidas, entalhadas] into the sandstone cliffs of the province of Bamiyan.

Em Março de 2001, o regime talibã que governava o Afeganistão surpreendeu [chocou] o mundo ao destruir duas esculturas antigas e monumentais do Buda esculpidas nas falésias de arenito da província de Bamiyan.

Images have power – to enchant, but also to threaten.

As imagens têm poder – de encantar, mas também de ameaçar.

For centuries they have threatened those who believe that images stand in the way of the authentic search [busca] for God, and who have retaliated by obliterating religious art.

Durante séculos, eles ameaçaram aqueles que acreditam que as imagens impedem a busca autêntica de Deus, e que retaliaram destruindo a arte religiosa.

We call that self-inflicted wound [ferido] iconoclasm, from the Greek eikono klasmos – “image breaking.”

Chamamos essa ferida autoinfligida de iconoclastia, do grego eikono klasmos – “quebra de imagem”.

It has a long history. Jews were discouraged from religious imagery by the injunction against “graven images” [imagens esculpidas] in the biblical book of Exodus.

Tem uma longa história. Os judeus foram desencorajados de imagens religiosas pela proibição contra “imagens esculpidas” no livro bíblico do Êxodo.

Most Moslems have been opposed to religious imagery, including representations of the Prophet [Mohammed].

A maioria dos muçulmanos opôs-se às imagens religiosas, incluindo representações do Profeta [Maomé].

But hostility to “idol worship” [adoração de ídolos] has been a struggle for centuries within Christianity as well.

Mas a hostilidade à “adoração de ídolos” tem sido uma luta durante séculos também dentro do Cristianismo.

In the year 726 the episode that first gave iconoclasm its name began when Byzantine Emperor Leo III ordered the destruction of all pictures and statuary in Christian churches within his empire.

No ano de 726, o episódio que deu nome à iconoclastia começou quando o imperador bizantino Leão III ordenou a destruição de todos os quadros e estátuas nas igrejas cristãs de seu império.

It was an order that set off riots [acendou tumultos] in many places and ignited more than a century of turmoil [tumultuo, desordem] in the Byzantine Empire before the defenders of holy images gained the upper hand [a posição dominante] in 842.

Foi uma ordem que desencadeou motins [acendou tumultos] em muitos lugares e desencadeou mais de um século de turbulência [tumultuo, desordem] no Império Bizantino antes de os defensores das imagens sagradas ganharem a vantagem [a posição dominante] em 842.

As the Protestant Reformation took shape in the 16th century, some reformers opposed what they saw as the worship of pictures and statues among the Catholic faithful.

À medida que a Reforma Protestante tomava forma no século XVI, alguns reformadores opuseram-se ao que consideravam a adoração de imagens e estátuas entre os fiéis católicos.

John Calvin’s hatred of “heathen” imagery and statuary would lead to a wave of church “cleansings” in the Netherlands [os Países Baixos] in 1566 and campaigns against holy pictures and statues during the English Civil War.

O ódio de João Calvino pelas imagens e estátuas “pagãs” levaria a uma onda de “limpezas” de igrejas nos Países Baixos em 1566 e a campanhas contra imagens e estátuas sagradas durante a Guerra Civil Inglesa.

It was an attitude the Pilgrims [os Peregrinos], Puritan followers of Calvin, would carry with them to the New World in North America.

Era uma atitude que os Peregrinos [os Peregrinos], puritanos seguidores de Calvino, levariam consigo para o Novo Mundo na América do Norte.

• Adapted from 100 Ideas That Changed The World, published by Time

10 – Which of the following statements does the information in the article probably most support?

(A) The Taliban believe that it goes against the teachings of the Buddha to represent him in the form of a statue.

(B) The Taliban believe there is no connection between their religion (Islam) and Buddhism.

(C) Destroying religious art weakens rather than strengthens religious faith.

(D) The nature of religion is such that no true religion can, in good conscience, encourage the destruction of religious art.

(E) Those who destroy religious art are, in a sense, hurting themselves.

•    Gabarito E  

Which of the following statements does the information in the article probably most support?

Qual das seguintes afirmações as informações do artigo provavelmente mais apoiam?

(A) The Taliban believe that it goes against the teachings of the Buddha to represent him in the form of a statue.

Os talibãs acreditam que é contra os ensinamentos do Buda representá-lo na forma de uma estátua.Os talibãs acreditam que é contra os ensinamentos do Buda representá-lo na forma de uma estátua.

(B) The Taliban believe there is no connection between their religion (Islam) and Buddhism.

O Taliban acredita que não há ligação entre a sua religião (Islão) e o Budismo.

(C) Destroying religious art weakens rather than strengthens religious faith.

Destruir a arte religiosa enfraquece em vez de fortalecer a fé religiosa.

(D) The nature of religion is such that no true religion can, in good conscience, encourage the destruction of religious art.

A natureza da religião é tal que nenhuma religião verdadeira pode, em sã consciência, encorajar a destruição da arte religiosa.

(E) Those who destroy religious art are, in a sense, hurting themselves.

Aqueles que destroem a arte religiosa estão, em certo sentido, prejudicando a si mesmos.

11 – Which of the following most likely applies to Leo III?

(A) He had no idea of the damage that would occur when he ordered that all pictures and statuary in the Byzantine Empire’s Christian churches be destroyed.

(B) He invented the Greek term eikono klasmos to describe what he had planned for all religious pictures and statuary in his empire.

(C) Although he encouraged the first acts formally known as iconoclasm, his campaign of destruction was not completely successful.

(D) In the end, he lost his throne because of widespread opposition to the destructive religious conflict that resulted from his iconoclasm.

(E) He went even further than Jewish and Moslem leaders had gone when he decreed that all religious imagery in his empire be destroyed – without exception.

•    Gabarito C  

Which of the following most likely applies to Leo III?

Qual das alternativas a seguir provavelmente se aplica a Leão III?

(A) He had no idea of the damage that would occur when he ordered that all pictures and statuary in the Byzantine Empire’s Christian churches be destroyed.

Ele não tinha ideia dos danos que ocorreriam quando ordenou que todos os quadros e estátuas das igrejas cristãs do Império Bizantino fossem destruídos.

(B) He invented the Greek term eikono klasmos to describe what he had planned for all religious pictures and statuary in his empire.

Ele inventou o termo grego eikono klasmos para descrever o que havia planejado para todas as imagens e estátuas religiosas de seu império.

(C) Although he encouraged the first acts formally known as iconoclasm, his campaign of destruction was not completely successful.

Embora tenha encorajado os primeiros atos formalmente conhecidos como iconoclastia, sua campanha de destruição não foi totalmente bem-sucedida.

(D) In the end, he lost his throne because of widespread opposition to the destructive religious conflict that resulted from his iconoclasm.

No final, ele perdeu o trono devido à oposição generalizada ao conflito religioso destrutivo que resultou da sua iconoclastia.

(E) He went even further than Jewish and Moslem leaders had gone when he decreed that all religious imagery in his empire be destroyed – without exception.

Ele foi ainda mais longe do que os líderes judeus e muçulmanos tinham ido quando decretou que todas as imagens religiosas do seu império fossem destruídas – sem excepção.

12 – According to the information in the article, in the 16th century.

(A) The Protestant Reformation was the logical result of religious fanaticism that began in the Jewish, Moslem, and Byzantine worlds.

(B) Although a number of Protestant reformers condemned the Catholic Church’s use of religious pictures and statues, not every reformer shared that attitude.

(C) Their opposition to the worship of religious pictures and statues was the element that, more than any other, definitively separated the Protestant reformers from the Catholic Church.

(D) Among all the Protestant reformers, John Calvin was the most radical in his hatred of “heathen” imagery and statuary.

(E) Protestant churches in the Netherlands, England, and the New World were merely Catholic churches without the religious pictures and statuary.

•    Gabarito B  

According to the information in the article, in the 16th century.

Segundo informações do artigo, no século XVI.

(A) The Protestant Reformation was the logical result of religious fanaticism that began in the Jewish, Moslem, and Byzantine worlds.

A Reforma Protestante foi o resultado lógico do fanatismo religioso que começou nos mundos judaico, muçulmano e bizantino.

(B) Although a number of Protestant reformers condemned the Catholic Church’s use of religious pictures and statues, not every reformer shared that attitude.

Embora vários reformadores protestantes condenassem o uso de imagens e estátuas religiosas pela Igreja Católica, nem todos os reformadores partilhavam dessa atitude.

(C) Their opposition to the worship of religious pictures and statues was the element that, more than any other, definitively separated the Protestant reformers from the Catholic Church.

A sua oposição ao culto de imagens e estátuas religiosas foi o elemento que, mais do que qualquer outro, separou definitivamente os reformadores protestantes da Igreja Católica.

(D) Among all the Protestant reformers, John Calvin was the most radical in his hatred of “heathen” imagery and statuary.

Entre todos os reformadores protestantes, João Calvino foi o mais radical no seu ódio às imagens e estátuas “pagãs”.

(E) Protestant churches in the Netherlands, England, and the New World were merely Catholic churches without the religious pictures and statuary. As igrejas protestantes na Holanda, na Inglaterra e no Novo Mundo eram igrejas meramente católicas, sem imagens e estátuas religiosas.

❑ TEXTO 4: Texto para as perguntas de 13 a 15.

RUSSIA THREATENS TO SUE SWISS NEWSPAPER

Rússia ameaça processar jornal suíço

• By Jan de Boer

The Russian government has threatened to sue a Swiss newspaper after it published a photoshopped picture of President Vladimir Putin.

O governo russo ameaçou processar um jornal suíço depois de este ter publicado uma fotografia photoshopada do presidente Vladimir Putin.

The Russian Embassy in Bern [Switzerland’s Capital] sent the Neue Zürcher Zeitung (NZZ) [“New Journal of Zurich”] a letter of protest, warning that they may pursue legal action.

A Embaixada da Rússia em Berna [capital da Suíça] enviou ao Neue Zürcher Zeitung (NZZ) [“Novo Jornal de Zurique”] uma carta de protesto, avisando que podem entrar com ações legais.

On June 25, 2022, the NZZ published a piece entitled Between Superheroes and Villains: The Power of Memes in the Ukraine War.

Em 25 de junho de 2022, o NZZ publicou um artigo intitulado Entre super-heróis e vilões: o poder dos memes na guerra da Ucrânia.

In the article, journalist Marit Langschwager analyzed how memes on the internet “often simplify complex processes,” such as events during the war in Ukraine.

No artigo, a jornalista Marit Langschwager analisou como os memes na internet “muitas vezes simplificam processos complexos”, como os acontecimentos durante a guerra na Ucrânia.

The article included several memes related to the conflict – one meme portrayed President Volodymyr Zelensky as a kind of heroic Ukrainian Captain America – and speculated whether humor could be used to sway [influenciar] public opinion and diplomacy in future wars.

O artigo incluía vários memes relacionados com o conflito – um meme retratava o Presidente Volodymyr Zelensky como uma espécie de heróico Capitão América ucraniano – e especulava se o humor poderia ser usado para influenciar [influenciar] a opinião pública e a diplomacia em guerras futuras.

While there was no direct attack on Vladimir Putin in the text, the NZZ did include a photoshopped image of the Russian President wearing a clown nose and sporting [ostentando] LGBTQ+ flag face-paint.

Embora não houvesse nenhum ataque direto a Vladimir Putin no texto, o NZZ incluiu uma imagem photoshopada do presidente russo usando nariz de palhaço e ostentando [ostentando] pintura facial da bandeira LGBTQ+.

This angered the Russian Embassy, which declared in a letter to NZZ editor Eric Gujer that the “little-known [pouco conhecido] young journalist” had surpassed other Swiss writers who “regularly spread inventions and insults against the Russian leadership, shamelessly and unpunished.”

Isto irritou a Embaixada Russa, que declarou numa carta ao editor da NZZ, Eric Gujer, que o “jovem jornalista pouco conhecido [pouco conhecido]” tinha ultrapassado outros escritores suíços que “espalham regularmente invenções e insultos contra a liderança russa, descaradamente e impunemente.”

The Embassy claimed that the memes were created by “Ukrainian troll factories,” [oficinas clandestinas que produzem “fake news” e calúnias e difamações para a mídia social] and are mere “reprints of stock images” characterized by “a flat sense of humor.”

A Embaixada alegou que os memes foram criados por “fábricas de trolls ucranianas” [oficinas clandestinas que produzem “fake news” e calúnias e difamações para a mídia social] e são meras “reimpressões de imagens de banco de imagens” caracterizadas por “um senso de humor plano .”

The Embassy argued that the newspaper – one of the largest news outlets [veículos] in Zurich – had “violated the honor and dignity of the president.”

A Embaixada argumentou que o jornal – um dos maiores meios de comunicação [veículos] em Zurique – “violou a honra e a dignidade do presidente”.

They also expressed anger at the LGBTQ+ flag on Putin’s face, which they said offends the “traditional Christian values of Russian society” and reflected how LGBTQ+ ideals are “forcefully promoted in the west.”

Eles também expressaram raiva pela bandeira LGBTQ+ no rosto de Putin, que, segundo eles, ofende os “valores cristãos tradicionais da sociedade russa” e refletiu como os ideais LGBTQ+ são “promovidos com força no Ocidente”.

In concluding their statement, the Embassy threatened the NZZ with legal action, saying they reserved the right to contact the Swiss police and sue the newspaper for “this publication and possible future publications of a libelous [caluniosa] and offensive nature.”

Ao concluir a sua declaração, a Embaixada ameaçou o NZZ com uma ação legal, dizendo que se reservava o direito de contactar a polícia suíça e processar o jornal por “esta publicação e possíveis futuras publicações de natureza difamatória [caluniosa] e ofensiva”.

They cautioned the newspaper to “approach the selections of materials for publication more carefully” in the future.

Eles alertaram o jornal para “abordar a seleção de materiais para publicação com mais cuidado” no futuro.

The article remains published.

O artigo permanece publicado.

• Adapted from the online newsletter I AM EXPAT, July 18, 2022

13 – The information in the article most likely supports all of the following statements except 

(A) the main purpose of Marit Langschwager’s article was to humiliate Vladimir Putin and, by extension, Russia.

(B) if the article had been all text with no pictorial elements, the Russian government possibly would not have reacted.

(C) in his article, Marit Langschwager investigated how memes may or may not affect wars, both present and future.

(D) nothing written in the article could be considered openly insulting to Vladimir Putin.

(E) despite threats and recriminations, the Russian Embassy has so far not brought any concrete legal action against Marit Langschwager and the NZZ.

•    Gabarito A  

The information in the article most likely supports all of the following statements except 

As informações no artigo muito provavelmente apoiam todas as afirmações a seguir, EXCETO

(A) the main purpose of Marit Langschwager’s article was to humiliate Vladimir Putin and, by extension, Russia.

o principal objetivo do artigo de Marit Langschwager era humilhar Vladimir Putin e, por extensão, a Rússia.

(B) if the article had been all text with no pictorial elements, the Russian government possibly would not have reacted.

se o artigo fosse todo texto sem elementos pictóricos, o governo russo possivelmente não teria reagido.

(C) in his article, Marit Langschwager investigated how memes may or may not affect wars, both present and future.

em seu artigo, Marit Langschwager investigou como os memes podem ou não afetar as guerras, tanto presentes quanto futuras.

(D) nothing written in the article could be considered openly insulting to Vladimir Putin.

nada escrito no artigo poderia ser considerado um insulto aberto a Vladimir Putin.

(E) despite threats and recriminations, the Russian Embassy has so far not brought any concrete legal action against Marit Langschwager and the NZZ.

apesar das ameaças e recriminações, a Embaixada da Rússia não intentou até agora qualquer acção legal concreta contra Marit Langschwager e a NZZ.

14 – Considering the information in the article, you may conclude that the Russian Embassy most likely promotes the idea that

(A) Vladimir Putin is a man of “honor and dignity” whose effectiveness as a national leader will be ruined if people see him depicted as a clown.

(B) a number of Swiss writers are currently working to spread false and destructive anti-Russian information.

(C) a group of talentless amateurs are fabricating memes that only serve to increase Vladimir Putin’s popularity.

(D) any Russian who claims to believe in traditional Christian values will never have anything to do with the LGBTQ+ movement.

(E) if the NZZ continues to lie about Russia, it will be closed by the Swiss Authorities.

•    Gabarito B  

Considering the information in the article, you may conclude that the Russian Embassy most likely promotes the idea that

Considerando as informações contidas no artigo, você pode concluir que a Embaixada Russa provavelmente promove a ideia de que

(A) Vladimir Putin is a man of “honor and dignity” whose effectiveness as a national leader will be ruined if people see him depicted as a clown.

Vladimir Putin é um homem de “honra e dignidade” cuja eficácia como líder nacional será arruinada se as pessoas o virem retratado como um palhaço.

(B) a number of Swiss writers are currently working to spread false and destructive anti-Russian information.

vários escritores suíços estão atualmente trabalhando para espalhar informações anti-russas falsas e destrutivas.

(C) a group of talentless amateurs are fabricating memes that only serve to increase Vladimir Putin’s popularity.

um grupo de amadores sem talento está a fabricar memes que só servem para aumentar a popularidade de Vladimir Putin.

(D) any Russian who claims to believe in traditional Christian values will never have anything to do with the LGBTQ+ movement.

qualquer russo que alegue acreditar nos valores cristãos tradicionais nunca terá nada a ver com o movimento LGBTQ+.

(E) if the NZZ continues to lie about Russia, it will be closed by the Swiss Authorities.

se a NZZ continuar a mentir sobre a Rússia, será fechada pelas autoridades suíças.

15 – Which one of the following statements could most likely help to explain the impact of the two memes that accompany the article and are reproduced above?

(A) “It is only shallow people who do not judge by appearances.”

(B) “Winning isn’t the most important thing: it’s the only thing.”

(C) “Laugh and the world laughs with you; cry and you cry alone.”

(D) “One picture is worth a thousand words.”

(E) “The first casualty when war comes is truth.”

•    Gabarito D  

Which one of the following statements could most likely help to explain the impact of the two memes that accompany the article and are reproduced above?

Qual das seguintes afirmações poderia provavelmente ajudar a explicar o impacto dos dois memes que acompanham o artigo e são reproduzidos acima?

(A) “It is only shallow people who do not judge by appearances.”

“Só as pessoas superficiais não julgam pelas aparências.”

(B) “Winning isn’t the most important thing: it’s the only thing.”

 “Vencer não é o mais importante: é a única coisa.”

(C) “Laugh and the world laughs with you; cry and you cry alone.”

“Ria e o mundo rirá com você; chore e você chora sozinho.

(D) “One picture is worth a thousand words.”

“Uma imagem vale mais que mil palavras.”

(E) “The first casualty when war comes is truth.”

“A primeira vítima quando a guerra chega é a verdade.”