1️⃣ TEXTO – | Benevolent sexists | Prospect |
2️⃣ TEXTO – | The panama papers in russia and ukraine | The Economist |
📌ESTILO – 15 Multiple Choice Questions | Five-Option Question |
❑ TEXTO 1:
Benevolent sexists
By Jessica Abrahams
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Sounds nice, doesn’t it? But 14th February is a classic example of what people who study such things call “benevolent sexism.”
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The term was coined by psychologists Peter Glick and Susan Fiske, who define it as “a subjectively positive orientation of protection, idealisation, and affection directed towards women that, like hostile sexism, serves to justify women’s subordinate status to men.” Compare, for example, the belief that women are less capable than men professionally (hostile sexism) with the belief that women have a maternal instinct, a natural talent for taking care of children (benevolent sexism). One sounds like an insult while the other sounds like a compliment, but both have the effect of suggesting that a woman’s rightful place is in the home.
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Women will be aware of “benevolent sexism” happening all around them, from repeatedly hearing that they are gentler or have better social skills than men, to being told their looks give them an advantage in certain careers.
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Because these beliefs are ostensibly positive towards women, they may be more widespread or considered more acceptable than attitudes that are openly hostile. What’s more, they are often accompanied by apparently negative beliefs about men—men might be good at business and things mechanical, say these benevolent sexists, but they are useless at running a household, dealing with emotions or anything involving fashion. Such ideas are insulting to men, but they are also underpinned by traditional beliefs about the supposedly natural differences between males and females which end up damaging both.
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Chivalry [cavalheirismo] is one manifestation of this, and that’s why there is often confusion about it. It is a kind gesture for a man to pull a woman’s chair out or hold a door open for her, but it is also based on assumptions about gender roles that we could do without.
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This is what will happen on Valentine’s Day, this year as every other, when men wine and dine their female loves, and give them roses and jewellery and heart-shaped greetings cards. This is the danger of benevolent sexism: the day may be filled with good intentions on the part of men, and may be enjoyed and anticipated by many women, but it is nonetheless built on unwelcome foundations which ultimately do women no good. The trouble is that those foundations are obscured by a friendly façade.
Adapted from Prospect March 2016
👉 Questão 31 :According to the author of the article,
(A) Valentine’s Day reinforces the same harmful gender stereotypes in all countries of the world.
(B) the main purpose of Valentine’s Day is to oppress women in subtle ways.
(C) since our understanding of gender roles has changed so much, Valentine’s Day is no longer a valid celebration of love between men and women.
(D) in its own way, Valentine’s Day produces an effect similar to that produced by hostile sexism.
(E) commercial interests and materialism have ruined Valentine’s Day by turning it into a sexist celebration.
R E S P O S T A : D |
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👉 Questão 32 :In paragraph 2, when the author writes, “Sounds nice, doesn’t it?” she is most likely
(A) lamenting the fact that Valentine’s Day has become so distorted over the years.
(B) complaining that Valentine’s Day is not doing enough to promote real equality between men and women.
(C) admitting sadly that she too once believed that Valentine’s Day is a good thing for women.
(D) doing her best to hide her true feelings about Valentine’s Day.
(E) making an ironic comment that expresses the opposite of what she really believes about Valentine’s Day.
R E S P O S T A : E |
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👉 Questão 33 :You can judge from the information in the article that the psychologists Peter Glick and Susan Fiske most likely believe which of the following?
(A) Benevolent sexism hurts women even more than hostile sexism does.
(B) An openly aggressive male attitude is not essential in order to oppress women.
(C) Relations between men and women will always be characterized by a fierce power struggle between the sexes.
(D) Unless both benevolent and hostile sexism are eradicated, women will continue to be less professionally capable than men.
(E) No woman with a strong sense of initiative and a healthy self-esteem wants to be a wife and a mother.
R E S P O S T A : B |
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👉 Questão 34 :In accordance with the information in the article, which of the following ideas would most likely not be an example of benevolent sexism, as defined by Peter Glick and Susan Fiske?
(A) Women take more pride in their appearance than men do.
(B) The fact that women are by nature friendly and helpful makes them good additions to all-male study groups.
(C) In certain professional areas, a woman will soon discover that she is very lucky if she is both beautiful and charming.
(D) Since women are more delicate than men, it makes sense that men should take care of them.
(E) The beauty of motherhood is the fact that a child takes precedence over everything else in a woman’s life.
R E S P O S T A : A |
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👉 Questão 35 :According to the information in the article,
(A) because benevolent sexism is so well hidden, it is in fact much more harmful to women than hostile sexism is.
(B) although benevolent sexism can be annoying to women, in reality it causes them very little harm.
(C) in denigrating women, certain kinds of benevolent sexism also end up denigrating men.
(D) for benevolent sexism to be truly harmful, it must attack men as much as it attacks women.
(E) the purpose of benevolent sexism is to praise and support men and to denigrate women.
R E S P O S T A : C |
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👉 Questão 36 :In paragraph 5, “they” in the phrase “…they are useless at running a household…” most likely refers to
(A) men who subject women to benevolent sexism.
(B) women who try to compete with men as equals.
(C) men who are especially skilled in business and mechanics.
(D) men in general, according to certain benevolent sexists.
(E) men whose beliefs are openly hostile to women in general.
R E S P O S T A : D |
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👉 Questão 37 :In paragraph 6, the phrase “Chivalry [cavalheirismo] is one manifestation of this…” most likely refers to which of the following?
(A) Fundamental parts of the standard belief system that promotes chivalry are equivocal.
(B) Unproven but universally accepted ideas about the nature of men and women can only be destructive.
(C) If there were no natural differences between men and women, chivalry would never have been invented.
(D) Although invented as a system of correct behavior, nowadays chivalry only generates confusion and resentment.
(E) Chivalry is a hypocritical behavioral system whose real purpose is to guarantee the subjugation of women.
R E S P O S T A : A |
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👉 Questão 38 :With respect to Valentine’s Day, the information in the article supports all of the following except
(A) it’s possible that men participating in Valentine’s Day do not know they are helping to reinforce prejudice against women.
(B) women participating in Valentine’s Day may often be blind to its bad aspects.
(C) because of its true but hidden nature, Valentine’s Day does no one any good.
(D) as it is currently practiced, Valentine’s Day inevitably produces harmful effects.
(E) the generosity that men show to women on Valentine’s Day is ultimately one of that holiday’s negative aspects.
R E S P O S T A : C |
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❑ TEXTO 2:
(NOTE: The Panama papers is the name given to millions of leaked documents belonging to the Panama-based law firm, Mossack Fonseca, which sets up offshore companies, trusts, and foundations, some of which have allegedly been used for tax evasion, money laundering, and other illegal purposes.)
The panama papers in russia and ukraine
By Jessica Abrahams
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Suggestions of shady dealings in the president’s court neither surprise nor enrage most Russians. Only a few opposition activists came out to protest in central Moscow on April 5th; several were quickly detained. Some 76% of the country believes its authorities are corrupt; 66% say Mr Putin bears significant or full responsibility for such high-level corruption. Yet he remains secure. “Corruption is seen as a fact of life, and the sense that there’s nothing we can do about it is pervasive,” says Maria Lipman, editor of the journal Counterpoint. The latest revelations will do nothing to change those perceptions.
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With the help of friendly media, the Kremlin has instead used the leak to reinforce a familiar story of Western interference. As Lev Gudkov, head of the Levada Centre, an independent pollster, points out, Russian reactions depend almost entirely on the nature of the news coverage.
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State-run television networks said little about the Panama papers except to present them as part of an “information war” against Mr Putin, “the curatorial work of the US State Department itself”. Mr Putin’s name, they note, does not appear in the Mossack Fonseca documents. Questions about how the president’s old friend, the cellist Sergei Roldugin, came into such enormous wealth are dismissed as “Putinophobia”. Andrey Kostin, head of the state-run bank VTB, which allegedly made loans to Mr Roldugin through a Cypriot subsidiary, called the notion of Mr Putin’s involvement “bullshit”.
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The documents may prove far more damaging for Mr Putin’s counterpart in Ukraine, Petro Poroshenko. A confectionery magnate known as the “Chocolate King”, Mr Poroshenko promised to sell his company, Roshen, after winning the presidency in May 2014. Earlier this year he announced that he had transferred his assets to a blind trust. Instead, the documents indicate, they were moved offshore to the British Virgin Islands (BVI).
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Legally, Mr Poroshenko may have an explanation. His associates suggest, and some experts agree, that the BVI company created in his name was nothing more than a vehicle for a pre-sale restructuring of Roshen. The documents do not suggest Mr Poroshenko abused his office to enrich himself. The Ukrainian general prosecutor’s office says that so far it “does not see any elements of a crime”.
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Politically, though, this is a giant problem for a president who rode a revolution to power promising to clean up his country’s crooked political system.
Adapted from The Economist April 9, 2016.
👉 Questão 39 :According to President Vladimir Putin’s spokesman, Dmitry Peskov,
(A) all of the corruption involving Vladimir Putin and his associates was well known by the Russian people before the Panama papers came out.
(B) the information revealed by the Panama papers is fraudulent and therefore has nothing at all to do with the Kremlin.
(C) the appearance of the Panama papers is proof that innumerable foreign entities are working day and night to destabilize Vladimir Putin’s administration.
(D) the Panama papers were a surprise because the information they revealed was essentially so weak.
(E) foreign entities working with Russia’s opposition party are manipulating the Panama papers in an attempt to destroy Vladimir Putin’s chance to be reelected president this year.
R E S P O S T A : D |
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👉 Questão 40 :According to the information in the article, most Russians
(A) still have no clearly formed opinion about their country’s endemic corruption.
(B) understand that a high level of corruption is necessary for any government to work efficiently.
(C) no longer show any strong reaction to news of corruption among the officials who run the country.
(D) are so afraid of the inevitable legal consequences of publicly protesting against government corruption that they prefer to remain quiet.
(E) gladly tolerate widespread corruption in exchange for security and prosperity.
R E S P O S T A : C |
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👉 Questão 41 :In paragraph 2, the sentence “The latest revelations will do nothing to change those perceptions” most likely refers to which of the following?
(A) Information presented by the Panama papers will not modify the ideas of the Russian people about corruption in their government.
(B) Information presented by the Panama papers has merely reinforced the Russian people’s belief that government corruption will only get worse.
(C) The Russian tradition of government corruption is so strong that it will never change.
(D) Many people around the world believe that the passive acceptance of government corruption is a general characteristic of Russian society.
(E) Nothing will change the Kremlin’s opinion that the information revealed by the Panama papers is of little importance.
R E S P O S T A : A |
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👉 Questão 42 :With respect to Russia’s news media, the information in the article most supports which of the following?
(A) The Panama papers would have been a political and public relations disaster if the Kremlin had not received large-scale help from Russia’s news media.
(B) Russia’s news media are worried that sooner or later the information revealed by the Panama papers will destroy Vladimir Putin’s government.
(C) The information revealed by the Panama papers is so vague that Russia’s news media have refused to take it seriously.
(D) Since the Kremlin controls all of Russia’s news media, Russians have no way to know the truth about Vladimir Putin’s involvement with the Panama papers.
(E) In general, Russia’s news media will determine what most Russians think about the Panama papers.
R E S P O S T A : E |
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👉 Questão 43 :According to the information in the article,
(A) the US State Department released the Panama papers as part of its plan to ruin Vladimir Putin’s reputation.
(B) the Panama papers have not yet provided concrete proof that Vladimir Putin did any kind of business personally with Mossack Fonseca.
(C) the Panama papers have identified Vladimir Putin as the proprietor of an offshore bank account that his old friend, Sergei Roldugin, set up with the help of Mossack Fonseca.
(D) there is no doubt that Vladimir Putin helped his old friend, Sergei Roldugin, to receive money though a subsidiary of the Russian state-run bank VTB.
(E) because Vladimir Putin is absolutely secure in his position as Russia’s president, opponents are now concentrating their attacks on his friends and associates.
R E S P O S T A : B |
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👉 Questão 44 :Which of the following is most supported by the information in the article?
(A) In order to win Ukraine’s presidential election, Petro Poroshenko made a fraudulent promise to sell his company, Roshen.
(B) Information revealed by the Panama papers shows concrete proof that Petro Poroshenko’s government is more corrupt than Vladimir Putin’s government.
(C) The blind trust in which Petro Poroshenko placed his assets was specifically designed to hide them from investigation.
(D) Ukraine’s voters believed that because Petro Poroshenko was a rich businessman with no experience in politics, it was certain that he would be an honest and competent president.
(E) Before the Panama papers were revealed to the public, Ukrainians probably had a better opinion of Petro Poroshenko’s integrity than Russian’s had of Vladimir Putin’s integrity.
R E S P O S T A : E |
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👉 Questão 45 :In the last sentence of the article, “this” in the phrase “…this is a giant problem…” most likely refers to the fact that
(A) the Panama papers have revealed Petro Poroshenko’s dishonest business and political deals.
(B) Petro Poroshenko apparently did not do with his assets what he told the Ukrainian people he had done.
(C) BVI offshore companies, though not necessarily illegal, are frequently associated with money-laundering schemes and other forms of corruption.
(D) the Ukrainian general prosecutor’s office may start to investigate Petro Poroshenko’s allegedly criminal activities.
(E) although Petro Poroshenko’s company, Roshen, was subjected to a rigorous pre-sale restructuring, no one wanted to buy it.
R E S P O S T A : B |
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