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AFA-2019-CFOAV/CFOINT/CFOINF-24/06/2018.
❑ TEXTO: Read the text below and answer questions 01 to 16 according to it.
WHY DO
SUPERVILLAINS FASCINATE US?
A PSYCHOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE
Why are we fascinated by supervillains? Posing the
question is much like asking why evil itself intrigues us, but there's much
more to our continued interest in supervillains than meets the eye. Not only do
Lex Luthor, Dracula and the Red Skull run unconstrained by conventional
morality, they exist outside the limits of reality itself. Their evil, even at
its most realistic, retains a touch of the unreal.
But is our fascination with
fantastic fiends1 healthy? From a psychological perspective, views
vary on what drives our enduring interest in superhuman bad guys.
Shadow confrontation: Psychiatrist Carl Jung
believed we need to confront and understand our own hidden nature to grow as
human beings. Healthy confrontation with our shadow selves can unearth new
strengths (e.g., Bruce Wayne creating his Dark Knight persona to fight crime),
whereas unhealthy attempts at confrontation may involve dwelling on or
unleashing the worst parts of ourselves.
Wish fulfillment: Sigmund Freud viewed human nature
as inherently antisocial, biologically driven by the undisciplined id's
pleasure principle to get what we want when we want it – born to be bad but
held back by society. Even if the psyche fully develops its ego (source of
self-control) and superego (conscience), Freudians say the id still dwells2
underneath, and it wishes for many selfish things – so it would love to be
supervillainous.
Hierarchy of needs: Humanistic psychologist Abraham
Maslow held that people who haven't met their most basic needs will have
difficulty maturing. If starved for food, you're unlikely to feel secure. If
starved for love and companionship, you'll have trouble building self-esteem.
People who dwell on their deficits may envy and resent others who have more
than they do. Some people who are unable to overcome social shortcomings
fantasize about obtaining any means, good or bad, to satisfy every need and
greed.
Conditioning: Ivan Pavlov would say we can learn to associate supervillains with other things we value – like entertainment, strength, freedom or the heroes themselves. Behaviorist B.F. Skinner would likely argue that we can find it reinforcing to watch or read about supervillains, but without knowing what's reinforcing about them, that's a bit like saying it's rewarding because it's rewarding.
Our Motivations for Seeking Out Supervillains
Throughout history, humans have been captivated by
stories of heroes facing off against superhuman foes3 . But what
specific rewards, needs, wishes and dark dreams do supervillains satisfy?
Freedom: Superpowered characters enjoy freedoms the
rest of us don't. Nobody can arrest Superman unless he lets them (at least not
without kryptonite handcuffs). As much time as supervillains spend locked up,
they seem to escape as often as they please, to run unconstrained by rules and
regulations. Cosplayers who dress like Wonder Woman and Captain America can't
do any crazy thing that crosses their minds without seeming to mock and insult
our heroes, whereas those dressed as villains get to go wild. Supervillainy
feels liberating.
Power: Maybe you envy the power these evil
characters wield4 . While that's also a reason to adore superheroes,
good guys don't ache to dominate. Stories like Watchmen and Kingdom Come show
how heroes become menaces5 when they try to take over. So when
dreaming of superpowers, maybe you relate to characters who dream of power as
well, from the Scarecrow (who controls individuals' fears) to Doctor Doom
(who's perpetually out to dominate the world).
Better villain than victim: Physiologically, anger
activates us and feels better than anxiety or fear. One who feels victimized
and cannot figure out constructive ways to stand up, be strong or become heroic
might twist the need for self-assertion into destruction. Alternately, a
healthy person simply might focus on how all characters assert themselves in
any given story.
Better villain equals better hero: A hero only appears
as heroic as the challenge he or she must overcome. Great heroes require great
villains. Without supercriminals, the world's finest heroes seem like
overpowered brutes nabbing thugs6 unworthy of them. Through myths,
legends and lore across time, we have needed heroes who rise to the occasion,
overcome great odds7 and take down giants.
Facing our fears: Instead of dreading the darkness,
you might reduce that dread by shining a light and seeing what's out there.
Fiction can help us feel empowered and enlightened without literally traipsing
into mob hangouts8 and poorly lit alleyways9.
Exploring the unknown: Our need to challenge the
unknown has driven the human race to cover the globe. This powerful curiosity
makes us wonder about everything that baffles10 us, including the world's worst
fiends. Knowledge is power, or at least feels like it. When gritty details
repulse us, exploring evil through the filter of fiction can help us
contemplate humanity's worst without turning away or dwelling almost voyeuristically
on real human tragedy. Even when the fiction is about improbable people doing
impossible things, the story's fantastic nature reassures us that this cannot
happen – and therefore we don't have to turn away. Supervillains' Ultimate
Purpose In the end, our interest in supervillains can be healthy or unhealthy.
Even the more maladaptive reasons for such fascination tend to arise from
motivations that were originally healthy and natural – frustrated drives that
went the wrong way. Remember, though, that superheroic fiction ultimately
begins and ends with the heroes. Comic book writers
and artists create supervillains, who move in and out as guest stars and
supporting cast, first and foremost to reveal how heroic the comics' stars can
be.
(Adapted from https://www.wired.com/2012/07/why-do-supervillainsfascinate-us/)
Glossary:
1. fiend – an
evil and cruel person
2. to dwell –
remain
3. foe – an
enemy
4. to wield –
influence, use power
5. menace –
threat
6. to nab thugs
– arrest criminals
7. odds –
probability
8. to traipse
into mob hangouts – walk among places where gangs, criminals meet
9. poorly lit
alleyways – narrow road or path with little light
10. to baffle –
confuse somebody completely
33 – (AFA/CFO-2019-ACADEMIA DA FORÇA AÉREA)
One of the messages below is mentioned in the text. Mark it.
(A) We have to
face and know ourselves deeply in order to become better.
(B) In
fact, we are conditioned to expect more from the heroes.
(C) A
psychological study states that people have been intrigued by the question
whether we are fiends or not.
(D) Superheroes are empowered despite dominating the world.
👍 Comentários e Gabarito A
Uma das mensagens abaixo é mencionada no texto. Marca-lo.
(A) We have to face and know ourselves deeply in order to become better.
(B) In fact, we are conditioned to expect more from the heroes.
(C) A psychological study states that people have been intrigued by the question whether we are fiends or not.
(D) Superheroes are empowered despite dominating the world. Os super-heróis têm poder apesar de dominarem o mundo.
34 – (AFA/CFO-2019-ACADEMIA DA FORÇA AÉREA)
Mark the INCORRECT alternative.
"[...] there's much more to our continued interest in supervillains than meets the eye."(lines 3 and 4)
If there’s more to something than meets the eye, it means that
(A) it’s more
difficult to understand.
(B) you are
conscious of what is around you.
(C) it involves
more things than you thought at the beginning.
(D) the situation is not as simple as it seems to be.
👍 Comentários e Gabarito BMarque a alternativa INCORRETA.
"[...] there's much more to our continued interest in supervillains than meets the eye."(há muito mais em nosso interesse contínuo em supervilões do que aparenta.)
Se há mais em algo do que aparenta, isso significa que
(A) it’s more difficult to understand.
(B) you are conscious of what is around you.
(C) it involves more things than you thought at the beginning.
35 – (AFA/CFO-2019-ACADEMIA DA FORÇA AÉREA)
"Not only do Lex Luthor, Dracula and the Red Skull run unconstrained by conventional morality [...]".(lines 5 and 6)
The highlighted word from the sentence above is used
(A) to perform
an action.
(B) as an
auxiliary verb of the clause.
(C) to
emphasize the verb.
(D) to avoid repeating a verb.
👍 Comentários e Gabarito B"Not only do Lex Luthor, Dracula and the Red Skull run unconstrained by conventional morality [...]".(Não apenas Lex Luthor, Drácula e a Caveira Vermelha correm sem restrições pela moralidade convencional)
A palavra destacada da frase acima é usada
(A) to perform an action.
(B) as an auxiliary verb of the clause.
(C) to emphasize the verb.
36 – (AFA/CFO-2019-ACADEMIA DA FORÇA AÉREA)
Mark the alternative which has the sentence below correctly reported.
"[...] is our fascination with fantastic fiends healthy?"(lines 9 and 10)
The author
(A) replied:
"is our fascination with fantastic fiends healthy?"
(B) said that
their fascination with fantastic fiends had been healthy.
(C) told the
readers their fascination with fantastic fiends has been healthy.
(D) asked if people’s fascination with fantastic fiends was healthy.
👍 Comentários e Gabarito DAssinale a alternativa que tem a frase abaixo relatada corretamente.
"[...] is our fascination with fantastic fiends healthy?"(nosso fascínio por demônios fantásticos é saudável?)
O autor
(A) replied: "is our fascination with fantastic fiends healthy?"
(B) said that their fascination with fantastic fiends had been healthy.
(C) told the readers their fascination with fantastic fiends has been healthy.
37 – (AFA/CFO-2019-ACADEMIA DA FORÇA AÉREA)
According to what drives people's interest in supervillains, the text mentions
(A) the
conscious knowledge that supervillains reinforce things we value (Pavlov and
Skinner).
(B) the
negative side people need to hide to grow as human beings (Carl Jung).
(C) the
undisciplined principle controlled by society (Sigmund Freud).
(D) people’s lack of necessity of food, security and love (Abraham Maslow).
👍 Comentários e Gabarito CDe acordo com o que desperta o interesse das pessoas pelos supervilões, o texto menciona
(A) the conscious knowledge that supervillains reinforce things we value (Pavlov and Skinner).
(B) the negative side people need to hide to grow as human beings (Carl Jung).
(C) the undisciplined principle controlled by society (Sigmund Freud).
38 – (AFA/CFO-2019-ACADEMIA DA FORÇA AÉREA)
The sentences below are used in the interrogative form.
Mark the one that is grammatically correct.
(A) Why does
evil itself intrigues us? (lines 2 and 3)
(B) Who run
unconstrained by conventional morality? (line 6)
(C) Who exist
outside the limits of reality itself? (lines 6 and 7)
(D) What drives our enduring interest in superhuman bad guys? (lines 11 and 12)
👍 Comentários e Gabarito D39 – (AFA/CFO-2019-ACADEMIA DA FORÇA AÉREA)
Mark the option in which the underlined word makes it clear that the subject and the object are the same.
(A) [...] they
exist outside the limits of reality itself. (lines 6 and 7)
(B) [...] like
entertainment, strength, freedom or the heroes themselves. (lines
42 and 43)
(C) [...]
become heroic might twist the need for self-assertion into
destruction. (lines 76 and 77)
(D) [...] all characters assert themselves in any given story. (line 79)
👍 Comentários e Gabarito D40 – (AFA/CFO-2019-ACADEMIA DA FORÇA AÉREA)
The sentence
"[...] Abraham Maslow held that people who haven't met their most basic needs will have difficulty maturing."(lines 31 and 32)
means the psychologist believes that
(A) if people
don’t become mature, they will have trouble meeting their basic needs.
(B) if Abraham
Maslow hadn’t met his basic needs, people would have had difficulty maturing.
(C) unless
people fulfill their basic necessities, getting mature won’t be easy for them.
(D) unless one gets their basic necessities, they won’t have difficulty maturing.
👍 Comentários e Gabarito C41 – (AFA/CFO-2019-ACADEMIA DA FORÇA AÉREA)
Identify the option that summarizes the item “freedom” (lines 53 to 63).
(A) We need to
obey rules and regulations that the superpowered characters follow too.
(B) We look for
supervillainy in order to feel that we can behave the way we want.
(C)
Supervillains shouldn’t insult our heroes.
(D) Nobody can arrest a superhero or a supervillain.
👍 Comentários e Gabarito B42 – (AFA/CFO-2019-ACADEMIA DA FORÇA AÉREA)
"[...] Wonder Woman and Captain America can't do any crazy thing [...] whereas those dressed as villains get to go wild."(lines 59 to 63).
The highlighted word is closest in meaning to
(A) but.
(B) where.
(C) therefore.
(D) though.
👍 Comentários e Gabarito X43 – (AFA/CFO-2019-ACADEMIA DA FORÇA AÉREA)
Mark the option in which the sentence is an example of passive voice.
(A) Sigmund
Freud viewed human nature as inherently antisocial, biologically driven by the
undisciplined id's pleasure principle. (lines 21 to 23)
(B) People who
haven't met their most basic needs will have difficulty maturing. (lines 31 and
32)
(C) Humans have
been captivated by stories of heroes facing off against superhuman foes. (lines
49 to 51)
(D) We have needed heroes who rise to the occasion, overcome great odds and take down giants.(lines 85 to 87)
👍 Comentários e Gabarito C44 – (AFA/CFO-2019-ACADEMIA DA FORÇA AÉREA)
In the paragraph
"Better villain equals better hero" (lines 80 to 84),
the author DOESN’T
(A) make a
comparison.
(B) count a
number of features.
(C) indicate
that something is necessary.
(D) describe characters.
👍 Comentários e Gabarito B45 – (AFA/CFO-2019-ACADEMIA DA FORÇA AÉREA)
In the sentence "when gritty details repulse us [...]"(line 98), the underlined word means
(A) harmful.
(B) unknown.
(C) unpleasant
but true.
(D) impossible.
👍 Comentários e Gabarito C46 – (AFA/CFO-2019-ACADEMIA DA FORÇA AÉREA)
Read the statements below and mark the option that contains the correct ones according to the text.
I. Vulnerable
people may have their self-esteem affected.
II. Everybody
is infatuated with antagonists.
III. In a
psychological perspective, antiheroes aren’t despised at all by the public.
IV. The author
reminds us that funny writers created supervillains stories.
V. We have cherished defeated heroes and victorious antiheroes.
(A) Only
sentences I, II and IV are correct.
(B) Only
sentences I and III are correct.
(C) Only
sentences II, III and V are correct.
(D) Only sentences IV and V are correct.
👍 Comentários e Gabarito B47 – (AFA/CFO-2019-ACADEMIA DA FORÇA AÉREA)
One of the statements below LACKS the content of the text. Mark it.
(A) Our
curiosity makes us wonder what we’ve already understood.
(B) According
to the author’s perspective on superheroes, they can be both heroes and
fiends.
(C) Heroes
depend on villains to succeed.
(D) A part of our unconscious mind would desire to be a villain.
👍 Comentários e Gabarito B48 – (AFA/CFO-2019-ACADEMIA DA FORÇA AÉREA)
The author concludes that
(B) our
motivations for seeking out supervillains are originally unhealthy.
(C)
supervillains are created to prove how heroic and powerful the superheroes
are.
(D) comic book writers create supervillains to overcome superheroes.
👍 Comentários e Gabarito C(B) our motivations for seeking out supervillains are originally unhealthy.
(C) supervillains are created to prove how heroic and powerful the superheroes are.
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