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❑ PROVA DE LÍNGUA INGLESA:
- AFA-2019-CFOAV/CFOINT/CFOINF-CURSO DE FORMAÇÃO DE OFICIAIS (Aviador/Infantaria/Intendente)-ACADEMIA DA FORÇA AÉREA-24/06/18.
- 16 MCQs (Multiple Choice Questions) / 4 Options Each Question.
- Texto – | Why do supervillains fascinate us? A psychological perspective | wired.com |
❑ TRADUÇÃO-TEXTO:
WHY DO
SUPERVILLAINS FASCINATE US?
POR QUE OS SUPERVILÕES NOS FASCINAM?
A PSYCHOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE
UMA PERSPECTIVA PSICOLÓGICA
Why are we fascinated by supervillains? Posing the question is much like asking why evil itself intrigues us, but there's much more to our continued interest in supervillains than meets the eye. Not only do Lex Luthor, Dracula and the Red Skull run unconstrained by conventional morality, they exist outside the limits of reality itself. Their evil, even at its most realistic, retains a touch of the unreal.
Por que somos fascinados por supervilões? Colocar a questão é muito parecido com perguntar por que o próprio mal nos intriga, mas há muito mais em nosso interesse contínuo em supervilões do que aparenta. Não apenas Lex Luthor, Drácula e o Caveira Vermelha correm sem restrições pela moralidade convencional, eles existem fora dos limites da própria realidade. Seu mal, mesmo em seu momento mais realista, retém um toque do irreal.
But is our fascination with
fantastic fiends1 healthy? From a psychological perspective, views
vary on what drives our enduring interest in superhuman bad guys.
Mas será que nossa fascinação por demônios fantásticos é saudável? De uma perspectiva psicológica, as visões variam sobre o que impulsiona nosso interesse duradouro em vilões super-humanos.
Shadow confrontation: Psychiatrist Carl Jung
believed we need to confront and understand our own hidden nature to grow as
human beings. Healthy confrontation with our shadow selves can unearth new
strengths (e.g., Bruce Wayne creating his Dark Knight persona to fight crime),
whereas unhealthy attempts at confrontation may involve dwelling on or
unleashing the worst parts of ourselves.
Confronto com a sombra: O psiquiatra Carl Jung acreditava que precisamos confrontar e entender nossa própria natureza oculta para crescer como seres humanos. O confronto saudável com nossos eus sombra pode revelar novas forças (por exemplo, Bruce Wayne criando sua persona de Cavaleiro das Trevas para combater o crime), enquanto tentativas doentias de confronto podem envolver insistir ou liberar as piores partes de nós mesmos.
Wish fulfillment: Sigmund Freud viewed human nature
as inherently antisocial, biologically driven by the undisciplined id's
pleasure principle to get what we want when we want it – born to be bad but
held back by society. Even if the psyche fully develops its ego (source of
self-control) and superego (conscience), Freudians say the id still dwells2
underneath, and it wishes for many selfish things – so it would love to be
supervillainous.
Realização de desejo: Sigmund Freud via a natureza humana como inerentemente antissocial, biologicamente movida pelo princípio de prazer do id indisciplinado para obter o que queremos quando queremos – nascido para ser mau, mas retido pela sociedade. Mesmo que a psique desenvolva completamente seu ego (fonte de autocontrole) e superego (consciência), os freudianos dizem que o id ainda habita2 por baixo, e deseja muitas coisas egoístas – então ele adoraria ser supervilão.
Hierarchy of needs: Humanistic psychologist Abraham
Maslow held that people who haven't met their most basic needs will have
difficulty maturing. If starved for food, you're unlikely to feel secure. If
starved for love and companionship, you'll have trouble building self-esteem.
People who dwell on their deficits may envy and resent others who have more
than they do. Some people who are unable to overcome social shortcomings
fantasize about obtaining any means, good or bad, to satisfy every need and
greed.
Hierarquia de necessidades: O psicólogo humanista Abraham Maslow sustentou que as pessoas que não atenderam às suas necessidades mais básicas terão dificuldade em amadurecer. Se estiver faminto por comida, é improvável que você se sinta seguro. Se estiver faminto por amor e companhia, você terá problemas para construir autoestima. Pessoas que se concentram em seus déficits podem invejar e se ressentir de outras que têm mais do que elas. Algumas pessoas que são incapazes de superar deficiências sociais fantasiam sobre obter quaisquer meios, bons ou ruins, para satisfazer todas as necessidades e ganâncias.
Conditioning: Ivan Pavlov would say we can learn to associate supervillains with other things we value – like entertainment, strength, freedom or the heroes themselves. Behaviorist B.F. Skinner would likely argue that we can find it reinforcing to watch or read about supervillains, but without knowing what's reinforcing about them, that's a bit like saying it's rewarding because it's rewarding.
Condicionamento: Ivan Pavlov diria que podemos aprender a associar supervilões a outras coisas que valorizamos – como entretenimento, força, liberdade ou os próprios heróis. O behaviorista B.F. Skinner provavelmente argumentaria que podemos achar reforçador assistir ou ler sobre supervilões, mas sem saber o que é reforçador sobre eles, isso é um pouco como dizer que é gratificante porque é gratificante.
Our Motivations for Seeking Out Supervillains
Nossas motivações para procurar supervilões
Throughout history, humans have been captivated by
stories of heroes facing off against superhuman foes3 . But what
specific rewards, needs, wishes and dark dreams do supervillains satisfy?
Ao longo da história, os humanos foram cativados por histórias de heróis enfrentando inimigos sobre-humanos. Mas que recompensas, necessidades, desejos e sonhos obscuros específicos os supervilões satisfazem?
Freedom: Superpowered characters enjoy freedoms the
rest of us don't. Nobody can arrest Superman unless he lets them (at least not
without kryptonite handcuffs). As much time as supervillains spend locked up,
they seem to escape as often as they please, to run unconstrained by rules and
regulations. Cosplayers who dress like Wonder Woman and Captain America can't
do any crazy thing that crosses their minds without seeming to mock and insult
our heroes, whereas those dressed as villains get to go wild. Supervillainy
feels liberating.
Liberdade: Personagens superpoderosos desfrutam de liberdades que o resto de nós não tem. Ninguém pode prender o Superman a menos que ele deixe (pelo menos não sem algemas de kriptonita). Por mais tempo que os supervilões passem presos, eles parecem escapar sempre que querem, para correr sem restrições de regras e regulamentos. Cosplayers que se vestem como Mulher-Maravilha e Capitão América não conseguem fazer nenhuma loucura que passe pela cabeça sem parecer zombar e insultar nossos heróis, enquanto aqueles vestidos como vilões podem enlouquecer. A supervilania parece libertadora.
Power: Maybe you envy the power these evil
characters wield4 . While that's also a reason to adore superheroes,
good guys don't ache to dominate. Stories like Watchmen and Kingdom Come show
how heroes become menaces5 when they try to take over. So when
dreaming of superpowers, maybe you relate to characters who dream of power as
well, from the Scarecrow (who controls individuals' fears) to Doctor Doom
(who's perpetually out to dominate the world).
Poder: Talvez você inveje o poder que esses personagens malignos exercem. Embora isso também seja um motivo para adorar super-heróis, os mocinhos não anseiam por dominar. Histórias como Watchmen e Kingdom Come mostram como os heróis se tornam ameaças5 quando tentam assumir o controle. Então, ao sonhar com superpoderes, talvez você se identifique com personagens que também sonham com poder, do Espantalho (que controla os medos dos indivíduos) ao Doutor Destino (que está perpetuamente disposto a dominar o mundo).
Better villain than victim: Physiologically, anger
activates us and feels better than anxiety or fear. One who feels victimized
and cannot figure out constructive ways to stand up, be strong or become heroic
might twist the need for self-assertion into destruction. Alternately, a
healthy person simply might focus on how all characters assert themselves in
any given story.
Melhor ser vilão do que vítima: Fisiologicamente, a raiva nos ativa e nos faz sentir melhor do que ansiedade ou medo. Alguém que se sente vitimizado e não consegue descobrir maneiras construtivas de se levantar, ser forte ou se tornar heróico pode distorcer a necessidade de autoafirmação em destruição. Alternativamente, uma pessoa saudável pode simplesmente se concentrar em como todos os personagens se afirmam em qualquer história.
Better villain equals better hero: A hero only appears
as heroic as the challenge he or she must overcome. Great heroes require great
villains. Without supercriminals, the world's finest heroes seem like
overpowered brutes nabbing thugs6 unworthy of them. Through myths,
legends and lore across time, we have needed heroes who rise to the occasion,
overcome great odds7 and take down giants.
Melhor vilão é igual a melhor herói: Um herói só parece tão heróico quanto o desafio que ele ou ela deve superar. Grandes heróis exigem grandes vilões. Sem supercriminosos, os melhores heróis do mundo parecem brutos superpoderosos capturando bandidos6 indignos deles. Por meio de mitos, lendas e tradições ao longo do tempo, precisamos de heróis que estejam à altura da ocasião, superem grandes probabilidades7 e derrotem gigantes.
Facing our fears: Instead of dreading the darkness,
you might reduce that dread by shining a light and seeing what's out there.
Fiction can help us feel empowered and enlightened without literally traipsing
into mob hangouts8 and poorly lit alleyways9.
Enfrentando nossos medos: Em vez de temer a escuridão, você pode reduzir esse medo ao acender uma luz e ver o que está lá fora. A ficção pode nos ajudar a nos sentirmos fortalecidos e iluminados sem literalmente perambular por pontos de encontro da multidão8 e becos mal iluminados9.
Exploring the unknown: Our need to challenge the unknown has driven the human race to cover the globe. This powerful curiosity makes us wonder about everything that baffles10 us, including the world's worst fiends. Knowledge is power, or at least feels like it. When gritty details repulse us, exploring evil through the filter of fiction can help us contemplate humanity's worst without turning away or dwelling almost voyeuristically on real human tragedy. Even when the fiction is about improbable people doing impossible things, the story's fantastic nature reassures us that this cannot happen – and therefore we don't have to turn away. Supervillains' Ultimate Purpose In the end, our interest in supervillains can be healthy or unhealthy.
Explorando o desconhecido: Nossa necessidade de desafiar o desconhecido levou a raça humana a cobrir o globo. Essa poderosa curiosidade nos faz pensar sobre tudo que nos confunde10, incluindo os piores demônios do mundo. Conhecimento é poder, ou pelo menos parece ser. Quando detalhes corajosos nos repelem, explorar o mal através do filtro da ficção pode nos ajudar a contemplar o pior da humanidade sem nos afastarmos ou nos determos quase voyeuristicamente na tragédia humana real. Mesmo quando a ficção é sobre pessoas improváveis fazendo coisas impossíveis, a natureza fantástica da história nos assegura que isso não pode acontecer - e, portanto, não precisamos nos afastar. O propósito final dos supervilões No final, nosso interesse em supervilões pode ser saudável ou doentio.
Even the more maladaptive reasons for such fascination tend to arise from
motivations that were originally healthy and natural – frustrated drives that
went the wrong way. Remember, though, that superheroic fiction ultimately
begins and ends with the heroes. Comic book writers
and artists create supervillains, who move in and out as guest stars and
supporting cast, first and foremost to reveal how heroic the comics' stars can
be.
Mesmo as razões mais desadaptativas para tal fascínio tendem a surgir de motivações que eram originalmente saudáveis e naturais – impulsos frustrados que seguiram o caminho errado. Lembre-se, porém, de que a ficção super-heróica começa e termina com os heróis. Escritores e artistas de histórias em quadrinhos criam supervilões, que entram e saem como estrelas convidadas e elenco de apoio, antes de tudo para revelar o quão heróicas as estrelas dos quadrinhos podem ser.
(Adapted from https://www.wired.com/2012/07/why-do-supervillainsfascinate-us/)
Glossary:
- 1. fiend – an evil and cruel person
- 2. to dwell – remain
- 3. foe – an enemy
- 4. to wield – influence, use power
- 5. menace – threat
- 6. to nab thugs – arrest criminals
- 7. odds – probability
- 8. to traipse into mob hangouts – walk among places where gangs, criminals meet
- 9. poorly lit alleyways – narrow road or path with little light
- 10. to baffle –
confuse somebody completely
33 – (AFA/CFO-2019-ACADEMIA DA FORÇA AÉREA) One of the messages below is mentioned in the text. Mark it.
(A) We have to
face and know ourselves deeply in order to become better.
(B) In
fact, we are conditioned to expect more from the heroes.
(C) A
psychological study states that people have been intrigued by the question
whether we are fiends or not.
(D) Superheroes are empowered despite dominating the world.
👍 Comentários e Gabarito A
Uma das mensagens abaixo é mencionada no texto. Marca-lo.
(A) We have to face and know ourselves deeply in order to become better.
(B) In fact, we are conditioned to expect more from the heroes.
(C) A psychological study states that people have been intrigued by the question whether we are fiends or not.
(D) Superheroes are empowered despite dominating the world. Os super-heróis têm poder apesar de dominarem o mundo.
34 – (AFA/CFO-2019-ACADEMIA DA FORÇA AÉREA) Mark the INCORRECT alternative.
- "[...] there's much more to our continued interest in supervillains than meets the eye."(lines 3 and 4)
If there’s more to something than meets the eye, it means that
(A) it’s more
difficult to understand.
(B) you are
conscious of what is around you.
(C) it involves
more things than you thought at the beginning.
(D) the situation is not as simple as it seems to be.
👍 Comentários e Gabarito BMarque a alternativa INCORRETA.
"[...] there's much more to our continued interest in supervillains than meets the eye."(há muito mais em nosso interesse contínuo em supervilões do que aparenta.)
Se há mais em algo do que aparenta, isso significa que
(A) it’s more difficult to understand.
(B) you are conscious of what is around you.
(C) it involves more things than you thought at the beginning.
35 – (AFA/CFO-2019-ACADEMIA DA FORÇA AÉREA)
- "Not only do Lex Luthor, Dracula and the Red Skull run unconstrained by conventional morality [...]".(lines 5 and 6)
The highlighted word from the sentence above is used
(A) to perform
an action.
(B) as an
auxiliary verb of the clause.
(C) to
emphasize the verb.
(D) to avoid repeating a verb.
👍 Comentários e Gabarito B"Not only do Lex Luthor, Dracula and the Red Skull run unconstrained by conventional morality [...]".(Não apenas Lex Luthor, Drácula e a Caveira Vermelha correm sem restrições pela moralidade convencional)
A palavra destacada da frase acima é usada
(A) to perform an action.
(B) as an auxiliary verb of the clause.
(C) to emphasize the verb.
36 – (AFA/CFO-2019-ACADEMIA DA FORÇA AÉREA) Mark the alternative which has the sentence below correctly reported.
- "[...] is our fascination with fantastic fiends healthy?"(lines 9 and 10)
The author
(A) replied:
"is our fascination with fantastic fiends healthy?"
(B) said that
their fascination with fantastic fiends had been healthy.
(C) told the
readers their fascination with fantastic fiends has been healthy.
(D) asked if people’s fascination with fantastic fiends was healthy.
👍 Comentários e Gabarito DAssinale a alternativa que tem a frase abaixo relatada corretamente.
- " is our fascination with fantastic fiends healthy?"
- nosso fascínio por demônios fantásticos é saudável?
O autor
(A) replied: "is our fascination with fantastic fiends healthy?"
(B) said that their fascination with fantastic fiends had been healthy.
(C) told the readers their fascination with fantastic fiends has been healthy.
37 – (AFA/CFO-2019-ACADEMIA DA FORÇA AÉREA) According to what drives people's interest in supervillains, the text mentions
(A) the
conscious knowledge that supervillains reinforce things we value (Pavlov and
Skinner).
(B) the
negative side people need to hide to grow as human beings (Carl Jung).
(C) the
undisciplined principle controlled by society (Sigmund Freud).
(D) people’s lack of necessity of food, security and love (Abraham Maslow).
👍 Comentários e Gabarito CDe acordo com o que desperta o interesse das pessoas pelos supervilões, o texto menciona
(A) the conscious knowledge that supervillains reinforce things we value (Pavlov and Skinner).
(B) the negative side people need to hide to grow as human beings (Carl Jung).
(C) the undisciplined principle controlled by society (Sigmund Freud).
38 – (AFA/CFO-2019-ACADEMIA DA FORÇA AÉREA) The sentences below are used in the interrogative form.
Mark the one that is grammatically correct.
(A) Why does
evil itself intrigues us? (lines 2 and 3)
(B) Who run
unconstrained by conventional morality? (line 6)
(C) Who exist
outside the limits of reality itself? (lines 6 and 7)
(D) What drives our enduring interest in superhuman bad guys? (lines 11 and 12)
👍 Comentários e Gabarito D39 – (AFA/CFO-2019-ACADEMIA DA FORÇA AÉREA) Mark the option in which the underlined word makes it clear that the subject and the object are the same.
(A) [...] they
exist outside the limits of reality itself. (lines 6 and 7)
(B) [...] like
entertainment, strength, freedom or the heroes themselves. (lines
42 and 43)
(C) [...]
become heroic might twist the need for self-assertion into
destruction. (lines 76 and 77)
(D) [...] all characters assert themselves in any given story. (line 79)
👍 Comentários e Gabarito D40 – (AFA/CFO-2019-ACADEMIA DA FORÇA AÉREA) The sentence
- "[...] Abraham Maslow held that people who haven't met their most basic needs will have difficulty maturing."(lines 31 and 32)
means the psychologist believes that
(A) if people
don’t become mature, they will have trouble meeting their basic needs.
(B) if Abraham
Maslow hadn’t met his basic needs, people would have had difficulty maturing.
(C) unless
people fulfill their basic necessities, getting mature won’t be easy for them.
(D) unless one gets their basic necessities, they won’t have difficulty maturing.
👍 Comentários e Gabarito CThe sentence
- "[...] Abraham Maslow held that people who haven't met their most basic needs will have difficulty maturing."
- Abraham Maslow sustentou que as pessoas que não atenderam às suas necessidades mais básicas terão dificuldade em amadurecer.
means the psychologist believes that
(A) if people don’t become mature, they will have trouble meeting their basic needs.
se as pessoas não se tornarem maduras, elas terão dificuldade em atender às suas necessidades básicas.
(B) if Abraham Maslow hadn’t met his basic needs, people would have had difficulty maturing.
se Abraham Maslow não tivesse atendido às suas necessidades básicas, as pessoas teriam dificuldade em amadurecer.
(C) unless people fulfill their basic necessities, getting mature won’t be easy for them.
a menos que as pessoas satisfaçam suas necessidades básicas, amadurecer não será fácil para elas.
41 – (AFA/CFO-2019-ACADEMIA DA FORÇA AÉREA) Identify the option that summarizes the item “freedom” (lines 53 to 63).
(A) We need to
obey rules and regulations that the superpowered characters follow too.
(B) We look for
supervillainy in order to feel that we can behave the way we want.
(C)
Supervillains shouldn’t insult our heroes.
(D) Nobody can arrest a superhero or a supervillain.
👍 Comentários e Gabarito BIdentify the option that summarizes the item “freedom” (lines 53 to 63).
Identifique a opção que resume o item “liberdade” (linhas 53 a 63).
(A) We need to obey rules and regulations that the superpowered characters follow too.
Precisamos obedecer regras e regulamentos que os personagens superpoderosos também seguem.
(B) We look for supervillainy in order to feel that we can behave the way we want.
Buscamos supervilania para sentir que podemos nos comportar da maneira que queremos.
(C) Supervillains shouldn’t insult our heroes.
Supervilões não devem insultar nossos heróis.
(D) Nobody can arrest a superhero or a supervillain.
Ninguém pode prender um super-herói ou um supervilão.
42 – (AFA/CFO-2019-ACADEMIA DA FORÇA AÉREA)
- "[...] Wonder Woman and Captain America can't do any crazy thing [...] whereas those dressed as villains get to go wild."(lines 59 to 63).
The highlighted word is closest in meaning to
(A) but.
(B) where.
(C) therefore.
(D) though.
👍 Comentários e Gabarito X43 – (AFA/CFO-2019-ACADEMIA DA FORÇA AÉREA) Mark the option in which the sentence is an example of passive voice.
(A) Sigmund
Freud viewed human nature as inherently antisocial, biologically driven by the
undisciplined id's pleasure principle. (lines 21 to 23)
(B) People who
haven't met their most basic needs will have difficulty maturing. (lines 31 and
32)
(C) Humans have
been captivated by stories of heroes facing off against superhuman foes. (lines
49 to 51)
(D) We have needed heroes who rise to the occasion, overcome great odds and take down giants.(lines 85 to 87)
👍 Comentários e Gabarito CMark the option in which the sentence is an example of passive voice.
(A) Sigmund Freud viewed human nature as inherently antisocial, biologically driven by the undisciplined id's pleasure principle. (Past Simple na voz ativa)
(B) People who haven't met their most basic needs will have difficulty maturing. (Present Perfect na voz ativa)
(C) Humans have been captivated by stories of heroes facing off against superhuman foes. (Present Perfect na voz passiva)
44 – (AFA/CFO-2019-ACADEMIA DA FORÇA AÉREA) In the paragraph
- "Better villain equals better hero" (lines 80 to 84),
the author DOESN’T
(A) make a
comparison.
(B) count a
number of features.
(C) indicate
that something is necessary.
(D) describe characters.
👍 Comentários e Gabarito B- "Better villain equals better hero" (lines 80 to 84),
- "Melhor vilão é igual a melhor herói"
the author DOESN’T
o autor NÃO
(A) make a comparison.
faz uma comparação.
(B) count a number of features.
conta uma série de características.
(C) indicate that something is necessary.
indica que algo é necessário.
45 – (AFA/CFO-2019-ACADEMIA DA FORÇA AÉREA) In the sentence
- "when gritty details repulse us [...]"(line 98),
(A) harmful.
(B) unknown.
(C) unpleasant
but true.
(D) impossible.
👍 Comentários e Gabarito CIn the sentence
- "when gritty details repulse us [...]"(line 98),
- "quando detalhes corajosos nos repulsam [...]"
(A) harmful.
(B) unknown.
(C) unpleasant but true.
46 – (AFA/CFO-2019-ACADEMIA DA FORÇA AÉREA) Read the statements below and mark the option that contains the correct ones according to the text.
I. Vulnerable
people may have their self-esteem affected.
II. Everybody
is infatuated with antagonists.
III. In a
psychological perspective, antiheroes aren’t despised at all by the public.
IV. The author
reminds us that funny writers created supervillains stories.
V. We have cherished defeated heroes and victorious antiheroes.
(A) Only
sentences I, II and IV are correct.
(B) Only
sentences I and III are correct.
(C) Only
sentences II, III and V are correct.
(D) Only sentences IV and V are correct.
👍 Comentários e Gabarito B47 – (AFA/CFO-2019-ACADEMIA DA FORÇA AÉREA) One of the statements below LACKS the content of the text. Mark it.
(A) Our
curiosity makes us wonder what we’ve already understood.
(B) According
to the author’s perspective on superheroes, they can be both heroes and
fiends.
(C) Heroes
depend on villains to succeed.
(D) A part of our unconscious mind would desire to be a villain.
👍 Comentários e Gabarito BOne of the statements below LACKS the content of the text. Mark it.
Uma das afirmações abaixo NÃO tem o conteúdo do texto. Marque-a.
(A) Our curiosity makes us wonder what we’ve already understood.
Nossa curiosidade nos faz imaginar o que já entendemos.
(B) According to the author’s perspective on superheroes, they can be both heroes and fiends.
De acordo com a perspectiva do autor sobre super-heróis, eles podem ser heróis e demônios.
(C) Heroes depend on villains to succeed.
Heróis dependem de vilões para ter sucesso.
48 – (AFA/CFO-2019-ACADEMIA DA FORÇA AÉREA) The author concludes that
(B) our
motivations for seeking out supervillains are originally unhealthy.
(C)
supervillains are created to prove how heroic and powerful the superheroes
are.
(D) comic book writers create supervillains to overcome superheroes.
👍 Comentários e Gabarito C(B) our motivations for seeking out supervillains are originally unhealthy.
(C) supervillains are created to prove how heroic and powerful the superheroes are.
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