Alternative medicine is, by definition, an alternative to
something else: modern, Western medicine. But the term
“alternative” can be misleading, even off-putting for some people.
Few practitioners of homeopathy, acupuncture,
“herbalism” and the like regard their therapies as complete
substitutes for modern medicine. Rather, they consider their
disciplines as supplementary to orthodox medicine.
The problem is that many doctors refuse even to
recognize natural or alternative medicine. But whatever doctors
may think, the demand for alternative forms of medical therapy
is stronger than ever before, as the limitations of modern medical
science become more widely understood.
Alternative therapies are often dismissed by orthodox
medicine because they are sometimes administered by people
with no formal medical training. But, in comparison with many
traditional therapies, western medicine as we know it today is a
very recent phenomenon. Until only 150 years ago, herbal
medicine and simple inorganic compounds were the most
effective treatments available.
Despite the medical establishment’s intolerant attitude,
alternative therapies are being accepted by more and more
doctors, and the World Health Organization has agreed to
promote the integration of proven, valuable, alternative
knowledge and skills in Western medicine.
Internet:<www.miguelmllop.com> (adapted).
Based on the text, judge the items below.
01. Modern Western medicine is the same as modern alternative
medicine.
02. Most practitioners of alternative medicine believe that it is a
perfect substitute for modern medicine.
03. Orthodox medicine is the same as modern medicine.
04. Modern medicine does not reckon natural medicine as such.
05. Never before has alternative medicine been so popular.
06. Nowadays, modern medical science is more broadly known.
07. According to orthodox medicine, alternative therapy is not
always practiced by qualified people.
08. Half a century ago, herbal medicine and simple inorganic
compounds were the most efficient treatments found.
09. The World Health Organization has shown interest in
alternative therapies.
❑ TEXTO 2:
Amnesty International is a world-wide volunteer
organization funded entirely by subscriptions and donations.
It is totally independent of any government, political faction, ideology, economic interest or religious creed.
The organization works for the release of ‘Prisoners
of conscience’ — men, women and children imprisoned anywhere for their beliefs, colour, sex, ethnic origin,
language or religion. It also seeks fair and immediate trial for
all political prisoners detained without charge, and opposes torture and the degrading treatment of prisoners. It is also
against the death penalty for all types of crime.
Amnesty works by collecting information. When it has proof that a person is a ‘prisoner of conscience’ that
person's case is handed over to a local group. The local
groups are ordinary individuals who believe in Amnesty's work. They send letters to governments, embassies, leading
newspapers and the prisoner's family and friends. They also
collect signatures and raise money to send medicine, food and clothing to the prisoners and their families. These
volunteers use their freedom of speech to win the same
freedom for their adopted prisoner.
Paradoxically, Amnesty International is an
organization that will only be satisfied when it has become
redundant.
Internet: <www.miguelmllop.com> (adapted).
Based on the text, judge the following items.
10. Amnesty International is an organization spread all over the
world.
11. To a certain extent, Amnesty International is not linked to
any governmental institution.
12. Some people can be arrested for unjustifiable reasons.
13. Political prisoners may be sent to jail without facing previous
trial.
14. Amnesty International is in favour of death penalty
regardless of the crime committed.
15. A person is under the responsibility of an Amnesty’s local
group when some kind of injustice is attested against
him/her.
16. Amnesty’s local groups consist of common people.
17. All Amnesty’s local groups can do is to send letters to
governments, foreign representations, to the best newspapers
and to the prisoners’ family and friends.
18. The Amnesty’s local group is the one to have freedom of
speech.
19. “redundant” (l.24) means not needed.
❑ TEXTO 3:
People need to be active to be healthy. Our modern
lifestyle and all the conveniences we've become used to have
made us sedentary — and that's dangerous for our health. Sitting around in front of the TV or the computer, riding in
the car for even a short trip to the store and using elevators
instead of stairs or ramps all contribute to our inactivity. Physical inactivity is as dangerous to our health as smoking!
Add up your activities during the day in periods of
at least minutes each. Start slowly... and build up. If you're already doing some light activities move up to more
moderate ones. A little is good, but more is better if you want
to achieve health benefits.
Scientists say accumulate 60 minutes of physical
activity every day to stay healthy or improve your health.
Time needed depends on effort — as you progress to moderate activities, you can cut down to thirty minutes, four
days a week.
Physical activity doesn't have to be very hard to improve your health. This goal can be reached by building
physical activities into your daily routine. Just add up in
periods of at least ten minutes each throughout the day. After three months of regular physical activity, you will notice a
difference — people often say getting started is the hardest
part.
Handbook for Canada's Physical Activity Guide to Healthy Active
Living, p. 4. Canadian Society for Exercise Physiology, Ottawa,
Ontario, 1998. Internet: (adapted).
Based on the text, judge the items below.
20. Lack of action can bring about unhealthy consequences.
21. Health and action are closely linked.
22. Our present lifestyle can be considered harmful.
23. Stairs or ramps can contribute to our inactivity.
24. Each activity should last 10 minutes.
25. Moderate activities require less time.
26. To improve one’s health must be tiring.
27. “every day” (l.14) can be rewritten as everyday.
❑ TEXTO 4:
Mobile risk
Due to the rapid increase and development of
mobile communication devices and other items of electronic
equipment that emit non-ionizing radiation, there is general public awareness of the potential health effects of
electromagnetic fields.
Although various authorities, such as the World Health Organization (WHO), state that no major public
health risks have emerged from several decades of research,
uncertainties remain. The potential health effects of exposure to electromagnetic fields continue to await scientific
clarification. For instance, WHO has established an
international project to assess the scientific evidence for the possible health effects of electromagnetic fields. It is
expected that all the health risk assessments will be
completed by the end of 2010.
It may be argued that economic and cultural
globalisation has given rise to a collective sensitivity to risk
(Jaeger et al., 2001) such that different kinds of claims are admitted to the political agenda. This sensitivity is a
generalized awareness of a growing capacity to interfere with
nature and an awareness of the fallibility of science, the vulnerability of the human body and the fragility of the
biosphere. It is accompanied by a search for epistemological
security along with a decrease in public trust in experts, science and technology. Various factors point to this:
scientific controversies, for example, are laid bare in the
media, those in authority espouse precautionary politics and the layperson’s interpretation of risks in relation to moral
justice leads to political and judicial struggles.
Internet: <www.acs.org.aujrpit> (adapted)
According to the text,
28. electromagnetic fields may have effects on health.
29. a project to assess the scientific evidence for the possible
health effects of electromagnetic fields has been established
by the World Health Organization.
30. all the health risk assessments of effects of electromagnetic
fields on health will be completed before the end of 2010.
31. there has been a lot of arguments about economic and
cultural globalisation.
32. economic and cultural globalisation has given way to a rapid
increase and development of mobile communication devices.
In the text,
33. “The potential health effects of exposure to electromagnetic
fields continue to await scientific clarification” (l.9-11) can
be correctly translated as Os potenciais efeitos da
exposição a campos eletromagnéticos sobre a saúde
continuam aguardando esclarecimentos científicos.
34. “It may be argued that economic and cultural globalisation
has given rise to a collective sensitivity to risk” (l.16-17) can
be correctly translated as Pode-se argumentar que a
globalização econômica e cultural tem dado origem a um
risco de sensibilidade coletiva.
35. The word “layperson” in “and the layperson’s interpretation
of risks in relation to moral justice leads to political and
judicial struggles” (l.27-29) can be correctly translated as
leigo.
❑ TEXTO 5:
Violations may damage treaty
Export of Coltech's microfilm products toTanzania
has been suspended pending an investigation into charges
that the products do not comply with national export regulations. Five customs officials have been charged
accepting bribes to ignore the regulations. While Coltech's
managers have denied the claim that they intentionally deceived authorities and buyers, local business people are
concerned that the scandal will be perceived by Tanzania as
a lack of goodwill on the part of Canadian business in general.
Regulations enforcement officials were alerted to
the scheme when they received complaints from their Tanzanian counterparts. “Coltech products are considered to
be of superior quality and as a result are in high demand.
However, Coltech has been losing money in recent years. It is quite possible that the poor quality of the products in
question was a result of a strategy to reduce this deficit”,
explains Customs Officer Steve Delrey.
Coltech's spokeswoman has declined to comment,
but when asked, a former manager said, “In light of the
situation, the current management will be expected to step down, and control of the company will be up for grabs.”
Internet: <www.edusoft.co.il> (adapted)
Judge the following items according to the text.
36. The text is about a customs scandal involving Coltech.
37. The Canadian company will be compensated for losses.
38. Coltech's microfilm products are in accordance with
Tanzania’s import regulations.
39. A Coltech's competitor fabricated the story about Coltech’s
managers being involved in bribes as an strategy to put
Coltech out of business.
40. The export of Coltech’s products has been suspended,
because Coltech was going out of business.
41. The scandal will force the Coltech's current management to
control the investigation.
42. Tanzania has ceased doing business with Canadian
companies.
In the text,
43. “goodwill” (l.9) means a good relationship, as of a
business enterprise with its customers or a nation with
other nations.
44. in ‘Coltech products are considered to be of superior quality
and as a result are in high demand’ (l.13-14), the underlined
expression brings the idea of consequence.
45. “However” (l.15) expresses the idea of addition.
46. in “a former manager” (l.20), the underlined word can be
correctly translated as anterior.
❑ TEXTO 6:
Generation Diva
How our obsession with beauty is changing our kids.
Sounds extreme? Maybe. But this, my friends, is the
new normal: a generation that dyes and shapes, younger and
with more vigor. Girls today are salon vets before they enter
4 elementary school.
Reared on reality TV and celebrity makeovers, girls
are using beauty products earlier, spending more and still feeling worse about themselves.
Why are this generation's standards different? To
start, this is a group that's grown up on pop culture that screams, again and again, that everything, everything, is a
candidate for upgrading. These girls are maturing in an age
when older women are taking even more extreme measures, from Botox to liposuction.
A combination of new technology and the Web is
responsible — at least in part — for this transformation in attitudes. Ads for the latest fashions, makeup tips and
grooming products are circulated with a speed and fury
unique to this millennium — on millions of ads, message boards and Facebook pages. Digital cameras come complete
with retouching options, and anyone can learn how to use
Photoshop to blend and tighten and thin. “None of this existed when I was growing up, and now it’s just like in your
face,” says Solomon, 30. “Kids aren’t exempt just because
they’re young.”
Internet: <www.newsweek.com> (adapted).
Based on the text above, judge the following items.
47. “girls are using beauty products earlier, spending more and
still feeling worse about themselves” (l.5-7) can be correctly
translated as as meninas estão usando produtos de beleza
mais cedo, gastando mais e se sentindo piores em relação
às outras.
48. The word “upgrading” (l.11) can be correctly replaced by
improving, without changing the general meaning of the
text.
49. “A combination of new technology and the Web is
responsible — at least in part — for this transformation in
attitudes” (l.14-16) can be correctly translated as Uma
combinação de novas tecnologias e da Internet é
responsável, em grande parte, por esta transformação
nas atitudes.
50. “Kids aren’t exempt just because they’re young” (l.23-24)
can be correctly translated as As crianças não estão isentas
apenas porque são jovens.
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