RELATIVE PRONOUNS - Detalhes de semântica e de gramática dos RELATIVE PRONOUNS -

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- Detalhes de semântica e de gramática dos RELATIVE PRONOUNS:

(A) WHO:

◼ "WHO" is used especially in reference to persons but also in reference to groups or to animals or or to inanimate objects especially with the implication that the reference is really to a person.(MERRIAM-WEBSTER'S DICTIONARY of english usage)

◼ "WHO" is used to show which person or people you mean.(THE OXFORD ENGLISH DICTIONARY)

◼ "WHO" is used to give more information about somebody.(THE OXFORD ENGLISH DICTIONARY)

◼ The object form of the relative pronoun is used as the object of a verb or a preposition, but because whom is very formal, it is not often used: in everyday English, who is usually used instead.(COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY)

◼ INGLÊS MUITO FORMAL = WHO refere-se a PERSON e funciona somente como SUBJECT da relative clause;

◼ INGLÊS COTIDIANO(NEUTRO) = WHO refere-se a PERSON e pode funcionar como SUBJECT ou OBJECT da relative clause;

◼ After "who" you usually use a plural verb. After "which" you use a singular verb.(THE FREE DICTIONARY)

◼ "WHO" is used in both defining and non-defining relative clauses.

- EXAMPLES:

1) "my father, who was a lawyer"(MERRIAM-WEBSTER'S dictionary of english usage)

• "meu pai que era um advogado"

• [Noun] = father

• [Relative Pronoun] = who

• [non-defining clause] = , who was a lawer

2) "a generation who had known nothing but war"(MERRIAM-WEBSTER'S dictionary of english usage)

• "uma geração que não conheceu nada, exceto guerra"

• [Noun] = generation

• [Relative Pronoun] = who

• [defining clause] = who had known nothing but war

3) "dogs who … fawn all over tramps"(MERRIAM-WEBSTER'S dictionary of english usage)

• "cães que ... bajulam vagabundos"

• [Noun] = dogs

• [Relative Pronoun] = who

• [defining clause] = who … fawn all over tramps

4) "earlier sources who maintain a Davidic ancestry"MERRIAM-WEBSTER'S dictionary of english usage)

• "fontes anteriores que mantêm uma ancestralidade davídica"

• [Noun] = sources

• [Relative Pronoun] = who

• [defining clause] = who maintain a Davidic ancestry

5) The little boy who won the cycle race is Sarah's nephew.(THE FREE DICTIONARY)

• "O garotinho que ganhou a corrida de bicicleta é sobrinho de Sarah."

• [Noun] = garoto

• [Relative Pronoun] = who

• [defining clause] = who won the cycle race is Sarah's nephew

6) The girl who you spoke to has since left the company.(THE FREE DICTIONARY)

• A garota com quem você falou já deixou a empresa. 

• [Noun] = girl

• [Relative Pronoun] = who

• [defining clause] = who you spoke to has since left the company

7) Peter, who was at the match, has told me all about it.(THE FREE DICTIONARY)

• Peter, que estava na partida, me contou tudo.

• [Noun] = peter

• [Relative Pronoun] = who

• [non-defining clause] = , who was at the match,

8) Do you recognize the three girls who have just come in?(THE FREE DICTIONARY)

• Você reconhece as três garotas que acabaram de entrar?

• [Noun] = girls

• [Relative Pronoun] = who

• [defining clause] = who have just come in

9) The people who lived here have left.(THE FREE DICTIONARY)

• As pessoas que viviam aqui foram embora.

• [Noun] = people

• [Relative Pronoun] = who

• [defining clause] = who lived here have left

10) The guard who let us in checked our badges.(THE FREE DICTIONARY)

• O guarda que nos deixou entrar verificou nossos crachás.

• [Noun] = people

• [Relative Pronoun] = who

• [defining clause] = who let us in checked our badges

11) It is important to have a family who love you.(THE FREE DICTIONARY)

• É importante ter uma família que te ame.

• [Noun] = family

• [Relative Pronoun] = who

• [defining clause] = who love you

12) He told his mother, who was very shocked.(THE FREE DICTIONARY)

• O guarda que nos deixou entrar verificou nossos crachás.

• [Noun] = mother

• [Relative Pronoun] = who

• [non-defining clause] = , who was very shocked

13) I bumped into Ian and Sue, who had just come back from Madrid.(THE FREE DICTIONARY)

• Encontrei Ian e Sue, que acabavam de voltar de Madrid.

• [Noun] = Ian and Sue

• [Relative Pronoun] = who

• [defining clause] = who had just come back from Madrid

14) They’re the people who want to buy our house. (CAMBRIDGE DICTIONARY)

• Eles são as pessoas que querem comprar nossa casa.

• [Noun] = people

• [Relative Pronoun] = who

• [defining clause] = who want to buy our house.

15) This is a man who takes his responsibilities seriously.(CAMBRIDGE DICTIONARY)

• Este é um homem que leva suas responsabilidades a sério.

• [Noun] = man

• [Relative Pronoun] = who

• [defining clause] = takes his responsibilities seriously

16) And then Mary, who we had been talking about earlier, walked in.(THE OXFORD ENGLISH DICTIONARY)

• E então Mary, de quem falávamos antes, entrou.

• [Noun] = Marye

• [Relative Pronoun] = who

• [defining clause] = , who we had been talking about earlier,

17) The people who called yesterday want to buy the house.(THE OXFORD ENGLISH DICTIONARY)

• As pessoas que ligaram ontem querem comprar a casa.

• [Noun] = people

• [Relative Pronoun] = who

• [defining clause] = who called yesterday

• They have two sons who are doctors. (defining clause, neste caso, o significado é que há mais filhos na família.)

• They have two sons, who are doctors. (non-defining  clause, neste caso, o significado é que não há mais filhos na família, há somente 2 filhos na família.)

(B) WHOM:

◼ It can be used as a relative pronoun referring back to a person and starting a relative clause.(MACMILLAN DICTIONARY)

◼ "whom" is used as object of a verb or a preceding preposition.(MERRIAM-WEBSTER'S DICTIONARY of english usage)

◼ "whom" is used instead of ‘who’ as the object of a verb or preposition.(THE OXFORD ENGLISH DICTIONARY)

◼ "whom" is used in both defining and non-defining relative clauses.

◼ "whom" só poderá funcionar como objeto(direto ou indireto) na relativa clause.

- EXAMPLES:

1) "the man whom you wrote to"(MERRIAM-WEBSTER'S DICTIONARY of english usage)

• "o homem para quem você escreveu"

• [Noun] = man

• [Relative Pronoun] = whom

• [defining clause] = whom you wrote to

2) The author whom you criticized in your review has written a reply.(THE OXFORD ENGLISH DICTIONARY)

• O autor que você criticou em sua avaliação escreveu uma resposta.

• [Noun] = author

• [Relative Pronoun] = whom

• [defining clause] = you criticized in your review

3) Her mother, in whom she confided, said she would support her unconditionally.(THE OXFORD ENGLISH DICTIONARY)

• Sua mãe, em quem ela confidenciou, disse que a apoiaria incondicionalmente.

• [Noun] = mother

• [Relative Pronoun] = whom

• [defining clause] = , in whom she confided,

4) Students for whom English is a second language should consider taking the course.(MACMILLAN DICTIONARY)

• Os alunos para quem o inglês é a segunda língua devem considerar fazer o curso.

• [Noun] = Students

• [Relative Pronoun] = whom

• [defining clause] = for whom English is a second language

5) The man with whom she lived.(MACMILLAN DICTIONARY)

• O homem com quem ela vivia.

• [Noun] = man

• [Relative Pronoun] = 

• [defining clause] = with whom she lived

(C) WHICH:

◼ "WHICH" is used especially in reference to animals, inanimate objects, groups, or ideas.(MERRIAM-WEBSTER'S DICTIONARY of english usage)

◼ "WHICH" is used as a function word to introduce a relative clause.(MERRIAM-WEBSTER'S DICTIONARY of english usage)

◼ In relative clauses, you can use either who or which after a collective noun such as family, committee, or group.(THE FREE DICTIONARY)

◼ After "who" you usually use a plural verb. After "WHICH" you use a singular verb.(THE FREE DICTIONARY)

◼ "WHICH" introduces a non-defining clause(in this case, "which" is paired with a comma.)

◼ "WHICH" introduces a defining clause(in this case, "which" never is paired with a comma.)

- EXAMPLES:

1) Here are some cells which have been affected.(CAMBRIDGE DICTIONARY)

• Aqui estão algumas células que foram afetadas.

• [Noun] = cells

• [Relative Pronoun] = which

• [defining clause] = which have been affected

2) He is a member of a group which does a lot of charitable work.(THE FREE DICTIONARY)

• Ele é membro de um grupo que faz muitos trabalhos de caridade.

• [Noun] = group

• [Relative Pronoun] = who

• [defining clause] = who called yesterday

(D) WHOSE(cujo, cuja)

◼ We use whose to introduce a relative clause indicating possession by people, animals and things.(CAMBRIDGE DICTIONARY)

◼ "WHOSE" is used in both defining and non-defining clauses.(CAMBRIDGE DICTIONARY)

◼ É o pronome conhecido como O REI ABSOLUTO pois não pode ser substituído por nenhum outro pronome

- EXAMPLES:

1) John works with that other chap whose name I can’t remember.(CAMBRIDGE DICTIONARY)

- John trabalha com aquele outro cara cujo nome não consigo lembrar.

• [Noun] = chap

• [Relative Pronoun] = whose

• [defining clause] = whose name I can’t remember

2) Shirley has a 17-year-old daughter whose ambition is to be a photographer.(CAMBRIDGE DICTIONARY)

- Shirley tem uma filha de 17 anos cuja ambição é ser uma fotógrafa.

• [Noun] = daughter

• [Relative Pronoun] = whose

• [defining clause] = whose ambition is to be a photographer

3) This is the book whose title I couldn’t remember.(CAMBRIDGE DICTIONARY)

- Este é o livro cujo título eu não conseguia lembrar.

• [Noun] = book

• [Relative Pronoun] = whose

• [defining clause] = whose title I couldn’t remember

(E) THAT: 

◼ We use THAT to introduce defining relative clauses.(CAMBRIDGE DICTIONARY)

◼ Used as a relative pronoun to introduce a clause, especially a restrictive clause.(THE FREE DICTIONARY)

◼ "THAT" as a relative pronoun never has a preposition before it.(COLLINS ENGLISH DICTIONARY)

◼ Restrictive clause = defining clause = defining relative clause.

◼ "THAT" pode funcionar como sujeito ou objeto direto na relativa clause.

◼ "THAT" never is paired with a comma.

- EXAMPLES: 

1) They’re the people that want to buy our house.(CAMBRIDGE DICTIONARY)

• Eles são as pessoas que querem comprar nossa casa.

• [Noun] = people

• [Relative Pronoun] = that

• [defining clause] = that want to buy our house

2) Here are some cells that have been affected.(CAMBRIDGE DICTIONARY)

• Aqui estão algumas células que foram afetadas.

• [Noun] = cells

• [Relative Pronoun] = that

• [defining clause] = that have been affected.

3) the car that has the flat tire.(THE FREE DICTIONARY)

• o carro que está com o pneu furado.

• [Noun] = car

• [Relative Pronoun] = that

• [defining clause] = that has the flat tire

➧ Detalhes de GRAMÁTICA(Função Sintática):

1) WHO(refere-se a pessoas):
• Pode ter função sintática de SUJEITO da oração.

• Pode ter função sintática de OBJETO da oração.

• Função de OBJETO preposicionado ou não.

• Função de OBJETO preposicionado que não tenha preposição ao lado do WHO.

2) WHOM(refere-se a pessoas):

• Função sintática de objeto.

• Função sempre de OBJETO com ou sem preposição.

- This is the girl whom he fell in love with in Madrid.

3) WHICH(refere-se a coisas em geral):

• Poderá ter função sintática de sujeito ou função sintática de objeto.

• Função de objeto com ou sem preposição.

4) WHOSE(refere-se a PESSOAS ou COISAS):

• É pronome REI, ABSOLUTO. Não pode ser substituído por nenhum outro pronome.
• WHOSE não tem função sintática nem de sujeito, nem de objeto. 

5) THAT:
• Pode substituir o WHO(se ao LADO DO PRONOME: não houver 'preposição' e não houver 'vírgula').

• Pode substituir o WHOM(se ao LADO DO PRONOME: não houver 'preposição' e não houver 'vírgula').
• Pode substituir o WHICH(se ao LADO DO PRONOME: não houver 'preposição' e não houver 'vírgula').
• NÃO Pode substituir o WHOSE.

6) Pronome relativo com função sintática de sujeito não pode ser omitido da oração, tendo em vista que, em inglês, não existe oração sem sujeto.
7) TODO pronome relativo com função sintática de objeto pode ser omitido da oração:

QUESTÕES COM GABARITO:

QUESTION 01 - (EEAR-BCT-2020/1):

"A Qantas spokeswoman confirmed that the passenger ________ received tratment during the medical emergency couldn’t survive."

Fill in the blank with the correct relative pronoun.
(A) who
(B) what
(C) which
(D) whose

• ANSWER (A)

QUESTION 02 - (EEAR-BCT-2019/1):

Consider this excerpt from the text:

“They work at air route traffic control centers located throughout the country, which typically are not located at airports.”

All the following sentences about the underlined word are correct, except:

(A) The underlined word is a relative pronoun.

(B) The word “which” introduces a defining relative clause.

(C) The word “which” refers to “air route traffic control centers”.

(D) “Which typically are not located at airports” is a non-defining relative clause.

• ANSWER (B)

QUESTION 03 - (EEAR-2018):

The American Association of Blood Banks used to bar people over 65 from donating blood, but it scrapped the rule in 1978 after studies found that older people _____ stored their own blood prior to surgery did well, said Dr. Steven Kleinman, the association's senior medical adviser. Now most blood banks are happy to accept blood from older volunteers.

Adapted from: http://well.blogs.nytimes.com

Choose the best alternative to complete the blank in the text.
(A) which
(B) where
(C) when
(D) who

• ANSWER (D)

QUESTION 04 - (EFOMM-2018):

Choose the correct sentence.

(A) I saw a girl who hair was blue.
(B) Mr. Smith, which has never smiled, seems very happy today.
(C) He got fired again, what surprised everybody.
(D) The girl who I gave the form to was very nervous.
(E) It was like a dream from that I feared I would wake sooner or later.

• ANSWER (D)

QUESTION 05 - (EEAR-2017):

Another plane returns to Guarulhos airport

"For the second day consecutive, an airplane had to return to Guarulhos airport, after being hit by birds.

The incident happened on Wednesday (27) with a Boeing 737- 800 belonging to the airline Gol _____ took off for Fortaleza."

Choose the word to have the text completed:
(A) which
(B) whom
(C) whose
(D) who

• ANSWER (A)

QUESTION 06 - (EFOMM-2015):

Choose the alternative where the pronoun can correctly be omitted.

(A) Do Exercise 1, which is very easy.
(B) Have you read the letter which I sent you?
(C) She lives in a house which was built by her father.
(D) The man who gave me the book was the librarian.
(E) These walls are all that remain of the city.

• ANSWER (B)

QUESTION 07 - (EFOMM-2014):

In which sentence below can you leave out the relative pronoun?

(A) Last week I met some people who were born in the USA.
(B) The film which we saw yesterday was very interesting.
(C) That's the restaurant where Carol works.
(D) My sister, who is 31 years old, got married in July.
(E) I didn't get what I wanted for my birthday.
👍 Comentários e Gabarito  B 

QUESTION 08 - (EEAR-2013):

"[...] Once upon a time there was a young girl ______ lived near the forest with her mother and father. She was pretty, nice and kind. So everybody loved her very much."

Choose the correct alternative to fill in the blank.
(A) who
(B) which
(C) whom
(D) whose

• ANSWER (A)

QUESTION 09 - (FCC/SP-2015):

Complete a frase:

My oldest sister, _____ books you borrowed, is looking for you.

(A) which

(B) whom
(C) what

(D) who

(E) whose

• ANSWER (E)

QUESTION 10 - (PUC-Campinas/SP):

Complete a frase:

"Her brother's restaurant, _____is easy to find, has excellent food."

(A) that

(B) which

(C) None of the above alternatives apply

(D) what

• ANSWER (B)

QUESTION 11 - (FCC/SP):

Complete a frase:

My neighbor, ___ name is Peter, will arrive tomorrow.

(A) her

(B) whose

(C) what

(D) of whom

(E) when

• ANSWER (B)

QUESTION 12 - (FMU/SP):

Complete a frase:

"He is the man _______ sings very well."

(A) what

(B) who

(C) which

(D) whom

(E) whow

• ANSWER (B)

QUESTION 13 - (UF-São Carlos/SP):

Complete a frase:

"Go and find the driver _____ arrived here yesterday."

(A) what

(B) whom

(C) who

(D) whose

(E) he

• ANSWER (C)

QUESTION 14 - (FCC/SP):

Complete a frase:

"My sister, ____ lives in Italy, ____ Italian fluently."

(A) that – speak

(B) who – speaks

(C) what – speaks

(D) who – speak

(E) which – speak

• ANSWER (B)

QUESTION 15 - (FCC/SP):

Complete a frase:

"Érico Veríssimo is a writer ____ style I appreciate very much."

(A) who

(B) of whom

(C) of that

(D) that

(E) whose

• ANSWER (E)

QUESTION 16 - (UVA/CE):

If this is not yours, ______ is it?

(A) who.

(B) whom.

(C) whose.

(D) what.

• ANSWER (C)

QUESTION 17 - (FCC/SP):

Complete a frase:

"My uncle Harry, ____ I haven't seen for years, is coming for Christmas."

(A) whom

(B) what

(C) which

(D) whose

(E) that

• ANSWER (E)

QUESTION 18:

He is the man ____ sings very well.

(A) whom
(B) how
(C) which
(D) who
(E) what

• ANSWER (D)

5) WHAT não é pronome relativo.

QUESTION 19:

Go and find the driver ________ arrived here yesterday.
(A) he
(B) who
(C) whose
(D) what
(E) whom

• ANSWER (B)

QUESTION 20:

"The old man ______ was in the shop, and _____ you talked about is not a thief."

a) whom / who
b) who / whom
c) which / whom
d) that / which

• ANSWER (B)