ADVERBS , ADVERB PHRASES, ADVERB CLAUSES - valdenorenglish@gmail.com

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Bem-vindo a outro post que trata do tópico "ADVERBS", assunto muito recorrente em questões de vestibulares e concursos públicos.

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Antes de resolvê-las, sugiro recapitular os detalhes de semântica e de gramática dos RELATIVE PRONOUNS:

(1.0) DEFINITION OF ADVERB:

1) ADVERB is a word that adds more information about place, time, manner, cause or degree to a verb, an adjective, a phrase or another adverb. In ‘speak kindly’, ‘incredibly deep’, ‘just in time’ and ‘too quickly’, ‘kindly’, ‘incredibly’, ‘just’ and ‘too’ are all adverbs.(OXFORD LEARNER'S DICTIONARIES)

2) ADVERB is a word that gives extra information about a verb, adjective, adverb, clause, or sentence. Many adverbs are formed by adding ‘-ly’ to an adjective, for example ‘quickly’, ‘mainly’, ‘immediately’, and ‘fortunately’. Words such as ‘very’, ‘only’, ‘often’, ‘of course’ and ‘back’ are also adverbs.(MACMILLAN DICTIONARY)

3) ADVERB is a word belonging to one of the major form classes in any of numerous languages, typically serving as a modifier of a verb, an adjective, another adverb, a preposition, a phrase, a clause, or a sentence, expressing some relation of manner or quality, place, time, degree, number, cause, opposition, affirmation, or denial, and in English also serving to connect and to express comment on clause content. In "arrived early" the word "early" is an adverb.(MERRIAM-WEBSTER DICTIONARY)

4) AN ADVERB refers to any element in a sentence used to modify a verb, adjective, another adverb, or even an entire clause. Adverbs can be single words, phrases (called adverbial phrases), or entire clauses (called adverbial clauses).(THE FREE DICTIONARY)

(2.0) DEFINITION OF ADVERB PHRASE or ADVERBIAL PHRASE:

1) An adverb phrase consists of one or more words. The adverb is the head of the phrase and can appear alone or it can be modified by other words. Adverbs are one of the four major word classes, along with nouns, verbs and adjectives.(CAMBRIDGE DICTIONARY)

* In the examples the adverb phrases are in bold. The other words that modify the adverb are underlined:

// We usually go on holiday in August.

(Costumamos sair de férias em agosto.)

// Time goes very quickly.

(O tempo passa muito rapidamente.)

// The day passed quickly enough.

(O dia passou rápido o suficiente.)

// This works really well for its size.

(Isso funciona muito bem para seu tamanho.)

// Luckily for us, the cost was not so high.

(Felizmente para nós, o custo não foi tão alto.)

(3.0) ADVERBS PHRASES: TYPES AND MEANINGS:

- An adverb phrase can consist of one adverb or an adverb plus other words before it (premodification) or after it (postmodification). Adverb phrases have many different meanings.(CAMBRIDGE DICTIONARY)

* TYPES: Manner, Place, Time, Duration, Frequency, Focusing, Degree, Certainty, Necessity, Evaluative, Viewpoint.

* In the examples the adverb phrases are in bold. The other words that modify the adverb are underlined:

1) We walked very carefully across the floor.(CAMBRIDGE DICTIONARY)

• Caminhamos com muito cuidado pelo chão.

• [Adverb phrase] =  very carefully

• [Type] = manner (used to give information about how something happens / usado para fornecer informações sobre como algo acontece)

2) That’s it. Right there.(CAMBRIDGE DICTIONARY)

• É isso. Ali.

• [Adverb phrase] =  Right there

• [Type] = place (used to give information about where something happens / usado para fornecer informações sobre onde algo acontece)

3) Dad got home very late.(CAMBRIDGE DICTIONARY)

• Papai chegou em casa muito tarde.

• [Adverb phrase] = very late

• [Type] = time (used to give information about when something happens / usado para fornecer informações sobre quando algo acontece)

4) This pill will take away the pain temporarily.(CAMBRIDGE DICTIONARY)

• Esta pílula vai tirar a dor temporariamente.

• [Adverb phrase] = temporarily

• [Type] = duration (used to give information about how long something happens / usado para fornecer informações sobre quanto tempo algo acontece)

5) They almost never invite people to their house these days.(CAMBRIDGE DICTIONARY)

• Esta pílula vai tirar a dor temporariamente.

• [Adverb phrase] = almost never

• [Type] = frequency (used to give information about how often something happens / usado para fornecer informações sobre a frequência com que algo acontece)

6) (CAMBRIDGE DICTIONARY)

A: Want some sugar in your coffee?

B: Only half a spoon, please.

• A: Quer um pouco de açúcar no seu café?

• B: Só meia colher, por favor.

• Esta pílula vai tirar a dor temporariamente.

• [Adverb phrase] = only half

• [Type] = focusing (used to give information about something specific / usado para fornecer informações sobre algo específic)

7) That dog behaves incredibly stupidly!(CAMBRIDGE DICTIONARY)

• Esse cachorro se comporta de forma incrivelmente estúpida!

• [Adverb phrase] = incredibly stupidly

• [Type] = degree (used to give information about how much or to what degree something happens / usado para fornecer informações sobre quanto ou em que grau algo acontece)

8) The train will probably be late.(CAMBRIDGE DICTIONARY)

• O trem provavelmente vai se atrasar.

• [Adverb phrase] = probably

• [Type] = certainty (used to give information about how certain something is / usado para fornecer informações sobre o quão certo é algo)

9) It doesn’t necessarily mean that.

CAMBRIDGE DICTIONARY)

• O trem provavelmente vai se atrasar.

• [Adverb phrase] = necessarily

• [Type] = necessity (used to give information about how certain something is / usado para fornecer informações sobre o quão necessário é algo)

10) Unfortunately for me, I can’t speak Italian.

CAMBRIDGE DICTIONARY)

• Infelizmente para mim, não falo italiano.

• [Adverb phrase] = Unfortunately for me

• [Type] = evaluative (used to give information about

the speaker’s opinion of something / usado para dar informações sobre a opinião do palestrante sobre algo)

11) Personally, I don’t see why the party has to start so early.

(CAMBRIDGE DICTIONARY)

• Infelizmente para mim, não falo italiano.

• [Adverb phrase] = personally

• [Type] = viewpoint (used to give information about the speaker’s perspective or reaction / usado para dar informações sobre a perspectiva ou reação do orador/falante/palestrante)

12) It rained very heavily this summer. Therefore, many of the vegetables were very small.(CAMBRIDGE DICTIONARY)

• Infelizmente para mim, não falo italiano.

• [Adverb phrase] = therefore

• [Type] = linking (used to give information about

relationships between clauses and sentences / usado para dar informações sobre as relações entre orações e sentenças)

(3.0) ADVERBS PHRASES: FUNCTIONS:

(3.1) FUNCTION [Adverb phrase + verb]: 

- We use adverb most commonly to modify verbs.

* In the examples the adverb phrases are in bold. The verbs that they modify are underlined:

- EXAMPLES:

1) Children grow up really quickly.(CAMBRIDGE DICTIONARY)

• As crianças crescem muito rápido.

• [Adverb phrase] = really quickly

• [verb] = grow up

2) I exercise very regularly and I eat quite healthily.

(CAMBRIDGE DICTIONARY)

• Faço exercícios com muita regularidade e como de forma bastante saudável.

• [Adverb phrase 1] = very regularly

• [verb 1] = exercise

• [Adverb phrase 2] = quite healthily

• [verb 2] = eat

(3.2) FUNCTION [Adverb phrase + be]:

- We use adverb phrases with be. This is especially typical of adverbs of place.

- EXAMPLES:

1) I’m upstairs. I’ll only be a minute.(CAMBRIDGE DICTIONARY)

• Estou no andar superior. Só vou demorar um minuto.

• [Adverb phrase] = upstairs

• [verb] = am

(3.3) FUNCTION [Adverb phrase + adjective]:

- We use adverb phrases (adv) to modify adjectives.

- EXAMPLES:

1) I found it extremely difficult to talk to her.(CAMBRIDGE DICTIONARY)

• Achei extremamente difícil falar com ela.

• [Adverb phrase] = extremely difficult

• [adjective] = difficult

(3.4) FUNCTION [Adverb phrase + adverb]:

- We use adverb phrases (adv) to modify adverbs.

- EXAMPLES:

1) He drives really carefully.(CAMBRIDGE DICTIONARY)

• Ele dirige com muito cuidado.

• [Adverb phrase] = really carefully

• [adverb] = really

(3.5) FUNCTION [Adverb phrase + Noun Phrase]:

- We use adverb phrases (adv) to modify noun phrases.

- EXAMPLES:

1) That’s quite a tree.(CAMBRIDGE DICTIONARY)

• Essa é uma árvore e tanto.

• [Adverb phrase] = quite a tree

• [noun phrase] = a tree

(3.6) FUNCTION [Adverb phrase + Prepositional Phrase]:

- We use adverb phrases (adv) to modify prepositional phrase.

- EXAMPLES:

1) We climbed right over the top of the hill and down again.(CAMBRIDGE DICTIONARY)

• Nós escalamos o topo da colina e descemos novamente.

• [Adverb phrase] = right over the top of the hill

• [prepositional phrase] = over the top of the hill

 

(3.7) FUNCTION [Adverb phrase + determiner]:

- We use adverb phrases to modify determiners, especially words like all, some, half, many (quantifiers).

- EXAMPLES:

1) Only half of my friends could come to my party.(CAMBRIDGE DICTIONARY)

• Apenas metade dos meus amigos puderam vir à minha festa.

• [Adverb phrase] = Only half

• [determiner] = half

2) Very few people have heard of my city. It’s very small.(CAMBRIDGE DICTIONARY)

• Muito poucas pessoas ouviram falar da minha cidade. É muito pequena.

• [Adverb phrase] = very few

• [determiner] = few

(4.0) TIME ADVERBS:

- Time adverbs tell us about when something happens.

- Os advérbios de tempo nos falam sobre quando algo acontece.

- EXAMPLES:

1) Have you seen Laurie today?(CAMBRIDGE DICTIONARY)

• Você viu Laurie hoje?

2) There’s been an increase in house burglary lately.(CAMBRIDGE DICTIONARY)

• Ultimamente, tem havido um aumento no roubo de casas.

(5.0) MANNER ADVERBS:

- Manner adverbs tell us about the way something happens or is done.

- Os advérbios de modo nos falam sobre como algo acontece ou é feito.

- EXAMPLES:

1) She spoke very loudly.(CAMBRIDGE DICTIONARY)

• Ela falou muito alto.

2) We walked up the stairs very quietly because Mum and Dad were asleep.(CAMBRIDGE DICTIONARY)

• Subimos as escadas em silêncio porque mamãe e papai estavam dormindo.

3) We waited anxiously by the phone..(CAMBRIDGE DICTIONARY)

• Esperamos ansiosamente ao lado do telefone.

(5.0) DEGREE ADVERBS:

- Degree adverbs express degrees of qualities, properties, states, conditions and relations.

- Advérbios de grau expressam graus de qualidades, propriedades, estados, condições e relações.

- EXAMPLES:

1) Mary will be staying a bit longer. (CAMBRIDGE DICTIONARY)

• Mary vai ficar mais um pouco.

*a bit longer = for a little more time

2) It all happened pretty quickly.(CAMBRIDGE DICTIONARY)

• Tudo aconteceu muito rapidamente.

3) She was quite surprised they came, actually.(CAMBRIDGE DICTIONARY)

• Ela ficou bastante surpresa por eles terem vindo, na verdade.

(6.0) FOCUSING ADVERBS:

- Focusing adverbs point to something.

- Advérbios de foco apontam para algo.

- EXAMPLES:

1) I just wanted to ask you what you thought. (CAMBRIDGE DICTIONARY)

• Eu só queria te perguntar o que você achou.

2) I wouldn’t particularly like to move to a modern house. (CAMBRIDGE DICTIONARY)

• Eu particularmente não gostaria de me mudar para uma casa moderna.

(7.0) EVALUATIVE ADVERBS:

- Advérbios de avaliação dão informações sobre a opinião do palestrante sobre alguma coisa.

- EXAMPLES:

1) The electric car, surprisingly, does not really offer any advantages over petrol cars.  (CAMBRIDGE DICTIONARY)

• O carro elétrico, surpreendentemente, não oferece nenhuma vantagem sobre os carros a gasolina.

(8.0) VIEWPOINT ADVERBS:

- Advérbios de Ponto de Vista dão informações sobre a perspectiva ou reação do orador/falante/palestrante.

- EXAMPLES:

1) Personally, I think the show was great.(CAMBRIDGE DICTIONARY)

• Pessoalmente, acho que o show foi ótimo.

(9.0) LINKING ADVERBS:

- Linking adverbs show a relationship between two clauses or sentences (e.g. a sequence in time, cause and effect, contrast between two things).

- Advérbios de ligação mostram uma relação entre duas orações ou sentenças (por exemplo, uma sequência no tempo, causa e efeito, contraste entre duas coisas):

- EXAMPLES:

1) I left my house in the morning then I went to pick up Leanne at her house.(CAMBRIDGE DICTIONARY)

• Saí de casa pela manhã e fui buscar Leanne na casa dela.

• [relationship] = a sequence in time (uma sequência no tempo ou linha de tempo)

2) We talked until the early hours and consequently I overslept the next morning.(CAMBRIDGE DICTIONARY)

• Conversamos até de madrugada e, conseqüentemente, dormi demais na manhã seguinte.

• [relationship] = cause and effect (relação de causa e efeito)

3) The sun will be shining in France. However, heavy rain is expected in Spain.(CAMBRIDGE DICTIONARY)

• O sol estará brilhando na França. No entanto, é esperada chuva forte na Espanha.

• [relationship] = contrast between two things

(10.0) WARNING 1:

- We usually use BUT not HOWEVER to connect two clauses in the same sentence.

- Normalmente usamos BUT, não HOWEVER, para conectar duas orações na mesma sentença.

• There was no room for them but they got on the train.

• There was no room for them. However, they got on the train.

(11.0) WARNING 2:

- Some common manner adverbs have the same form as adjectives and they have similar meanings (e.g. fast, right, wrong, straight, tight).

- Alguns advérbios de modo têm a mesma forma que adjetivos e têm significados semelhantes (por exemplo, rápido, certo, errado, direto, apertado).

• Driving fast is dangerous.(adverb)

- Dirigir rápido é perigoso.

• I was never a fast swimmer.(adjective)

- Eu nunca fui um nadador rápido.

• People always spell my name wrong.(adverb)

• All of your answers were wrong.(adjective)

• That builder never does anything right!(adverb)

• Is that the right time?(adjective)

• Let’s go straight to the airport.(adverb)

• My hair is straight.(adjective)