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❑ PROVA DE LÍNGUA INGLESA:
- IME-VESTIBULAR-2016/2017-INSTITUTO MILITAR DE ENGENHARIA.
- 25 Multiple Choice Questions / 5 Options Each Question.
Landfills and the introduction of nanomaterials in waste
Waste disposal on land (dumping) and landfilling remain the most prominent waste management techniques used __01__. The standards and practices for this type of waste disposal vary greatly ranging from uncontrolled sites to highly specialised and controlled engineered landfills. The potential __02__ of contaminants through landfill gas and leachate is largely dependent on landfill design, site conditions and the sophistication of the control measures in place, __03__ landfill gas recovery and leachate collection and treatment systems.
Modern engineered landfills use __04__ barriers, with few relying on natural barriers, to line the bottom of a landfill and incorporate collection systems for both leachate and landfill gas. The purpose of these collection systems is to capture and treat leachate and landfill gas; __05__ preventing the migration of leachate into ground/surface water and the release of untreated landfill gases to the atmosphere. An un-engineered landfill would be considered an uncontrolled system due to the lack of environmental controls, potentially resulting in significant environmental exposure of contaminants.
Because of widespread use of ENMs in a broad range of products, it is possible that some ENMs __06__ through landfill gases; however this report will primarily focus on ENMs that may be present in landfill leachate, as this is considered to be the primary means by which ENMs could be transported__07__ a landfill. Characterisation of landfill gases to identify the presence of ENMs __08__ an important area for further research.
Landfill leachate
is generated when rain passes through the waste mass and by the
liquid generated due to the breakdown of waste __09__ the landfill. The
composition of leachate is extremely __10__ depending on the type of waste
landfilled, the quantity of precipitation, the construction and operation
of the landfill, the age of the landfill and other factors such as
pH, temperature and microbial populations.
(…)
ENMs =
engineered nanomaterials.
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Landfills and the introduction of nanomaterials in waste. In: Landfilling of waste containing nanomaterials and nanowaste, 2015.
Disponível
em:<http://www.oecd.org/officialdocuments/publicdisplaydocumentpdf/?cote=ENV/EPOC/WPRPW(2014)5/FINAL&docLanguage=En>.
Acesso
em: 22/04/2015.
01 – (IME-VESTIBULAR-2017)
(A) shiningly
(B) locale
(C) in broad
spectrum
(D)
far-reaching
(E) worldwide
02 – (IME-VESTIBULAR-2017)
(A) release
(B) confinement
(C) allowance
(D) bondage
(E) exemption
03 – (IME-VESTIBULAR-2017)
(A) moreover
(B) host
(C) comprised
(D) including
(E) inward
04 – (IME-VESTIBULAR-2017)
(A) thread
(B) crease
(C) synthetic
(D) factitious
(E) legitimate
05 – (IME-VESTIBULAR-2017)
(A) in so far
(B) thereby
(C) besides
(D) despite
(E) nevertheless
06 – (IME-VESTIBULAR-2017)
(A) would untie
(B) may set
free
(C) can be
acquitted
(D) could be
released
(E) should unleash
07 – (IME-VESTIBULAR-2017)
(A) prior
(B) out of
(C) by
(D) afresh
(E) up
08 – (IME-VESTIBULAR-2017)
(B) may have
considered
(C) could have
considered
(D) will not
consider
(E) would not consider
09 – (IME-VESTIBULAR-2017)
(A) indoors
(B) inwardly
(C) within
(D) aside
(E) overhead
10 – (IME-VESTIBULAR-2017)
(A) iffy
(B) ticklish
(C) variable
(D) mobile
(E) wavering
• Para as questões de 11 a 12, responda de acordo com o texto 2 a seguir:
Could earth be fried by a 'superflare' from
the sun?
Daniel Clery
Solar flares on the sun frequently shower Earth with high-energy particles causing the Aurora Borealis and, occasionally, less-welcome disruptions to power networks and communications. But researchers say that there is a chance—though small—that the sun could one day blast us with a solar flare thousands of times as powerful, potentially frying our atmosphere and obliterating life.
Other stars
occasionally produce such “superflares,” some up to 10,000 times the power of
the largest solar flare ever detected. To see whether these are generated
by the same process as happens on the sun—the breaking and reconnection of
magnetic fields—astronomers studied light from 100,000 stars using China’s
Guo Shouiing Telescope. As they report online in Nature Communications,
superflares do seem to be produced by the same process, but they usually
occur in stars with much stronger magnetic fields than the sun’s. Still,
the researchers found that about 10% of the superflaring stars had
magnetic fields similar to or weaker than the sun’s. From evidence in tree
rings, the researchers say, it looks like Earth suffered small superflares—10
to 100 times bigger than normal—in 775 C.E. and 993 C.E. We can expect
more, they conclude, once per millennium. (As for the chances of an
Earth-frying flare, they don’t say.) So, back up your data and stock up on
candles.
C.E. = Common
Era, the same as A.D., Anno Domini.
CLERY, D. Could earth be fried by a ‘superflare’
from the sun?. In: Science,
AAAS, 2016. Disponível em:
<http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2016/03/could-earth-be-fried-superflare-sun>. Acesso em:
15/06/2016.
11 – (IME-VESTIBULAR-2017)
Choose the correct option.
(A) Researches
are disrupted since a solar flare will obliterate life.
(B) Sun
eruptions could wipe out all life on Earth.
(C) The Aurora
Borealis is as welcome as disruptions.
(D) Power
networks frequently benefit from solar flares.
(E) Whenever Aurora Borealis can be seen, there will not be any power network.
12 – (IME-VESTIBULAR-2017)
Choose the correct option.
(A) An
equipment from an Asian country broke and reconnected 100,000 magnetic fields.
(B) 10,000
“strong” solar flares produced by other stars were detected.
(C) 100,000
stars have stronger magnetic fields than the sun's.
(D) The
breaking and reconnection of magnetic fields surely produce superflares from
stars different from the sun.
(E) Bigger than normal flares may have reached our planet.
13 – (IME-VESTIBULAR-2017)
Choose the correct option.
(A) Since a
flare may occur at any moment, it’s interesting to have some candles at home
due to the power disruption it may cause.
(B) Superflares
are predictable once a millennium as well as an Earth-frying superflare, so it
is essential to have our data saved.
(C) Evidence in
tree rings prove we will be able to see the Aurora Borealis twice in this
millenium.
(D) The
percentage of Earth-frying flares was also detected by scientists.
(E) 10% of superflaring stars produce 10 to 100 times stronger superflares.
• Para as questões 14 e 15, responda de acordo com o texto 3 a seguir:
Twelve years after the first Morse Code signal had been successfully transmitted across the Atlantic, an American inventor named Lee de Forest appeared in a US court charged with fraud. The case against him was that he had been selling shares in his Radio Telephone Company.
Putting his case before the jury, the prosecutor explained, 'De Forest has said in many newspapers and over his signature that it would be possible to transmit the human voice across the Atlantic before many years. Based on these absurd and deliberately misleading statements, the misguided public has been persuaded to purchase stocks in his company'.
Two years
later, the first direct transatlantic speech relay by radio telephone was made.
As for Lee de Forest, he patented more than 300 inventions and became
known in America as the ‘father of radio’.
In: I wish I’d never said that, Oxford, Past Times,
2001, p. 61.
14 – (IME-VESTIBULAR-2017)
Choose the correct option.
(A) Lee de
Forest was taken to court and then transmitted the first Morse Code.
(B) People
could not profit since they had bought shares.
(C) He was
charged with fraud for having sold some specific shares.
(D) The selling
of shares made him buy a Radio Telephone Company.
(E) He was forbidden to sell his own company’s stocks.
15 – (IME-VESTIBULAR-2017)
Choose the correct option.
(A) Even after
the transmission of the Morse Code, the prosecutor did not believe in
signal transmission.
(B) De forest
was prosecuted for announcing something in the media which proved impossible
to happen in a two years' time.
(C) By the time
it was proven de Forest was right, 14 years had gone from that day in court.
(D) Over a
decade after the Morse Code was transmitted, de Forest was arrested.
(E) The prosecutor thought the public was led to accept impossible hypotheses.
• Para as questões 16 e 17, responda de acordo com o texto 4 a seguir:
When he was 19, in 1898, Albert Einstein was refused a place at the Munich Technical Institute because he 'showed no promise'. Three years later, Einstein took Swiss citizenship and became an examiner at the Swiss Patent Office. In his spare time, he continued his study of physics and by 1905 had advanced so far that he was able to publish the first of his celebrated papers on the theory of relativity which earned worldwide fame.
In: I wish I’d never
said that, Oxford, Past Times, 2001, p. 60.
16 – (IME-VESTIBULAR-2017)
What's the meaning of the underlined word in the following sentence:
"In his spare time, he continued his study of physics (...)"?
(A) Temperate.
(B) Not
abundant.
(C) Lean and
trim.
(D) Not
elaborate.
(E) Unoccupied.
17 – (IME-VESTIBULAR-2017)
Choose the correct option.
(A) After his
discovery, he got a job as a Swiss examiner at the Munich Technical Institute.
(B) He
published the first of his papers on relativity due to his off-duty hours
dedicated to his own research.
(C) He needed
to be fired by a German institution at the age of 19 to finally come up with a
new theory.
(D) He had been
stubborn all of his life when he discovered something in 1901 that would
change his life forever.
(E) The examinations he was in charge daily weakened the quality of his research. The result was fame.
• Para as questões de 18 a 20, responda de acordo com o texto 5 a seguir):
High-tech eavesdropping on the ganges river
dolphin
Sonar signals hold clues that could save an endangered species
The Ganges river dolphin is one of only two remaining freshwater dolphin species on Earth. But pollution, fishing, and dams threaten to wipe it out entirely.
So acoustical engineer Harumi Sugimatsu and her team have deployed an experimental sonar monitoring system just under the surface of the murky water. The hope is to track the dolphins by the high-frequency clicks they use to navigate and hunt. By eavesdropping on their underwater lives, Sugimatsu believes she can gather data about their behavior and geographical range—data that conservationists can use in their struggle to keep the species from going extinct.
IEEE Spectrum. High-tech eavesdropping on the
ganges river dolphin. In: IEEE Spectrum, 2016. Disponível
em:<http://spectrum.ieee.org/video/green-tech/conservation/hightecheavesdropping-on-the-ganges-river-dolphin>.
Acesso em:
15/06/2016.
18 – (IME-VESTIBULAR-2017)
What's the meaning of the underlined word in the following sentence:
“(…) her team have deployed an experimental sonar monitoring system just under the surface of the murky water” ?
(A) Darkened
and dusky.
(B) Shining and
clear.
(C) Blighted
and hazardous.
(D) Deep and
blemished.
(E) Slipshod and littered.
19 – (IME-VESTIBULAR-2017)
Choose the correct option.
(A) Two
remaining factors might make the Ganges river dolphins go extinct.
(B) Dolphins
were completely removed from dams.
(C) The sonar
monitoring system floats on the river water.
(D) Information
collected through the sonar might help save the dolphins.
(E) High-frequency clicks used to hunt hide the presence of the animals.
20 – (IME-VESTIBULAR-2017)
Why is the word eavesdrop used?
(A) Because
researches will be able to keep the species living in the Ganges.
(B) Because
scientists and dolphins can track each other through the murky water.
(C) Because
dolphins can communicate and indicate the presence of scientists.
(D) Because
researchers need to deal with obstacles.
(E) Because dolphins seem unaware of the interception of communication.
• TERMOS DESTACADOS: Nas questões 21 a 25, encontram-se em destaque cinco termos ou expressões. assinale a alternativa correspondente ao termo cujo emprego está INCORRETO:
21 – (IME-VESTIBULAR-2017)
The rolling robot BB-8 captivated moviegoers as it helped save the day in the 2016 film "Star Wars: The Force Awakens" — though even the most die-hard fan would admit that we aren't likely to see a real-world robot quite like that in the near future. However, there's another spherical, programmable, rolling robot currently in development that's capable of making important work to engage children with special needs, particularly children on the autism.
(A) as
(B) die-hard
(C) quite
(D) currently
(E) making
22 – (IME-VESTIBULAR-2017)
Described by its designers as "a robotic companion," the roly-poly Leka robot is shaped like a ball, has an enduring "face" that changes expressions, and uses sound, light and colors to interact with users through customizable games that improve cognitive and motor skills. Caregivers and educators can program the toy to guide children with developmental disabilities through a range of activities, helping them to improve communication and learn to connect with their environment and with others around them.
(A) roly-poly
(B) enduring
(C) through
(D) range
(E) others
23 – (IME-VESTIBULAR-2017)
A rare genome has been identified in an ancient body pulled from a sarcophagus on a site near ancient Carthage, in a discovery which could throw new light on the history of human movement. The DNA of the 2,500-year-old remains of the ‘Young Man of Byrsa’, discovered in 1994 and believed to had been that of a young male Phoenician, was sequenced by a team of scientists. They found it contained an extremely rare type of genome sequence, known as U5b2c1, which is almost unknown among modern populations. The research has now been published in the scientific journal Plos One.
(A) has been
identified
(B) which
(C) to had been
(D) found
(E) among
24 – (IME-VESTIBULAR-2017)
Here’s an increasingly common scenario: You’re a business or IT leader, and you learn - quite possible from sources outside your company - that cyberattackers have compromised your organization’s systems. You don’t know yet how serious a breach you’re facing, but it’s clearly time to activate your crisis-communication plan.
(A) possible
(B) compromised
(C)
organization’s
(D) know
(E) breach
25 – (IME-VESTIBULAR-2017)
Technologies like driverless cars and smart heating systems could end up making cities dysfunctional according to Maarten Hajer, chief curator of the International Architecture Biennale Rotterdam 2016. Speaking at an opening event for the biennale, Hajer called for architects and designers to stop to treat the advent of smart technologies as inevitable, and to question whether they will solve any problems at all.
(A) driverless
(B) Speaking
(C) called for
(D) to treat
(E) question
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