Postagens
Welcome back to another post!
➧NESTE POST: PROVA de INGLÊS da FGV-2015-VESTIBULAR 1º SEMESTRE, prova aplicada em 14/12/2014.
➧BANCA/ORGANIZADOR:
➧LEITURA de textos de jornais digitais, revistas, websites, é um excelente treino para a prova.
• 15 Questões(múltiplas escolhas com 05 alternativas cada).
➧TÓPICOS ABORDADOS ao longo da prova:
1-VERBS:
• [ = ]
2-PHRASAL VERBS - USES:
• [ = ]
3-PERFECT TENSE - USES:
• [ = ]
4-MODAL VERBS - USES:
• [ = ]
5-NOUN:
• [ = ]
6-ADJECTIVES:
• [ = ]
7-ADVERBS:
• [ = ]
8-NOUN PHRASES(Adjective+noun):
• [ = ]
9-IDIOMS(Expressões Idiomáticas):
• [ = ]
10-COLLOCATIONS:
• [ = ]
11-TECHNICAL ENGLISH(Business English, Finance English, Legal English and so on):
• [ = ]
12-LINKING WORDS:
• [ = ]
13-GENITIVE CASE:
• [ = ]
14-FALSE COGNATES:
• [ = ]
Vamos à Prova:
• TEXTO 1:
The sabbath: a day of collective rest
By Jonathan Sacks
1
2
The Greeks and Romans could not understand the sabbath at all. They wrote that the Jews kept it because they were lazy. The interesting fact is that within a relatively short space of time after making that judgement, Greece, and later Rome, declined and fell. Without institutionalised rest, civilisations, like individuals, eventually suffer from burnout.
3
Originally, the sabbath was conceived as a way of limiting slavery. On one day a week, masters could not make their servants work. For orthodox Jews today the sabbath is a liberation from other kinds of slavery. Imagine a day without texts, tweets, emails or phone calls, without television, computers or electronic games, a day without the pressures of a consumer society, without cars, traffic, planes, noise and pollution, a day dedicated to family, community, study and collective expressions of gratitude. It’s when we make space for the things that are important but not urgent.
4
The significance of the sabbath is varied. It introduces into a culture in the most vivid way the idea of limits. We can’t produce, consume and deplete our resources constantly with no constraints and no thought for future generations. A day without cars and planes would go a long way to cutting the carbon consumption that threatens the earth’s ecology. A failure to understand the idea of limit has brought about environmental devastation almost everywhere Homo sapiens has set foot.
5
Moreover, the sabbath renews social capital. It bonds people into communities in way not structured by transactions of wealth or power. It is to time what parks are to space: something precious that we share on equal terms and that none of us could create or possess on our own.
6
Britain used to have its own sabbath every Sunday. Then it was deregulated and privatized. Holy days became holidays, sacred time became free time and rest became leisure. The assumption was that everyone would benefit because we could all decide for ourselves how to spend the day. This was, and remains, a fallacy.
7
Societies need civic time when we cultivate the relationships that constitute the third realm that is neither the market nor the state, and that in effect means sabbath, whether or not it carries religious connotations. A once-a-week sabbatical that is public, not private, rest would renew the social fabric, the families and communities that sustain our liberal democratic freedom today.
Adapted from Prospect, August 2013.
👉 Questão 31 :
Which of the following is most supported by the information in the article?
A The sabbath, as we know it today, is inherently connected to the subdivision of months into weeks.
B It would be more natural to have a monthly day of rest instead of a weekly day of rest.
C A weekly day of rest is an ancient concept that has no meaning in the modern world.
D Though unnatural, a seven-day week is the most practical way to divide up a year.
E In the ancient world, using the appearance of the moon and the sun to structure time made it impossible to establish a sabbath day.
R E S P O S T A : B |
a) The sabbath, as we know it today, is inherently connected to the subdivision of months into weeks.
• O sábado, como o conhecemos hoje, está inerentemente conectado à subdivisão de meses em semanas.
b) It would be more natural to have a monthly day of rest instead of a weekly day of rest.
• Seria mais natural ter um dia de descanso mensal em vez de um dia de descanso semanal.
c) A weekly day of rest is an ancient concept that has no meaning in the modern world.
• Um dia de descanso semanal é um conceito antigo que não tem sentido no mundo moderno.
d) Though unnatural, a seven-day week is the most practical way to divide up a year.
• Embora não seja natural, uma semana de sete dias é a maneira mais prática de dividir um ano.
e) In the ancient world, using the appearance of the moon and the sun to structure time made it impossible to establish a sabbath day.
• No mundo antigo, usar a aparência da lua e do sol para estruturar o tempo tornava impossível estabelecer um dia de sábado.
👉 Questão 32 :With respect to the Greeks and Romans, the author most likely believes which of the following?
A The Greeks and Romans rejected the idea that a government or religion should designate a day of rest.
B The Greek and Roman rejection of the Jewish sabbath was an example of their deep-rooted anti-semitism.
C The Greeks and Romans believed that a Jewish character flaw was the reason for the existence of the weekly sabbath.
D The Greek and Roman civilizations would have been even more developed if they had adopted many of the principles of Jewish culture.
E Their rejection of the sabbath was the reason the Greek and Roman civilizations disappeared.
R E S P O S T A : E |
a) The Greeks and Romans rejected the idea that a government or religion should designate a day of rest.
• Os gregos e romanos rejeitaram a ideia de que um governo ou religião deveria designar um dia de descanso.
b) The Greek and Roman rejection of the Jewish sabbath was an example of their deep-rooted anti-semitism.
• A rejeição grega e romana do sábado judaico foi um exemplo de seu anti-semitismo profundamente enraizado.
c) The Greeks and Romans believed that a Jewish character flaw was the reason for the existence of the weekly sabbath.
• Os gregos e romanos acreditavam que uma falha de caráter judaico era a razão para a existência do sábado semanal.
d) The Greek and Roman civilizations would have been even more developed if they had adopted many of the principles of Jewish culture.
• As civilizações grega e romana teriam sido ainda mais desenvolvidas se tivessem adotado muitos dos princípios da cultura judaica.
e) Their rejection of the sabbath was the reason the Greek and Roman civilizations disappeared.
• A rejeição do sábado foi a razão do desaparecimento das civilizações grega e romana.
👉 Questão 33 :According to the information in the article,
A the sabbath was first conceived by slaves who wanted to put limits on how much they had to work.
B in the ancient world, Jews who owned slaves were forbidden to make them work every day.
C if the Jewish people had never been slaves, the sabbath would not exist.
D nowadays, only the orthodox Jewish religion still actively promotes the idea of a collective, institutionalized day of rest.
E nowadays, the slavery imposed by our modern inventions and communication devices is as severe as the slavery practiced in the ancient world.
• De acordo com as informações do artigo,
At the end of paragraph 3, the sentence “It’s when we make space for the things that are important but not urgent” most likely refers to which of the following?
A The fast pace of modern society has made the sabbath more important than ever for our spiritual and physical health.
B The sabbath encourages us to disregard certain matters that normally would demand our immediate attention.
C Normally, things we consider urgent are, in reality, almost always unimportant.
D Without the sabbath to support and protect it, religion would become unimportant in modern society.
E The more people neglect the sabbath, the more important it becomes.
• No final do parágrafo 3, a frase "É quando abrimos espaço para o que é importante, mas não urgente" provavelmente se refere a qual dos seguintes?
With respect to the author’s conception of the sabbath, which of the following is most supported by the information in the article?
A The sabbath’s only function is to impose limits on people.
B The refusal to observe limits was the main factor that destroyed the Greek and Roman civilizations.
C A rigid observation of the sabbath would make environmental regulations dealing with carbon consumption unnecessary.
D A worldwide sabbath, with restrictions on the use of vehicles, could have an important impact on carbon consumption.
E Only by understanding the idea of limits can people make sure that environmental devastation will never happen.
• Com relação à concepção do autor sobre o sábado, qual das alternativas a seguir é mais apoiada pelas informações do artigo?
In paragraph 5, the article most likely mentions time and space in order to
A highlight an essential similarity between the sabbath and parks.
B show how both the sabbath and parks have been misunderstood and neglected in recent years.
C explain why ideas of wealth, power and morality are not applicable to the sabbath or to parks.
D emphasize a subtle difference between the purpose of the sabbath and that of parks.
E illustrate just two of the many ways that people can work together to strengthen the idea of community.
•No parágrafo 5, o artigo provavelmente menciona o tempo e o espaço para
At the end of paragraph 6, “This” in the sentence “This was, and remains, a fallacy” most likely refers to the belief that
A respect for individual initiative and freedom of choice motivated Britain’s deregulation and privatisation of the national Sunday sabbath.
B the British people would not observe the sabbath unless the law forced them to do so.
C only Sunday should be the day reserved exclusively for national reflection and human interaction.
D eliminating the restrictions normally associated with the sabbath would have a positive impact on the lives of all the British people.
E when given freedom of choice, people never select the most beneficial option.
• No final do parágrafo 6, "This" na frase “This was, and remains, a fallacy”(Isso foi, e continua sendo, uma falácia), muito provavelmente se refere à crença de que ...
With respect to the sabbath, which of the following is not supported by the information in the article?
A The sabbath occupies an area in which commercial and governmental interests do not predominate.
B A rich person and a poor person may get equal benefit from the sabbath.
C The sabbath should be observed collectively, that is, as a community activity.
D Maintaining a sabbath can help to keep important parts of society healthy.
E Without a sabbath, liberal democracy is destined to fail.
• Com relação ao sábado, qual das alternativas a seguir NÃO É corroborada pelas informações do artigo?
On a February afternoon in 1978, Freddie Hall and an accomplice kidnapped Karol Hurst, who was 21 years old and seven months pregnant. They drove her to a nearby woodland, where she was beaten, raped and murdered. After dumping her body, they used her car in a failed robbery of a corner shop, during which they killed Lonnie Coburn, a sheriff’s deputy. The facts have never been in dispute. On the jury’s recommendation, Mr Hall was sentenced to death in accordance with Florida law.
2
However, an intense debate has centred on whether this was the appropriate punishment. Mr Hall has an IQ of about 71, well below the national average. He is now the longest-serving inmate on death row, and his case became news again recently when the U.S. Supreme Court ruled on executing people who are mentally disabled. The court abolished Florida’s rigid policy that, depending on the crime committed, anyone with an IQ of more than 70 may legally be executed, regardless of other evidence concerning that person’s background or mental condition. Mr Hall’s lawyers insist that he is retarded and point to a history of child abuse. To what degree, they ask, should society blame him?
3
In fact, it has been argued that, for judges and juries, questions about how to punish a convicted criminal are more problematic than trying to decide who actually may have committed a crime. These questions concerning appropriate punishment are hard to answer because the way we view other people’s crimes has more to do with evolution than with abstract legal philosophy. In other words, in all their modern complexity, criminal law systems are an evolutionary response to a simple but eternal problem: since it is advantageous to live in co-operative societies, how should we treat people who break the rules either for their own benefit or simply because they are psychopaths?
4
Methods of judging and punishing vary greatly, but research shows that people’s punitive instincts are surprisingly uniform. Across cultures from past to present, the intentions of the criminal usually matter more than the harm that he or she caused. For example, in most legal systems deliberately murdering someone receives a harsher sentence than accidentally killing someone. It is generally accepted that punishing premeditated harm helps to deter others from doing similar harm.
5
In medieval England, juries used to throw tied-up defendants into a body of water to see whether or not they could escape. Succeeding was seen a sign of innocence. Nowadays, fortunately, we have more reliable ways of judging, even though deciding on an adequate punishment for a crime can still be a difficult task.
In paragraph 1, “The facts” in the sentence “The facts have never been in dispute” most likely refers to all of the following except
A Freddie Hall was the co-participant in a terrible sex crime.
B Freddie Hall helped to cause the death of a young woman and her unborn child.
C The car that Freddie Hall and his companion used in a robbery attempt belonged to the murdered woman.
D Freddie Hall and his companion killed an officer of the law in Florida State.
E A jury decided that Freddie Hall must be executed as the punishment for his crimes.
• No parágrafo 1, "The facts" na frase “The facts have never been in dispute”(Os fatos nunca foram contestados) muito provavelmente se refere a todos os itens a seguir, EXCETO...
According to the information in the article, Freddie Hall’s lawyers most likely believe that
A Freddie Hall did not commit all of the crimes for which he was sent to prison.
B the death penalty is a barbaric act and should never be permitted in any situation.
C before Freddie Hall was sentenced to death, certain aspects of his life did not receive adequate consideration in his trial.
D since mentally disturbed people cannot control their behavior, it is wrong to punish them.
E a criminal’s IQ should not be a factor when a judge is deciding on an appropriate punishment.
• De acordo com as informações do artigo, Freddie Hall’s
With respect to Freddie Hall, which of the following is most supported by the information in the article?
A No prisoner on death row in the U.S is older than he is.
B The U.S. Supreme Court can find no reason not to execute him.
C Because of his precarious mental condition, he cannot be considered guilty of murdering Karol Hurst and Lonnie Coburn.
D A certain Florida State rule determining who may or may not be executed no longer applies to him.
E Because he is retarded and suffered many years of child abuse, he will not be executed for committing the crime of murder.
• Com relação ao Freddie Hall, qual das opções a seguir é mais corroborada pelas informações do artigo?
Which of the following is most supported by the information in the article?
A In general, it is easier to discover who committed a crime than to understand why that crime was committed.
B If laws dealing with punishments are not clear and specific, judges and juries will tend to be too lenient with criminals.
C In every society, the idea of what constitutes any crime is always evolving.
D Abstract legal philosophy has nothing to do with the way the law really works.
E In their essence, criminal law systems share a fundamental purpose.
• Qual das opções a seguir é mais corroborada pelas informações do artigo?
Which of the following questions most likely expresses the “simple but eternal problem” mentioned in paragraph 3?
A How should society deal with a person when his or her illegal act upsets public order and co-operation?
C if the Jewish people had never been slaves, the sabbath would not exist.
D nowadays, only the orthodox Jewish religion still actively promotes the idea of a collective, institutionalized day of rest.
E nowadays, the slavery imposed by our modern inventions and communication devices is as severe as the slavery practiced in the ancient world.
R E S P O S T A : B |
a) the sabbath was first conceived by slaves who wanted to put limits on how much they had to work.
• o sábado foi inicialmente concebido por escravos que queriam limitar o quanto eles tinham que trabalhar.
b) in the ancient world, Jews who owned slaves were forbidden to make them work every day.
• no mundo antigo, os judeus que possuíam escravos eram proibidos de fazê-los trabalhar todos os dias.
c) if the Jewish people had never been slaves, the sabbath would not exist.
• se o povo judeu nunca tivesse sido escravo, o sábado não existiria.
d) nowadays, only the orthodox Jewish religion still actively promotes the idea of a collective, institutionalized day of rest.
• hoje em dia, apenas a religião judia ortodoxa ainda promove ativamente a ideia de um dia de descanso coletivo e institucionalizado.
e) nowadays, the slavery imposed by our modern inventions and communication devices is as severe as the slavery practiced in the ancient world.
• hoje em dia, a escravidão imposta por nossas invenções e dispositivos de comunicação modernos é tão severa quanto a escravidão praticada no mundo antigo.
👉 Questão 34 :At the end of paragraph 3, the sentence “It’s when we make space for the things that are important but not urgent” most likely refers to which of the following?
A The fast pace of modern society has made the sabbath more important than ever for our spiritual and physical health.
B The sabbath encourages us to disregard certain matters that normally would demand our immediate attention.
C Normally, things we consider urgent are, in reality, almost always unimportant.
D Without the sabbath to support and protect it, religion would become unimportant in modern society.
E The more people neglect the sabbath, the more important it becomes.
R E S P O S T A : B |
a) The fast pace of modern society has made the sabbath more important than ever for our spiritual and physical health.
• O ritmo acelerado da sociedade moderna tornou o sábado mais importante do que nunca para a nossa saúde espiritual e física.
b) The sabbath encourages us to disregard certain matters that normally would demand our immediate attention.
• O sábado encoraja-nos a ignorar certos assuntos que normalmente exigiriam a nossa atenção imediata.
c) Normally, things we consider urgent are, in reality, almost always unimportant.
• Normalmente, coisas que consideramos urgentes são, na realidade, quase sempre sem importância.
d) Without the sabbath to support and protect it, religion would become unimportant in modern society.
• Sem o sábado para apoiá-lo e protegê-lo, a religião se tornaria sem importância na sociedade moderna.
e) The more people neglect the sabbath, the more important it becomes.
Quanto mais as pessoas negligenciam o sábado, mais importante ele se torna.
👉 Questão 35 :With respect to the author’s conception of the sabbath, which of the following is most supported by the information in the article?
A The sabbath’s only function is to impose limits on people.
B The refusal to observe limits was the main factor that destroyed the Greek and Roman civilizations.
C A rigid observation of the sabbath would make environmental regulations dealing with carbon consumption unnecessary.
D A worldwide sabbath, with restrictions on the use of vehicles, could have an important impact on carbon consumption.
E Only by understanding the idea of limits can people make sure that environmental devastation will never happen.
R E S P O S T A : D |
a) The sabbath’s only function is to impose limits on people.
• A única função do sábado é impor limites às pessoas.
b) The refusal to observe limits was the main factor that destroyed the Greek and Roman civilizations.
• A recusa em respeitar limites foi o principal fator que destruiu as civilizações grega e romana.
c) A rigid observation of the sabbath would make environmental regulations dealing with carbon consumption unnecessary.
• Uma observação rígida do sábado tornaria desnecessárias as regulamentações ambientais que tratam do consumo de carbono.
d) A worldwide sabbath, with restrictions on the use of vehicles, could have an important impact on carbon consumption.
• Um sábado mundial, com restrições ao uso de veículos, pode ter um impacto importante no consumo de carbono.
e) Only by understanding the idea of limits can people make sure that environmental devastation will never happen.
• Somente entendendo a ideia de limites as pessoas podem ter certeza de que a devastação ambiental nunca acontecerá.
👉 Questão 36 :In paragraph 5, the article most likely mentions time and space in order to
A highlight an essential similarity between the sabbath and parks.
B show how both the sabbath and parks have been misunderstood and neglected in recent years.
C explain why ideas of wealth, power and morality are not applicable to the sabbath or to parks.
D emphasize a subtle difference between the purpose of the sabbath and that of parks.
E illustrate just two of the many ways that people can work together to strengthen the idea of community.
R E S P O S T A : A |
a) highlight an essential similarity between the sabbath and parks.
• destacar uma semelhança essencial entre o sábado e os parques.
b) show how both the sabbath and parks have been misunderstood and neglected in recent years.
• mostrar como o sábado e os parques têm sido mal compreendidos e negligenciados nos últimos anos.
c) explain why ideas of wealth, power and morality are not applicable to the sabbath or to parks.
• explicar por que as idéias de riqueza, poder e moralidade não se aplicam ao sábado ou aos parques.
d) emphasize a subtle difference between the purpose of the sabbath and that of parks.
• enfatizar uma diferença sutil entre o propósito do sábado e o dos parques.
e) illustrate just two of the many ways that people can work together to strengthen the idea of community.
• ilustrar apenas duas das muitas maneiras pelas quais as pessoas podem trabalhar juntas para fortalecer a ideia de comunidade.
👉 Questão 37 :At the end of paragraph 6, “This” in the sentence “This was, and remains, a fallacy” most likely refers to the belief that
A respect for individual initiative and freedom of choice motivated Britain’s deregulation and privatisation of the national Sunday sabbath.
B the British people would not observe the sabbath unless the law forced them to do so.
C only Sunday should be the day reserved exclusively for national reflection and human interaction.
D eliminating the restrictions normally associated with the sabbath would have a positive impact on the lives of all the British people.
E when given freedom of choice, people never select the most beneficial option.
R E S P O S T A : D |
a) respect for individual initiative and freedom of choice motivated Britain’s deregulation and privatisation of the national Sunday sabbath.
• respeito pela iniciativa individual e pela liberdade de escolha motivou a desregulamentação e privatização do sábado nacional na Grã-Bretanha.
b) the British people would not observe the sabbath unless the law forced them to do so.
• o povo britânico não observaria o sábado, a menos que a lei os obrigasse a fazê-lo.
c) only Sunday should be the day reserved exclusively for national reflection and human interaction.
• só o domingo deve ser o dia reservado exclusivamente para reflexão nacional e interação humana.
d) eliminating the restrictions normally associated with the sabbath would have a positive impact on the lives of all the British people.
• a eliminação das restrições normalmente associadas ao sábado teria um impacto positivo na vida de todo o povo britânico.
e) when given freedom of choice, people never select the most beneficial option.
• quando é dada liberdade de escolha, as pessoas nunca selecionam a opção mais benéfica.
👉 Questão 38 :With respect to the sabbath, which of the following is not supported by the information in the article?
A The sabbath occupies an area in which commercial and governmental interests do not predominate.
B A rich person and a poor person may get equal benefit from the sabbath.
C The sabbath should be observed collectively, that is, as a community activity.
D Maintaining a sabbath can help to keep important parts of society healthy.
E Without a sabbath, liberal democracy is destined to fail.
R E S P O S T A : E |
a) The sabbath occupies an area in which commercial and governmental interests do not predominate.
• O sábado ocupa uma área em que não predominam os interesses comerciais e governamentais.
b) A rich person and a poor person may get equal benefit from the sabbath.
• Uma pessoa rica e uma pessoa pobre podem obter benefícios iguais do sábado.
c) The sabbath should be observed collectively, that is, as a community activity.
• O sábado deve ser observado coletivamente, ou seja, como atividade comunitária.
d) Maintaining a sabbath can help to keep important parts of society healthy.
• Manter um sábado pode ajudar a manter saudáveis partes importantes da sociedade.
e) Without a sabbath, liberal democracy is destined to fail.
• Sem um sábado, a democracia liberal está fadada ao fracasso.
• TEXTO 2:
Crime and punishment
1
2
However, an intense debate has centred on whether this was the appropriate punishment. Mr Hall has an IQ of about 71, well below the national average. He is now the longest-serving inmate on death row, and his case became news again recently when the U.S. Supreme Court ruled on executing people who are mentally disabled. The court abolished Florida’s rigid policy that, depending on the crime committed, anyone with an IQ of more than 70 may legally be executed, regardless of other evidence concerning that person’s background or mental condition. Mr Hall’s lawyers insist that he is retarded and point to a history of child abuse. To what degree, they ask, should society blame him?
3
In fact, it has been argued that, for judges and juries, questions about how to punish a convicted criminal are more problematic than trying to decide who actually may have committed a crime. These questions concerning appropriate punishment are hard to answer because the way we view other people’s crimes has more to do with evolution than with abstract legal philosophy. In other words, in all their modern complexity, criminal law systems are an evolutionary response to a simple but eternal problem: since it is advantageous to live in co-operative societies, how should we treat people who break the rules either for their own benefit or simply because they are psychopaths?
4
Methods of judging and punishing vary greatly, but research shows that people’s punitive instincts are surprisingly uniform. Across cultures from past to present, the intentions of the criminal usually matter more than the harm that he or she caused. For example, in most legal systems deliberately murdering someone receives a harsher sentence than accidentally killing someone. It is generally accepted that punishing premeditated harm helps to deter others from doing similar harm.
5
In medieval England, juries used to throw tied-up defendants into a body of water to see whether or not they could escape. Succeeding was seen a sign of innocence. Nowadays, fortunately, we have more reliable ways of judging, even though deciding on an adequate punishment for a crime can still be a difficult task.
Adapted from The Economist,
July 26th – August 1st 2014.
👉 Questão 39 :In paragraph 1, “The facts” in the sentence “The facts have never been in dispute” most likely refers to all of the following except
A Freddie Hall was the co-participant in a terrible sex crime.
B Freddie Hall helped to cause the death of a young woman and her unborn child.
C The car that Freddie Hall and his companion used in a robbery attempt belonged to the murdered woman.
D Freddie Hall and his companion killed an officer of the law in Florida State.
E A jury decided that Freddie Hall must be executed as the punishment for his crimes.
R E S P O S T A : E |
a) Freddie Hall was the co-participant in a terrible sex crime.
• Freddie Hall foi co-participante de um terrível crime sexual.
b) Freddie Hall helped to cause the death of a young woman and her unborn child.
• Freddie Hall ajudou a causar a morte de uma jovem e seu filho ainda não nascido.
c) The car that Freddie Hall and his companion used in a robbery attempt belonged to the murdered woman.
• O carro que Freddie Hall e seu companheiro usaram na tentativa de assalto pertencia à mulher assassinada.
d) Freddie Hall and his companion killed an officer of the law in Florida State.
• Freddie Hall e seu companheiro mataram um oficial da lei no estado da Flórida.
e) A jury decided that Freddie Hall must be executed as the punishment for his crimes.
• Um júri decidiu que Freddie Hall deve ser executado como punição por seus crimes.
👉 Questão 40 :According to the information in the article, Freddie Hall’s lawyers most likely believe that
A Freddie Hall did not commit all of the crimes for which he was sent to prison.
B the death penalty is a barbaric act and should never be permitted in any situation.
C before Freddie Hall was sentenced to death, certain aspects of his life did not receive adequate consideration in his trial.
D since mentally disturbed people cannot control their behavior, it is wrong to punish them.
E a criminal’s IQ should not be a factor when a judge is deciding on an appropriate punishment.
R E S P O S T A : C |
advogados provavelmente acreditam que ......
a) Freddie Hall did not commit all of the crimes for which he was sent to prison.
• Freddie Hall não cometeu todos os crimes pelos quais foi enviado para a prisão.
b) the death penalty is a barbaric act and should never be permitted in any situation.
• a pena de morte é um ato bárbaro e nunca deve ser permitida em qualquer situação.
c) before Freddie Hall was sentenced to death, certain aspects of his life did not receive adequate consideration in his trial.
• antes de Freddie Hall ser condenado à morte, certos aspectos de sua vida não receberam consideração adequada em seu julgamento.
d) since mentally disturbed people cannot control their behavior, it is wrong to punish them.
• uma vez que as pessoas com distúrbios mentais não conseguem controlar seu comportamento, é errado puni-las.
e) a criminal’s IQ should not be a factor when a judge is deciding on an appropriate punishment.
• o QI de um criminoso não deve ser um fator quando um juiz está decidindo sobre uma punição apropriada.
👉 Questão 41 :With respect to Freddie Hall, which of the following is most supported by the information in the article?
A No prisoner on death row in the U.S is older than he is.
B The U.S. Supreme Court can find no reason not to execute him.
C Because of his precarious mental condition, he cannot be considered guilty of murdering Karol Hurst and Lonnie Coburn.
D A certain Florida State rule determining who may or may not be executed no longer applies to him.
E Because he is retarded and suffered many years of child abuse, he will not be executed for committing the crime of murder.
R E S P O S T A : D |
a) No prisoner on death row in the U.S is older than he is.
• Nenhum prisioneiro no corredor da morte nos EUA é mais velho do que ele.
b) The U.S. Supreme Court can find no reason not to execute him.
• O Supremo Tribunal dos EUA não pode encontrar nenhuma razão para não executá-lo.
c) Because of his precarious mental condition, he cannot be considered guilty of murdering Karol Hurst and Lonnie Coburn.
• Por causa de sua condição mental precária, ele não pode ser considerado culpado pelo assassinato de Karol Hurst e Lonnie Coburn.
d) A certain Florida State rule determining who may or may not be executed no longer applies to him.
• Uma determinada regra do estado da Flórida determinando quem pode ou não ser executado não se aplica mais a ele.
e) Because he is retarded and suffered many years of child abuse, he will not be executed for committing the crime of murder.
• Por ser retardado e sofrer muitos anos de abuso infantil, não será executado por cometer o crime de homicídio.
👉 Questão 42 :Which of the following is most supported by the information in the article?
A In general, it is easier to discover who committed a crime than to understand why that crime was committed.
B If laws dealing with punishments are not clear and specific, judges and juries will tend to be too lenient with criminals.
C In every society, the idea of what constitutes any crime is always evolving.
D Abstract legal philosophy has nothing to do with the way the law really works.
E In their essence, criminal law systems share a fundamental purpose.
R E S P O S T A : E |
a) In general, it is easier to discover who committed a crime than to understand why that crime was committed.
• Em geral, é mais fácil descobrir quem cometeu um crime do que entender por que esse crime foi cometido.
b) If laws dealing with punishments are not clear and specific, judges and juries will tend to be too lenient with criminals.
• Se as leis que tratam de punições não forem claras e específicas, os juízes e júris tenderão a ser muito brandos com os criminosos.
c) In every society, the idea of what constitutes any crime is always evolving.
• Em cada sociedade, a ideia do que constitui qualquer crime está sempre evoluindo.
d) Abstract legal philosophy has nothing to do with the way the law really works.
• A filosofia jurídica abstrata não tem nada a ver com a maneira como o direito realmente funciona.
e) In their essence, criminal law systems share a fundamental purpose.
• Em sua essência, os sistemas de direito penal compartilham um propósito fundamental.
👉 Questão 43 :Which of the following questions most likely expresses the “simple but eternal problem” mentioned in paragraph 3?
A How should society deal with a person when his or her illegal act upsets public order and co-operation?
B How can a legal system be designed to punish criminals in a way that will deter others from practicing illegal acts?
C Should a society that puts a high value on co-operation tolerate the presence of criminals and psychopaths?
D Since it is so advantageous to live in a co-operative society, why do some people engage in illegal or anti-social behavior?
E What criteria should determine whether or not a person is truly responsible for the crime he or she commits?
• Qual das perguntas a seguir provavelmente expressa o “problema simples, mas eterno” mencionado no parágrafo 3?
With respect to punishment, which of the following is most supported by the information in the article?
A Because killing a human being disturbs public order and co-operation, it must always be punished severely.
B Deciding how to punish often depends more on why a person committed an illegal act than on the result of that illegal act.
C Certain serious crimes must be severely punished without exception, regardless of why those crimes were committed.
D A sad personal history should not be used as a way to avoid punishment for a serious crime.
E Punishing premeditated criminal activity severely is the most effective way to deter other premeditated criminal activity.
• Com relação à punição, qual das alternativas a seguir é mais corroborada pelas informações do artigo?
As mentioned in the last paragraph, which of the following probably best explains why English juries “used to throw tied-up defendants into a body of water”?
A It was considered an appropriate punishment for certain crimes.
B It was an effective way to get defendants to admit their guilt.
C If a defendant got out of the water, the jury would accept this as an indication of that person’s innocence.
D The English believed it was the only way to prove innocence or guilt.
E The strong punitive instinct of the English caused them to seek vengeance instead of justice.
• Conforme mencionado no último parágrafo, qual das alternativas a seguir provavelmente explica melhor por que os jurados ingleses “costumavam jogar na água réus amarrados”?
C Should a society that puts a high value on co-operation tolerate the presence of criminals and psychopaths?
D Since it is so advantageous to live in a co-operative society, why do some people engage in illegal or anti-social behavior?
E What criteria should determine whether or not a person is truly responsible for the crime he or she commits?
R E S P O S T A : A |
a) How should society deal with a person when his or her illegal act upsets public order and co-operation?
• Como a sociedade deve lidar com uma pessoa quando seu ato ilegal perturba a ordem pública e a cooperação?
b) How can a legal system be designed to punish criminals in a way that will deter others from practicing illegal acts?
• Como um sistema legal pode ser elaborado para punir criminosos de forma a dissuadir outros de praticar atos ilegais?
c) Should a society that puts a high value on co-operation tolerate the presence of criminals and psychopaths?
• Uma sociedade que valoriza muito a cooperação deve tolerar a presença de criminosos e psicopatas?
d) Since it is so advantageous to live in a co-operative society, why do some people engage in illegal or antisocial behavior?
• Visto que é tão vantajoso viver em uma sociedade cooperativa, por que algumas pessoas se envolvem em comportamento ilegal ou anti-social?
e) What criteria should determine whether or not a person is truly responsible for the crime he or she commits?
• Que critérios devem determinar se uma pessoa é ou não realmente responsável pelo crime que comete?
👉 Questão 44 :With respect to punishment, which of the following is most supported by the information in the article?
A Because killing a human being disturbs public order and co-operation, it must always be punished severely.
B Deciding how to punish often depends more on why a person committed an illegal act than on the result of that illegal act.
C Certain serious crimes must be severely punished without exception, regardless of why those crimes were committed.
D A sad personal history should not be used as a way to avoid punishment for a serious crime.
E Punishing premeditated criminal activity severely is the most effective way to deter other premeditated criminal activity.
R E S P O S T A : B |
a) Because killing a human being disturbs public order and co-operation, it must always be punished severely.
• Porque matar um ser humano perturba a ordem pública e a cooperação, deve sempre ser punido com severidade.
b) Deciding how to punish often depends more on why a person committed an illegal act than on the result of that illegal act.
• Decidir como punir muitas vezes depende mais do motivo pelo qual uma pessoa cometeu um ato ilegal do que do resultado desse ato ilegal.
c) Certain serious crimes must be severely punished without exception, regardless of why those crimes were committed.
• Certos crimes graves devem ser punidos com severidade, sem exceção, independentemente da razão pela qual foram cometidos.
d) A sad personal history should not be used as a way to avoid punishment for a serious crime.
• Uma história pessoal triste não deve ser usada como forma de evitar a punição por um crime grave.
e) Punishing premeditated criminal activity severely is the most effective way to deter other premeditated criminal activity.
• Punir severamente a atividade criminosa premeditada é a maneira mais eficaz de impedir outras atividades criminosas premeditadas.
👉 Questão 45 :As mentioned in the last paragraph, which of the following probably best explains why English juries “used to throw tied-up defendants into a body of water”?
A It was considered an appropriate punishment for certain crimes.
B It was an effective way to get defendants to admit their guilt.
C If a defendant got out of the water, the jury would accept this as an indication of that person’s innocence.
D The English believed it was the only way to prove innocence or guilt.
E The strong punitive instinct of the English caused them to seek vengeance instead of justice.
R E S P O S T A : C |
a) It was considered an appropriate punishment for certain crimes.
• Foi considerada punição adequada para determinados crimes.
b) It was an effective way to get defendants to admit their guilt.
• Foi uma forma eficaz de fazer os arguidos admitirem a sua culpa.
c) If a defendant got out of the water, the jury would accept this as an indication of that person’s innocence.
• Se um réu saísse da água, o júri aceitaria isso como uma indicação da inocência dessa pessoa.
d) The English believed it was the only way to prove innocence or guilt.
• Os ingleses acreditavam que era a única forma de provar inocência ou culpa.
e) The strong punitive instinct of the English caused them to seek vengeance instead of justice.
• O forte instinto punitivo dos ingleses levou-os a buscar vingança em vez de justiça.
Nenhum comentário:
Postar um comentário