FGV-2018/1-EAESP-ADMINISTRAÇÃO-VESTIBULAR-2º SEMESTRE-Fundação Getúlio Vargas & Escola de Administração de Empresas de São Paulo- Prova de INGLÊS com gabarito e Questões Comentadas - https://valdenorenglish.blogspot.com/

Welcome back to another post!

➧NESTE POST: PROVA de INGLÊS da FGV-SP-2018-ADMINISTRAÇÃO-VESTIBULAR-2º SEMESTRE, aplicada em JUNHO/2018. 

➧BANCA/ORGANIZADOR:

➧LEITURA de textos de jornais digitais, revistas, websites, é um excelente treino para a prova.

➧PADRÃO/COMPOSIÇÃO DA PROVA:
• 15 Questões do tipo (A,B,C,D,E).

➧TÓPICOS ABORDADOS ao longo da prova:

1-VERBS:

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2-PHRASAL VERBS - USES:

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3-PERFECT TENSE - USES:

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4-MODAL VERBS - USES:

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5-NOUN:

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6-ADJECTIVES:

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7-ADVERBS:

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8-NOUN PHRASES(Adjective+noun):

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9-IDIOMS(Expressões Idiomáticas):

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10-COLLOCATIONS:

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11-TECHNICAL ENGLISH(Business English, Finance English, Legal English and so on):

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12-LINKING WORDS:

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13-GENITIVE CASE:

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14-FALSE COGNATES:

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➧Agora vamos à PROVA!

• TEXTO 1:

The perils of polygamy

1

Men in South Sudan typically marry as often as their wealth—often measured in cattle—will allow. Perhaps 40% of marriages are polygamous. “In [our] culture, the more family you have, the more people respect you,” says William, a young IT specialist in search of his second wife (his name, like some others in this article, has been changed). Having studied in America and come back to his home village, he finds that he is wealthy by local standards. So why be content with just one bride?
2
Few South Sudanese see the connection between these matrimonial customs and the country’s horrific civil war. If you ask them the reason for the violence, locals will blame tribalism, greedy politicians, weak institutions and perhaps the oil wealth which gives warlords something to fight over. All true, but not the whole story.
3
Wherever it is widely practised, polygamy destabilizes society, largely because it is a form of inequality which creates an urgent distress in the hearts, and loins, of young men. If a rich man has a Lamborghini, that does not mean that a poor man has to walk, for the supply of cars is not fixed. By contrast, every time a rich man takes an extra wife, another poor man must remain single. If the richest and most powerful 10% of men have, say, four wives each, the bottom 30% of men cannot marry. Young men will take desperate measures to avoid this state.
4
This is one of the reasons why the Arab Spring erupted, why the jihadists of Boko Haram and Islamic State were able to conquer swathes of Nigeria, Iraq and Syria, and why the polygamous parts of Indonesia and Haiti are so turbulent. Polygamous societies are bloodier, more likely to invade their neighbours and more prone to collapse than others are. The taking of multiple wives is a feature of life in all of the 20 most unstable countries on the Fragile States Index compiled by the Fund for Peace, an NGO. Because polygamy is illegal in most rich countries, many Westerners underestimate how common it is. More than a third of women in West Africa are married to a man who has more than one wife. Plural marriages are plentiful in the Arab world, and fairly common in South-East Asia and a few parts of the Caribbean. The cultures involved are usually patrilineal: ie, the family is defined by the male bloodline. And they are patrilocal: wives join the husband’s family and leave their own behind. Marriages are often sealed by the payment of a brideprice from the groom’s family to the bride’s. This is supposed to compensate the bride’s family for the cost of raising her.
5
Brideprice societies where wealth is unevenly distributed lend themselves to polygamy—which in turn inflates the price of brides. By increasing the brideprice, polygamy tends to raise the age at which young men get married; it takes a long time to save enough money. At the same time, it lowers the age at which women get married. All but the wealthiest families need to “sell” their daughters before they can afford to “buy” wives for their sons; they also want the wives they shell out for to be young and fertile. In South Sudan “a girl is called an old lady at age 20 because she cannot bear many children after that,” a local man said. A tribal elder spelled out the maths of the situation. “When you have 10 daughters, each one will give you 30 cows, and they are all for [the father]. So then you have 300 cows.” If a patriarch sells his daughters at 15 and does not let his sons marry until they are 30, he has15 years to enjoy the returns on the assets he gained from brideprice. That’s a lot of milk.

Adapted from The Economist, December 23, 2017

👉 Questão  31 :
With respect to William, the information in paragraph 1 most supports which of the following?
a) As a relatively wealthy South Sudanese, he was able to pay for his IT studies in the United States.
b) He has acquired enough cattle to take more than one wife.
c) His main reason for engaging in polygamy is to improve his status in his home village.
d) He returned to South Sudan because polygamy is prohibited in the United States.
e) He is one of South Sudan’s relatively wealthy men who do not intend to stop with only one wife.

R E S P O S T A :   E

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👉 Questão  32 :
In paragraph 2, the sentence “All true, but not the whole story” most likely refers to which of the following?
a) It is impossible to point to only one factor as the cause of South Sudan’s civil war.
b) In order to end South Sudan’s civil war, polygamy must be abolished.
c) The widespread matrimonial frustration of many young men must be considered a reason for South Sudan’s civil war.
d) Warlords are not the only people fighting for control of South Sudan’s oil wealth.
e) Few South Sudanese understand that polygamy is the real reason behind the country’s already endemic social and economic problems.

R E S P O S T A :   C

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👉 Questão  33 :
Which of the following is most supported by the information in the article?
a) Even in a rich country, widespread polygamy is a destabilizing factor.
b) In countries where polygamy is widely practiced, young women rarely want to marry poor young men. c) Emotional inequality causes more conflict and violence than does economic inequality.
d) In any country, young men deprived of access to women cause most of the violence.
e) Inequality resulting from polygamy is harder to rectify than any other form of inequality.

R E S P O S T A :   A

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👉 Questão  34 :
In paragraph 4, “This” in the phrase “This is one of the reasons why the Arab Spring erupted…” most likely refers specifically to
a) polygamy.
b) the extreme inequality common in certain Arab countries.
c) the powerful natural urge to have at least one wife.
d) the Islamic extremism that encourages the taking of multiple wives.
e) the generalized oppression of women in Arab countries.

R E S P O S T A :   C

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👉 Questão  35 :
With respect to countries in which polygamy is practiced, the information in the article supports all of the following except
a) they are usually among the world’s most unstable countries.
b) they are invariably ruled by undemocratic national governments.
c) they tend to suffer from widespread internal violence.
d) they often act aggressively against neighboring countries.
e) they are not necessarily poor.

R E S P O S T A :   B

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👉 Questão  36 :
According to the information in the article, the brideprice is
a) money that the family of a the bride gives the groom before the wedding.
b) one tradition that all polygamous marriages have in common.
c) illegal in countries that forbid polygamous marriages.
d) more problematic for young men in polygamous societies than in non-polygamous societies.
e) perhaps the worst aspect of a patriarchal society, because it transforms the bride into a commodity.

R E S P O S T A :   D

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👉 Questão  37 :
With respect to the exclusively financial aspects of the brideprice, a South Sudanese cattle farmer would most likely get the biggest benefit from which of the following situations?
a) All his children are boys.
b) All his children are girls.
c) He has more boys than girls.
d) He has more girls than boys.
e) He has the same number of girls and boys.

R E S P O S T A :   B

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👉 Questão  38 :
The last sentence of the article, “That’s a lot of milk,” most likely refers to which aspect of certain polygamous societies?
a) Making sure your daughters marry early and your sons marry late can be very lucrative.
b) Whatever money or goods a woman earns from her brideprice always goes to her father.
c) The younger a girl is, the more valuable she is on the marriage market.
d) Women older than 20 have a hard time finding husbands and thus earn very little money from their brideprice.
e) Cattle and single women are equally valuable as commodities in impoverished farming communities.

R E S P O S T A :   A

•

• TEXTO 2:

Germany in the middle ages

By Simon Winder

1

The optimism of the central Middle Ages (the 'high' Middle Ages as they are sometimes called, with the implication of a top point on a graph or on a rollercoaster) comes sadly undone for Germany in the fourteenth century. The crusades had more or less given up and the Holy Roman Emperor was no longer the powerful figure he had been, but life for the hundreds of self-supporting, fairly small-scale regions of Germany had continued to be tolerable, with a rising population, reasonable security and established systems of justice. All this changed for the unhappy generations arriving after 1280 or so. One striking fact that cannot be ignored when spending too much time wandering around local churches in Germany is, through the sheer density of memorials, the unfairness of your fate based on when you were born. Sculptures and, later, paintings stare back at you asserting or even boasting their subjects' secure, civic, prominent and enjoyable existence. But other birth dates intersect with the most ghastly events. Indeed, more often than not memorials tend to come from prosperous times and a lack of memorials means something has·gone seriously wrong – that the community has temporarily lost its enthusiasm for marking its own providential happiness. We are ourselves of course acutely aware of this in the twentieth century, where specific age groups suffered millions of deaths while in some parts of Europe others could come through almost unscathed [ilesos] – and·in others of course, such as Poland or the western Soviet Union in the early 1940s, there was no generation left undevastated.
2
The first half of the fourteenth century was a comparable nightmare, with similar or worse percentages of dead (albeit in a much smaller overall population) to those experienced in Central and Eastern Europe in the Second World War (1939-1945). In some places the Thirty Years War was to offer something similar. Within the period for which we have worthwhile records these three points (the 1340s, the 1630s and the 1940s) are the worst times to have been alive in Central Europe's history.
3
The crisis of the fourteenth century began with an immense famine. It seems to have rained and rained and rained. Crops completely failed over huge areas. It was so wet that salt could not be dried to preserve meat. Transport was always too poor to allow for much food to arrive from non-afflicted areas, but in any event there were hardly any of these. People were driven to eat the seed corn needed for the following year's crop. It has been suggested that the story of Hansel and Gretel stemmed from this awful time. Germany was at the heart of a general Northern European torture. There had always been famines, but this was the one that became known as the Great Famine, killing off an unknown but massive number of people. Having absorbed such a nightmarish blow, Germans then had to face the Black Death in 1349 – a still mysterious epidemic that swept across Eurasia, killing many millions. The statistics are conjectural but prosperous places such as Bremen and Hamburg seem to have lost up to two-thirds of their inhabitants, whole villages ceased to exist and were·never re-founded, entire regions became depopulated. The combination of the Great Famine and the Black Death seems to have reduced the number of Germans by about forty per cent. It is perhaps the event in Europe's history least possible to visualize. Some historians have suggested that Europe's civilization, that of a vigorous intellectual life, of the great cathedrals, of an expansive and outward-looking world, should be viewed as coming to an end by 1350. Buildings such as Bamberg Cathedral should perhaps be seen much as we look at Machu Picchu, as fascinating remnants of a dead culture, even if in Europe's case they were re-used by subsequent inhabitants. Though probably too extreme, it is a useful way of thinking about just how much we really have in common, as “Europeans,” with this earlier period – we yearn for continuity as it makes us feel happy, but perhaps that continuity is there in a more tentative way than we would like to think.

Adapted from Chapter 3 of the book Germania.

👉 Questão  39 :
The term “’high’ Middle Ages,” as cited in the first sentence, most likely indicates which of the following?
a) In that period, Germany as a whole reached a level of wealth and culture that it has never again equaled.
b) Soon after that moment in history, life in Germany became worse.
c) At that moment in history, the civilizing influence of the crusades and the Holy Roman Emperor began to evaporate.
d) The people of Germany were unprepared for the drastic changes that would soon come.
e) It was at that moment that religious faith began to collapse in Germany.

R E S P O S T A :   B

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👉 Questão  40 :
According to the information in the article,
a) the history of Germany in the Middle Ages is one of war, famine, and plague.
b) during most of the 1200s, life in the several German regions was precarious at best.
c) the year 1280 is generally considered the year when the central Middle Ages ended in Germany.
d) it is undeniable that in Germany in the Middle Ages, date of birth determined important aspects of a person’s future.
e) no one has been able to explain why death and destruction were so widespread in Germany during the central Middle Ages.

R E S P O S T A :   D

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👉 Questão  41 :
With respect to the memorials that can still be found in many local churches in Germany, the information in the article most supports which of the following?
a) Before 1280, sculptured memorials were very common; after that date, painted memorials began to predominate.
b) Wealthy families placed such memorials in churches to commemorate important events such as births, weddings and funerals.
c) Almost no memorials remain from the period before 1280.
d) When times where bad, the subject matter of such memorials tended to be religious rather than nonreligious.
e) When such memorials from a given historical period are absent, that period was probably marked by serious problems.

R E S P O S T A :   E

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👉 Questão  42 :
The information in the article most supports which of the following?
a) Disasters in the fourteenth century killed more people in Germany than at any other time in that country’s history.
b) What happened in Poland and the Soviet Union in the early 1940s is similar to what happened in those regions in the 1340s and the 1630s.
c) Unlike the destruction that took place in Central and Eastern Europe in the Second World War, the destruction that occurred in the first half of the fourteenth century was limited to German territory.

d) The disastrous period that began in the German territories after 1280 lasted longer than either the Thirty Years War or the Second World War.
e) It is likely that more Germans died in the disasters of the late Middle Ages than died in the Thirty Years War and the Second World War put together.

R E S P O S T A :   D

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👉 Questão  43 :
According to the information in the article, all of the following most likely contributed to the Great Famine of the fourteenth century except
a) rain.
b) insufficient amounts of dry salt.
c) precarious transportation systems.
d) the difficulty of preserving meat.
e) seed corn unfit for human consumption.

R E S P O S T A :   E

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👉 Questão  44 :
According to the information in the article, the Black Death
a) affected a larger geographical area than did the Great Famine.
b) was in general confined to Germany’s cities and towns, having little impact on rural areas.
c) killed around 40% of all Germans.
d) is considered the most destructive plague that ever occurred.
e) marked the end of the Middle Ages.

R E S P O S T A :   A

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👉 Questão  45 :
In the last paragraph, the article most likely mentions Bamberg Cathedral in order to
a) draw attention to the vigorous but transitory nature of Germany’s central Middle Ages civilization.
b) highlight the fact that what we call “European” culture in fact comprises many distinct, often unrelated cultures.
c) support the idea that Europe’s great central Middle Ages civilization may be considered a world that died.

d) emphasize that the Great Famine and the Black Death did not destroy all aspects of Germany’s central Middle Ages culture.
e) suggest that, contrary to popular belief, modern historians know almost nothing of real substance about the central Middle Ages.

R E S P O S T A :   C

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