IADES – 2019 – DIPLOMATA – CACD – 1ª FASE – TPS – LÍNGUA INGLESA – CONCURSO DE ADMISSÃO À CARREIRA DE DIPLOMATA – PROVA COM GABARITO.

Welcome back to another post!

➧ PROVA DE LÍNGUA INGLESA: IADES-2019-DIPLOMATA-CACD-1ªFASE-08/09/2019.

➧ BANCA/ORGANIZADOR: https://www.iades.com.br/

➧ PADRÃO DA PROVA-1ª FASE-TPS-TESTE DE PRÉ-SELEÇÃO:

➧ ESTRUTURA-TPS 2021-TESTE DE PRÉ-SELEÇÃO:

➭ 9 True False Questions / 4 Options Each Question.

➭ Text (1) – (2 questions) – Heatwaves are killing people.

➭ Text (2) – (3 questions) – New Realities in Foreign Affairs: Diplomacy in the 21st Century.

➭ Text (3) – (2 questions) – Towards a fairer distribution.

➭ Text (4) – (2 questions) – The Story of Art.

➧ PROVA:

➧ GABARITO:

01-CECC, 02-CCCE, 03-CCEC

04-EEEC, 05-EECC, 06-CEEC

07-CECC, 08-CEEC, 09-EEEE

➧ INSTRUÇÃO: Text 1 to answer questions from 01 and 02.

Heatwaves are killing people

In recent days heatwaves have turned swathes of America and Europe into furnaces. Despite the accompanying blast of headlines, the implications of such extreme heat are often overlooked or underplayed. Spectacular images of hurricanes or floods grab attention more readily, yet heatwaves can cause more deaths. Heat is one of climate change’s deadliest manifestations. Sometimes its impact is unmistakable — a heatwave in Europe in 2003 is estimated to have claimed 70,000 lives. More often, though, heatwaves are treated like the two in the Netherlands in 2018. In just over three weeks, around 300 more people died than would normally be expected at that time of year. This was dismissed as a “minor rise” by officials. But had those people died in a flood, it would have been front-page news.

The havoc caused by extreme heat does not get the attention it merits for several reasons. The deaths tend to be more widely dispersed and do not involve the devastation of property as do the ravages of wind and water. Moreover, deaths are not usually directly attributable to heatstroke. Soaring temperatures just turn pre-existing conditions such as heart problems or lung disease lethal.

Heatwaves will inevitably attract more attention as they become more frequent. As greenhouse gases continue to accumulate in the atmosphere, not only will temperatures rise overall but extremes of heat will occur more frequently. Britain’s Met Office calculates that by the 2040s European summers as hot as that of 2003 could be commonplace, regardless of how fast emissions are reduced. Urbanisation intensifies the risk to health: cities are hotter places than the surrounding countryside, and more people are moving into them.

The good news is that most fatalities are avoidable, if three sets of measures are put in place. First, people must be made aware that extreme heat can kill and warning systems established. Heatwaves can be predicted with reasonable accuracy, which means warnings can be given in advance advising people to stay indoors, seek cool areas and drink plenty of water. Smart use of social media can help. In 2017 a campaign on Facebook warning of the dangers of a heatwave in Dhaka, Bangladesh’s capital, reached 3.9m people, nearly half the city’s population.

Second, cool shaded areas and fresh water should be made available. In poor places, air-conditioned community centres and schools can be kept open permanently. In Cape Town, spray parks have been installed to help people cool down. Third, new buildings must be designed to be resilient to the threat of extreme heat and existing ones adapted. White walls, roofs or tarpaulins, and extra vegetation in cities, all of which help prevent heat from building up, can be provided fairly cheaply. A programme to install “cool roofs” and insulation in Philadelphia reduced maximum indoor temperatures by 1.3˚C.

It is a cruel irony that, as with other effects of climate change, the places that are hardest hit by heatwaves can least afford to adapt. In poor countries, where climates are often hotter and more humid, public-health systems are weaker and preoccupied with other threats. Often, adaptation to extreme heat is done by charities if it is done at all. Particular attention should be paid to reaching both remote areas and densely populated urban ones, including slums where small dwellings with tin roofs packed together worsen the danger that uncomfortably high temperatures will become lethal.

Adaptation is not an alternative to cutting emissions; both are necessary. But even if net emissions are reduced to zero this century, the persistence of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere means that heatwaves will continue to get worse for decades to come. As the mercury rises, governments in rich and poor countries alike must do more to protect their populations from this very real and quietly deadly aspect of climate change.

Heatwaves are killing people. Available at: <www.economist.com>. Retrieved on: Aug. 22. 2019, with adaptations.

01 – (IADES-2019-DIPLOMATA-CACD-1ªFASE)

Considering the ideas and the vocabulary in the text, mark the following item as right (C) or wrong (E).

(1) In the first paragraph, the word “swathes”(line 1) can be correctly replaced with areas.

(2) In the first paragraph, the word “blast”(line 3) can be correctly replaced with number.

(3) Deaths caused by heatwaves do not shock people as much as deaths by other natural disasters do.

(4) Heatwaves are probably more lethal than floods.

__Gabarito:  CECC__
(1) In the first paragraph, the word “swathes”(line 1) can be correctly replaced with areas.

➧ ITEM CORRETO – SWATHE = AREA, STRIP.

(a) Contextual Definition - SWATHE = LONG STRIP or LARGE AREA, especially of land. [Cambridge Dictionary]

(b) Contextual Synonym(s) - SWATHE = AREA, STRIP.

• In recent days heatwaves have turned swathes (=AREAS) of America and Europe into furnaces. – Nos últimos dias, ondas de calor transformaram áreas grandes da América e da Europa em fornos.
• Huge swathes (=AREAS) of rainforest are being cleared for farming and mining. – ÁREAS ENORMES de floresta tropical estão sendo desmatadas para agricultura e mineração. [Cambridge Dictionary]
• The combine had cut a swathe around the edge of the field. – A colheitadeira havia cortado uma FAIXA LONGA ao redor da borda do campo. [Oxford Dictionary]

(c) Definitions - SWATHE: [https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/swathe]

- A swathe of land is a long strip of land.

- A swathe of cloth is a long strip of cloth.

- to wrap around or cover with cloth. - COBRIR COM PANO, EMBRULHAR COM UM PANO.

• I love to swathe (= dress) myself in silk. [Cambridge]
• He came out of the hospital swathed (= wrap) in bandages. [Cambridge]

(d) Idiom – CUT A SWATHE THOUGH - to destroy a large part of something or kill many of a group of people.[https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/cut-a-swathe-through]

• The storm cut a swathe through the village. – A tempestade CAUSOU UMA DESTRUIÇÃO GRANDE no povoado.  [Cambridge]
• Building the tunnel would involve cutting a great swathe through the forest. – Construir o túnel envolveria UMA DESTRUIÇÃO GRANDE da floresta. [Collins]

(2) In the first paragraph, the word “blast”(line 3) can be correctly replaced with number.

➧ ITEM ERRADO – "BLAST OF HEADLINES" = EXPLOSÃO DE MANCHETE – TUMULTO/BURBURINHO/FANFARICE DE MANCHETES. Contextualmente, "blast of headlines" refere-se ao tumulto/burburinho/fanfarrice das manchetes e não o número das manchetes.

(3) Deaths caused by heatwaves do not shock people as much as deaths by other natural disasters do.

(As mortes causadas por ondas de calor não chocam tanto as pessoas quanto as mortes causadas por outros desastres naturais.)

• ITEM CORRETO conforme o trecho:
• "[...] Spectacular images of hurricanes or floods grab attention more readily,.."
• Imagens espetaculares de furacões ou inundações chamam a atenção mais rapidamente... 

(4) Heatwaves are probably more lethal than floods.

(As ondas de calor são provavelmente mais letais do que as inundações.)

• ITEM CORRETO conforme o trecho:
• "[...] Spectacular images of hurricanes or floods grab attention more readily, yet heatwaves can cause more deaths."
• Imagens espetaculares de furacões ou inundações chamam a atenção mais rapidamente, mas as ondas de calor podem causar mais mortes.

02 – (IADES-2019-DIPLOMATA-CACD-1ªFASE)

Considering the ideas and the vocabulary in the text, mark the following item as right (C) or wrong (E).

(1) In the second paragraph, the words “havoc”(line 16) and “ravages”(line 19) both mean “extensive or devastating destruction”.

(2) The cause-effect relationship between heatwaves and deaths is not obvious.

(3) Not only do heatwaves kill immediately but they also lead to eventual deaths.

(4) Emissions need to be stopped if a heatwave like the one in 2003 is to be avoided

__Gabarito:  CCCE__

➧ INSTRUÇÃO: Text 2 to answer questions from 03 to 05.

Since 1914 the structure of the world has changed. Compared to the present struggle between West and East, the rivalries of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries sink into insignificance. Today we are faced, not with a clash of interests, but with a fight between the desire on the one hand to defend individual liberties and the resolve on the other hand to impose a mass religion. In the process the old standards, conventions and methods of international negotiation have been discredited. Had it not been for the invention of the atomic bomb, we should already have been subjected to a third world war.

 

Members of the Communist bloc today are convinced that sooner or later they will acquire world dominion and will succeed in imposing their faith and their authority over the whole earth. They strain towards this objective with religious intensity and are prepared to devote to its achievement their lives, their comfort and their prospects of happiness. Anything that furthers their purpose is “right”; anything that obstructs it is “wrong”; conventional morality, even the creation of confidence, has no part in this scheme of things. Truth itself has lost its significance. Compared to the shining truth of their gospel, all minor forms of veracity are merely bourgeois inhibitions. The old diplomacy was based upon the creation of confidence, the acquisition of credit. The modern diplomat must realize that he can no longer rely on the old system of trust; he must accept the fact that his antagonists will not hesitate to falsify facts and that they feel no shame if their duplicity be exposed. The old currency has been withdrawn from circulation; we are dealing in a new coinage.

This transformation of values has been aided by a new or “democratic” conception of international relations. In the old days the conduct of foreign affairs was entrusted to a small international élite who shared the same sort of background and who desired to preserve the same sort of world. Today the masses are expected to take an interest in foreign affairs, to know the details of current controversies, to come to their own conclusions, and to render these conclusions effective through press and parliament. At the same time, however, current issues have been rendered complex and interconnected; it is not possible to state issues, such as the Common Market, in short and simple terms. Thus, whereas the man in the street is expected to have an opinion on international problems, the very complexity of these problems has rendered it difficult to provide him with the information on which to base his judgment.

Nicolson, H. (1963) (3rd edition) Diplomacy.

Oxford: OUP, with adaptations.

03 – (IADES-2019-DIPLOMATA-CACD-1ªFASE)

As far as grammar is concerned and based on the text, mark the following item as right (C) or wrong (E).

1 Another correct preposition used with the verb “Compared” (line 2) is with, as in “to compare with”.

2 The expression “Had it not been” (line 9) describes a hypothetical action that would have occurred inthe past.

3 In the fragment “to its achievement” (line 17), the underlined pronoun refers to “religious intensity” (line 16).

4 In the fragment “Thus, whereas the man in the street”(line 43), the underlined adverb means “as a result of what has just been said or stated” and can be replaced with hence.

__Gabarito:  CCEC__
04 – (IADES-2019-DIPLOMATA-CACD-1ªFASE)

Based on the text, mark the following item as right (C) or wrong (E).

1 The ultimate goal of the author of the text is to draw attention to the importance of nuclear deterrence.

2 It can be inferred from the text that world diplomacy had then been increasingly dominated by religious fanaticism and financial interests.

3 The author urges Western diplomats to resort to the same unprincipled conduct their Eastern colleagues engage in.

4 The general tenor of the text reflects the bipolar world order prevalent in the diplomatic scene after the Second World War.

__Gabarito:  EEEC__
05 – (IADES-2019-DIPLOMATA-CACD-1ªFASE)

As far as lexical comprehension is concerned, mark the following item as right (C) or wrong (E).

1 In the fragment “resolve on the other hand to impose a mass religion.”(lines 6 and 7), the underlined word means “alternative”.

2 In the fragment “They strain towards this objective”(lines 15 and 16), the underlined word is synonymous with “move”.

3 In “their prospects of happiness.”(lines 17 and 18) the underlined word can be correctly replaced with chances or possibilities.

4 In “and to render these conclusions effective”(lines 38 and 39), the underlined word means “to make”.

__Gabarito:  EECC__
➧ INSTRUÇÃO: Text 3 to answer questions from 06 and 07. 

Towards a fairer distribution

Translation and interpretation in matters of diplomacy is tricky. Language enthusiasts particularly enjoy the story of the Treaty of Wuchale, signed between Ethiopia and Italy in 1889. The text didn’t read the same in Amharic and Italian. The former guaranteed Ethiopia’s king Menelik II a good measure of autonomy in conducting foreign affairs. The latter established an Italian protectorate with no flexibility. The culprit: one verb, forming a permissive clause in Amharic and a mandatory one in Italian. Six years later, the differing interpretations led to war. Ethiopia won.

If only the Ethiopians and Italians had modern translators at their side. Treaty translation is big business today. The European Union, for example, spends an estimated €300m annually on translating between its 23 official languages. (While this is a big chunk of money, it’s less than 1% of the EU’s annual budget.) Three of those—English, French, and German—are working languages in most meetings. In reality, English is most commonly used. But because each document must be faithfully recreated in each of the EU’s 23 languages, creating authentic versions can be expensive and time-consuming. Thankfully, most problems are dealt with in procès-verbal, a way to introduce technical corrections to treaties without revisiting negotiations. It might still delay matters. Last year, for example, Ireland’s ratification of an EU treaty was delayed by grammatical errors in the Irish version. There are obvious trade-offs to language equality, but the EU has calculated that the delays and costs are worth it.

 

The United Nations should revisit its own calculations. It has just six official and two working languages. The task of translation here in Geneva, home to most UN organs, is thus decidedly simpler. The UN’s official languages are geographically diverse—combined, native speakers of Arabic, English, French, Mandarin, Russian and Spanish number over 2.2 billion. But the two working languages are bound to tradition. The persistence of French is attributed to its history as the “language of diplomacy”. In the hallways of the New York headquarters, English is (naturally) favored, and French is preferred in Geneva. Treaties registered with the United Nations Treaty Series are always translated into French and English. Documents are always provided in French and English. This city’s Geneva Conventions, written in equally authentic French and English versions, laid part of the groundwork for the international system.

Towards a fairer distribution.

Available at: <www.economist.com>.

Retrieved on: Aug. 15. 2019, with adaptations.

06 – (IADES-2019-DIPLOMATA-CACD-1ªFASE)

Concerning the grammatical and semantic aspects of the text, mark the following item as right (C) or wrong (E).

1 The passage “the text didn’t read the same”(line 4) considers that the treaty had different meanings in Amharic and in Italian.

2 The word “former”(line 5) refers to someone who created the Treaty.

3 The word “latter”(line 7) relates to how slow the establishment of the Italian protectorate was.

4 Mistranslation of a verb led Ethiopia and Italy to war.

__Gabarito:  CEEC__
07 – (IADES-2019-DIPLOMATA-CACD-1ªFASE)

Considering the grammatical and semantic aspects of the text, mark the following item as right (C) or wrong (E).

1 In the passage “The United Nations should revisit its own calculations.”(line 29), the underlined word can be correctly replaced with reconsider.

2 “Trade-offs”(line 27) means “bad deals”.

3 The phrase “Bound to”(line 36) means “forced to keep a promise to”.

4 The expression “laid […] the groundwork for”(line 44) can be correctly replaced with prepared.

__Gabarito:  CECC__
➧ INSTRUÇÃO: Text 4 to answer questions from 08 and 09.

On any person who desires such queer prizes, New York will bestow the gift of loneliness and the gift of privacy. It is this largess that accounts for the presence within the city’s walls of a considerable section of the population; for the residents of Manhattan are to a large extent strangers who have pulled up stakes somewhere and come to town, seeking sanctuary or fulfillment or some greater or lesser grail. The capacity to make such dubious gifts is a mysterious quality of New York. It can destroy an individual, or it can fulfill him, depending a good deal on luck. No one should come to New York to live unless he is willing to be lucky.

[…]

There are roughly three New Yorks. There is, first, the New York of the man or woman who was born here, who takes the city for granted and accepts its size and its turbulence as natural and inevitable. Second, there is the New York of the commuter—the city that is devoured by locusts each day and spat out each night. Third, there is the New York of the person who was born somewhere else and came to New York in quest of something. Of these three trembling cities the greatest is the last—the city of final destination, the city that is a goal. It is this third city that accounts for New York’s high-strung disposition, its poetical deportment, its dedication to the arts, and its incomparable achievements. Commuters give the city its tidal restlessness; natives give it solidity and continuity; but the settlers give it passion. And whether it is a farmer arriving from Italy to set up a small grocery store in a slum, or a young girl arriving from a small town in Mississippi to escape the indignity of being observed by her neighbors, or a boy arriving from the Corn Belt with a manuscript in his suitcase and a pain in his heart, it makes no difference: each embraces New York with the intense excitement of first love, each absorbs New York with the fresh eyes of an adventurer, each generates heat and light to dwarf the Consolidated Edison Company.

White, E.B. (1999) Here is New York. 

New York: The Little Book Room, with adaptations.

08 – (IADES-2019-DIPLOMATA-CACD-1ªFASE)

Considering the text, mark the following item as right (C) or wrong (E).

1 The word “largess” (line 3) could be correctly replaced with generosity.

2 The word “bestow” (line 2) could be correctly replaced with exchange.

3 The fragment “to dwarf the” (line 36) could be correctly replaced with that contribute to.

4 The fragment “sanctuary or fulfillment or some greater or lesser grail”(lines 7 and 8) could be correctly replaced with refuge or satisfaction or some greater or lesser prize.

__Gabarito:  CEEC__

09 – (IADES-2019-DIPLOMATA-CACD-1ªFASE)

Mark the following item as right (C) or wrong (E) in summarizing the views of the author of the text.

1 Loneliness and privacy are unambiguously valuable gifts.

2 While Native Americans gave New York solidity and continuity, European settlers gave it passion.

3 The influx of people from other places is eroding New York’s unique character.

4 A young girl arriving in New York from a small town in Mississippi will embrace New York with the intense excitement of first love, even though she will now suffer the indignity of being observed by her neighbors.

__Gabarito:  EEEE__