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World's largest DNA sequencing of Viking skeletons reveals they weren't all Scandinavian
01 The six-year research project, published in Nature today (16 September 2020),
02 debunks the modern image of Vikings and was led by Professor Eske Willerslev, a
03 Fellow of St John's College, University of Cambridge, and director of The Lundbeck
04 Foundation GeoGenetics Centre, University of Copenhagen.
05 He said: "We have this image of well-connected Vikings mixing with each other,
06 trading and going on raiding parties to fight Kings across Europe because this is what
07 we see on television and read in books – but genetically we have shown for the first
08 time that it wasn't that kind of world. This study changes the perception of who a Viking
09 actually was – no one could have predicted these significant gene flows into
10 Scandinavia from Southern Europe and Asia happened before and during the Viking
11 Age."
12 The word Viking comes from the Scandinavian term 'vikingr' meaning 'pirate'. The
13 Viking Age generally refers to the period from A.D. 800, a few years after the earliest
14 recorded raid, until the 1050s, a few years before the Norman Conquest of England in
15 1066. The Vikings changed the political and genetic course of Europe and beyond:
16 Cnut the Great became the King of England, Leif Eriksson is believed to have been the
17 first European to reach North America -- 500 years before Christopher Columbus -- and
18 Olaf Tryggvason is credited with taking Christianity to Norway. Many expeditions
19 involved raiding monasteries and cities along the coastal settlements of Europe but the
20 goal of trading goods like fur, tusks and seal fat were often the more pragmatic aim.
21 Professor Willerslev added: "We didn't know genetically what they actually looked
22 like until now. We found genetic differences between different Viking populations within
23 Scandinavia which shows Viking groups in the region were far more isolated than
24 previously believed. Our research even debunks the modern image of Vikings with
25 blonde hair as many had brown hair and were influenced by genetic influx from the
26 outside of Scandinavia."
27 The team of international academics sequenced the whole genomes of 442
28 mostly Viking Age men, women, children and babies from their teeth and petrous
29 bones found in Viking cemeteries. They analysed the DNA from the remains from a
30 boat burial in Estonia and discovered four Viking brothers died the same day. The
31 scientists have also revealed male skeletons from a Viking burial site in Orkney,
32 Scotland, were not actually genetically Vikings despite being buried with swords and
33 other Viking memorabilia.
34 There wasn't a word for Scandinavia during the Viking Age -- that came later. But
35 the research study shows that the Vikings from what is now Norway travelled to
36 Ireland, Scotland,Iceland and Greenland. The Vikings from what is now Denmark
37 travelled to England. And Vikings from what is now Sweden went to the Baltic countries
38 on their all male 'raiding parties'. Dr Ashot Margaryan, Assistant Professor at the
39 Section for Evolutionary Genomics, Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen and first author
40 of the paper, said: "We carried out the largest ever DNA analysis of Viking
41 remains to explore how they fit into the genetic picture of Ancient Europeans before the
42 Viking Age. The results were startling and some answer long-standing historical
43 questions and confirm previous assumptions that lacked evidence. […]
44 The Viking Age altered the political, cultural and demographic map of Europe in
45 ways that are still evident today in place names, surnames and modern genetics.[…]
46 Assistant Professor Fernando Racimo, also a lead author based at the
47 GeoGenetics Centre in the University of Copenhagen, stressed how valuable the
48 dataset is for the study of the complex traits and natural selection in the past. He
49 explained: This is the first time we can take a detailed look at the evolution of variants
50 under natural selection in the last 2,000 years of European history. The Viking
51 genomes allow us to disentangle how selection unfolded before, during and after the
52 Viking movements across Europe, affecting genes associated with important traits like
53 immunity, pigmentation and metabolism. We can also begin to infer the physical
54 appearance of ancient Vikings and compare them to Scandinavians today."
55 The genetic legacy of the Viking Age lives on today with six per cent of people of
56 the UK population predicted to have Viking DNA in their genes compared to 10 per
57 cent in Sweden.
58 Professor Willeslev concluded: "The results change the perception of who a
59 Viking actually was. The history books will need to be updated.”
SCIENCEDAILY. Disponível em: <www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2020/09/200916113544.htm> Acesso em: 25 ago. 2021. (Adaptado)
01 – (FURG/ILA-2022/1-PROVA DE PROFICIÊNCIA)
No primeiro parágrafo, o verbo “debunks” (linha 2) pode ser substituído, sem interferir no sentido utilizado, por
(A) “reveals”.
(B) “proves”.
(C) “upholds”.
(D) “demystifies”.
__Gabarito: (D)__
02 – (FURG/ILA-2022/1-PROVA DE PROFICIÊNCIA)
A afirmação
“The team of international academics sequenced the whole genomes of 442 mostly Viking Age men, women, children and babies from their teeth and petrous bones found in Viking cemeteries.” (linhas 27-29),
no contexto em que está inserida, expressa:
(A) o resultado constatado pelo grupo de pesquisadores internacionais a respeito dos vikings.
(B) a conclusão apontada no estudo detalhado sobre levantamento genético de povos vikings.
(C) a metodologia utilizada pelo grupo de pesquisadores internacionais no estudo sobre vikings.
(D) o objetivo da pesquisa desenvolvida pelos pesquisadores da Universidade de Copenhagen.
__Gabarito: (C)__
03 – (FURG/ILA-2022/1-PROVA DE PROFICIÊNCIA)
Segundo o professor assistente Fernando Racimo, é possível afirmar que:
(A) o estudo do genoma Viking pode explicar a seleção natural ocorrida há 2 mil anos.
(B) a pesquisa pode decifrar como ocorreu a seleção natural após a presença dos Vikings.
(C) o levantamento poderá comparar a aparência entre o Viking ancestral e os escandinavos.
(D) os Vikings influenciaram a composição genética e o metabolismo dos Europeus modernos.
__Gabarito: (C)__
04 – (FURG/ILA-2022/1-PROVA DE PROFICIÊNCIA)
A preposição “despite” (l. 32) tem como função apontar uma relação:
(A) adição
(B) contraste
(C) justificativa
(D) consequência
__Gabarito: (B)__
05 – (FURG/ILA-2022/1-PROVA DE PROFICIÊNCIA)
Selecione a alternativa que melhor define a pesquisa descrita acima:
(A) “the genetic legacy of the Viking Age” (l. 55).
(B) “the largest ever DNA analysis of Viking” (l. 40).
(C) “the genetic picture of Ancient Europeans” (l. 41).
(D) “the study of the complex traits and natural selection” (l. 48).
__Gabarito: (B)__
06 – (FURG/ILA-2022/1-PROVA DE PROFICIÊNCIA)
Na frase: “There wasn't a word for Scandinavia during the Viking Age -- that came later” (l. 34), o pronome “that” refere-se a:
(A) “word”
(B) “study”
(C) “Viking Age”
(D) “Scandinavia”
__Gabarito: (A)__
07 – (FURG/ILA-2022/1-PROVA DE PROFICIÊNCIA)
Descreva o objetivo do artigo a respeito da pesquisa coordenada pelo Professor Eske Willerslev.
__RESPOSTA__
Visa informar sobre os resultados encontrados pela equipe do Professor Eske a respeito do projeto de pesquisa referente ao mapeamento genético de fósseis Vikings.
08 – (FURG/ILA-2022/1-PROVA DE PROFICIÊNCIA)
De acordo com o texto, resuma a principal contribuição do estudo para a área da genética.
__RESPOSTA__
A principal contribuição do estudo foi tornar possível a investigação da evolução de variáveis relativas à seleção natural nos últimos 2000 anos de história da Europa.
09 – (FURG/ILA-2022/1-PROVA DE PROFICIÊNCIA)
Explique a opinião do Professor Eske Willerslev ao concluir o estudo, conforme a seguinte declaração: “The results change the perception of who a Viking actually was. The history books will need to be updated” (l. 58-59).
__RESPOSTA__
Os resultados do estudo do mapeamento genético de fósseis Vikings alteram a percepção de quem foi, de fato, um viking. Sendo assim, os livros de história terão de ser atualizados.
10 – (FURG/ILA-2022/1-PROVA DE PROFICIÊNCIA)
Identifique o contraponto entre a imagem moderna sobre os Vikings difundida em filmes e livros e os resultados levantados pela pesquisa.
__RESPOSTA__
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