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❑ PROVA DE LĂNGUA INGLESA:
- VESTIBULAR FGV-2022-UNIFICADO-26/11/21.
❑ ESTRUTURA-PROVA:
- 15 MCQs (Multiple Choice Question) / 5 Options Each Question.
- Text (1) – | CHINA’S COMMUNIST PARTY AT 100 | The Economist |
- Text (2) – | STORMY WEATHER | Natural History |
PROVA, TRADUĂĂO, GABARITO & MUITO VOCABULĂRIO
❑ TEXTO 1: Texto para as perguntas de 1 a 8.
CHINA’S COMMUNIST PARTY AT 100
1 One party has ruled China for 72 years, without a mandate from voters. That is not a world record. Lenin and his dismal [sombrios, lĂșgubres, sinistros] heirs
[herdeiros] held power in Moscow for slightly longer, as has the Workers’ Party in North Korea. But no other dictatorship has been able to transform itself from
a famine-racked [assolado pela fome] disaster, as China was under Mao Zedong, into the world’s second-largest economy, whose cutting-edge [da vanguarda]
technology and infrastructure put America’s decaying roads and railways to shame. China’s Communists are the world’s most successful authoritarians.
2 The Chinese Communist Party has been able to maintain its grip on power for three reasons. First, it is ruthless [cruel, implacĂĄvel]. Yes, it delayed before
crushing the protests in Tiananmen Square in 1989. But eventually it answered the demonstrators [manifestantes] with bullets, terrorizing the country into
submission.
3 China’s present leaders show no signs at all of having any regrets about the massacre. On the contrary, President Xi Xinping laments that the Soviet Union
collapsed because its leaders were not “man enough to stand up and resist” at the critical moment. For which read: unlike us, they did not have the guts
[coragem] to slaughter [massacrar] unarmed protesters with machine-guns.
4 A second reason for the party’s longevity is its ideological agility. Within a couple of years of Mao’s death in 1976, a new leader, Deng Xiaoping, began
abandoning the late chairman’s productivity-destroying “people’s communes” and setting market forces to work in the countryside. Maoists complained, but
production soared. In the aftermath of Tiananmen and the Soviet Union’s downfall, Deng fought off Maoist diehards [da linha-dura] and embraced capitalism
with even greater fervor. This led to the closure of many state-owned firms and the privatization of housing. Millions were laid off, but China boomed.
5 Under Mr. Xi the party has shifted again, to focus on ideological orthodoxy. His recent predecessors allowed a measure of mild dissent; he has crushed it.
Mao is lauded [lovado] once more. Party cadres [quadros] study “Xi Xinping thought.” The bureaucracy, army, and police have undergone purges of deviant and
corrupt officials. Big business is being brought into line. Mr. Xi has rebuilt the party at the grassroots [na base], creating a network of neighborhood spies and
injecting cadres into private firms to watch over them. Not since Mao’s day has society been so tightly controlled.
6 The third cause of the party’s success is that China did not turn into a straightforward [pura, aberta] kleptocracy in which wealth is sucked up exclusively by
the well-connected. Corruption did become rampant [desmedida, galopante], and the most powerful families are indeed super-rich. But many people felt their
lives were improving too, and the party was astute enough to acknowledge their demands. It abolished rural taxes and created a welfare system that provides
everyone with pensions and subsidized health care. The benefits were not abundant, but they were appreciated.
7 Over the years Western observers have found plenty of reasons to predict the collapse of Chinese communism. Surely the control required by a one-party
state was incompatible with the freedom required by a modern economy? One day China’s economic growth must run out of steam, leading to disillusion and
protests. And, if it did not, the vast middle class that such a growth created would inevitably demand greater freedoms – especially because so many of their
children had encountered democracy first-hand, when they got their education in the West.
8 These predictions have been confounded by the Communist Party’s continuing popularity. Many Chinese credit it for the improvement in their livelihoods
[sustentos, meios de vida]. True, China’s workforce is ageing, shrinking, and accustomed to ridiculously early retirement, but those are the sorts of difficulties
every government faces, authoritarian or not. Vigorous economic growth looks as if it will continue for some time yet.
Adapted from The Economist, June 26 – July 2, 2021.
❑ TEXTO 1: Texto para as perguntas de 1 a 8.
CHINA’S COMMUNIST PARTY AT 100
O PARTIDO COMUNISTA DA CHINA AOS 100 ANOS
1 One party has ruled China for 72 years, without a mandate from voters. That is not a world record. Lenin and his dismal [sombrios, lĂșgubres, sinistros] heirs [herdeiros] held power in Moscow for slightly longer, as has the Workers’ Party in North Korea. But no other dictatorship has been able to transform itself from a famine-racked [assolado pela fome] disaster, as China was under Mao Zedong, into the world’s second-largest economy, whose cutting-edge [da vanguarda] technology and infrastructure put America’s decaying roads and railways to shame. China’s Communists are the world’s most successful authoritarians.
Um partido governou a China por 72 anos, sem um mandato dos eleitores. Isso nĂŁo Ă© um recorde mundial. Lenin e seus sombrios [sombrios, lĂșgubres, sinistros] herdeiros [herdeiros] mantiveram o poder em Moscou por um pouco mais de tempo, assim como o Partido dos Trabalhadores na Coreia do Norte. Mas nenhuma outra ditadura conseguiu se transformar de um desastre assolado pela fome, como a China foi sob Mao Zedong, na segunda maior economia do mundo, cuja tecnologia e infraestrutura de ponta [da vanguarda] envergonham as decadentes estradas e ferrovias dos Estados Unidos. Os comunistas da China sĂŁo os autoritĂĄrios mais bem-sucedidos do mundo.
2 The Chinese Communist Party has been able to maintain its grip on power for three reasons. First, it is ruthless [cruel, implacĂĄvel]. Yes, it delayed before crushing the protests in Tiananmen Square in 1989. But eventually it answered the demonstrators [manifestantes] with bullets, terrorizing the country into submission.
O Partido Comunista ChinĂȘs conseguiu manter seu controle sobre o poder por trĂȘs razĂ”es. Primeiro, Ă© implacĂĄvel. Sim, ele demorou para esmagar os protestos na Praça da Paz Celestial em 1989. Mas eventualmente ele respondeu aos manifestantes [manifestantes] com balas, aterrorizando o paĂs atĂ© a submissĂŁo.
3 China’s present leaders show no signs at all of having any regrets about the massacre. On the contrary, President Xi Xinping laments that the Soviet Union collapsed because its leaders were not “man enough to stand up and resist” at the critical moment. For which read: unlike us, they did not have the guts [coragem] to slaughter [massacrar] unarmed protesters with machine-guns.
Os atuais lĂderes da China nĂŁo mostram nenhum sinal de arrependimento sobre o massacre. Pelo contrĂĄrio, o presidente Xi Xinping lamenta que a UniĂŁo SoviĂ©tica tenha entrado em colapso porque seus lĂderes nĂŁo foram "homens o suficiente para se levantar e resistir" no momento crĂtico. Para o qual leia: diferentemente de nĂłs, eles nĂŁo tiveram coragem de massacrar manifestantes desarmados com metralhadoras.
4 A second reason for the party’s longevity is its ideological agility. Within a couple of years of Mao’s death in 1976, a new leader, Deng Xiaoping, began abandoning the late chairman’s productivity-destroying “people’s communes” and setting market forces to work in the countryside. Maoists complained, but production soared. In the aftermath of Tiananmen and the Soviet Union’s downfall, Deng fought off Maoist diehards [da linha-dura] and embraced capitalism with even greater fervor. This led to the closure of many state-owned firms and the privatization of housing. Millions were laid off, but China boomed.
Uma segunda razĂŁo para a longevidade do partido Ă© sua agilidade ideolĂłgica. Poucos anos apĂłs a morte de Mao em 1976, um novo lĂder, Deng Xiaoping, começou a abandonar as "comunas populares" destruidoras de produtividade do falecido presidente e a colocar as forças do mercado para trabalhar no campo. Os maoĂstas reclamaram, mas a produção disparou. ApĂłs a queda da Praça da Paz Celestial e da UniĂŁo SoviĂ©tica, Deng lutou contra os maoĂstas obstinados [da linha-dura] e abraçou o capitalismo com ainda mais fervor. Isso levou ao fechamento de muitas empresas estatais e Ă privatização da habitação. MilhĂ”es foram demitidos, mas a China prosperou.
5 Under Mr. Xi the party has shifted again, to focus on ideological orthodoxy. His recent predecessors allowed a measure of mild dissent; he has crushed it. Mao is lauded [lovado] once more. Party cadres [quadros] study “Xi Xinping thought.” The bureaucracy, army, and police have undergone purges of deviant and corrupt officials. Big business is being brought into line. Mr. Xi has rebuilt the party at the grassroots [na base], creating a network of neighborhood spies and injecting cadres into private firms to watch over them. Not since Mao’s day has society been so tightly controlled.
Sob o Sr. Xi, o partido mudou novamente, para se concentrar na ortodoxia ideolĂłgica. Seus antecessores recentes permitiram uma medida de dissidĂȘncia moderada; ele a esmagou. Mao Ă© elogiado [lovado] mais uma vez. Os quadros do partido [quadros] estudam o "pensamento de Xi Xinping". A burocracia, o exĂ©rcito e a polĂcia passaram por expurgos de funcionĂĄrios corruptos e desviantes. As grandes empresas estĂŁo sendo colocadas na linha. O Sr. Xi reconstruiu o partido na base [na base], criando uma rede de espiĂ”es de bairro e injetando quadros em empresas privadas para vigiĂĄ-las. Desde os dias de Mao, a sociedade nunca foi tĂŁo rigidamente controlada.
6 The third cause of the party’s success is that China did not turn into a straightforward [pura, aberta] kleptocracy in which wealth is sucked up exclusively by the well-connected. Corruption did become rampant [desmedida, galopante], and the most powerful families are indeed super-rich. But many people felt their lives were improving too, and the party was astute enough to acknowledge their demands. It abolished rural taxes and created a welfare system that provides everyone with pensions and subsidized health care. The benefits were not abundant, but they were appreciated.
A terceira causa do sucesso do partido Ă© que a China nĂŁo se transformou em uma cleptocracia direta [pura, aberta] na qual a riqueza Ă© sugada exclusivamente pelos bem relacionados. A corrupção se tornou desenfreada [desmedida, galopante], e as famĂlias mais poderosas sĂŁo de fato super-ricas. Mas muitas pessoas sentiram que suas vidas tambĂ©m estavam melhorando, e o partido foi astuto o suficiente para reconhecer suas demandas. Ele aboliu os impostos rurais e criou um sistema de bem-estar que fornece a todos pensĂ”es e assistĂȘncia mĂ©dica subsidiada. Os benefĂcios nĂŁo eram abundantes, mas eram apreciados.
7 Over the years Western observers have found plenty of reasons to predict the collapse of Chinese communism. Surely the control required by a one-party state was incompatible with the freedom required by a modern economy? One day China’s economic growth must run out of steam, leading to disillusion and protests. And, if it did not, the vast middle class that such a growth created would inevitably demand greater freedoms – especially because so many of their children had encountered democracy first-hand, when they got their education in the West.
Ao longo dos anos, observadores ocidentais encontraram muitas razĂ”es para prever o colapso do comunismo chinĂȘs. Certamente o controle exigido por um estado de partido Ășnico era incompatĂvel com a liberdade exigida por uma economia moderna? Um dia, o crescimento econĂŽmico da China deve perder força, levando Ă desilusĂŁo e aos protestos. E, se nĂŁo o fizesse, a vasta classe mĂ©dia que tal crescimento criou inevitavelmente exigiria maiores liberdades — especialmente porque muitos de seus filhos encontraram a democracia em primeira mĂŁo, quando receberam educação no Ocidente.
8 These predictions have been confounded by the Communist Party’s continuing popularity. Many Chinese credit it for the improvement in their livelihoods [sustentos, meios de vida]. True, China’s workforce is ageing, shrinking, and accustomed to ridiculously early retirement, but those are the sorts of difficulties every government faces, authoritarian or not. Vigorous economic growth looks as if it will continue for some time yet.
Essas previsĂ”es foram confundidas pela popularidade contĂnua do Partido Comunista. Muitos chineses atribuem a ele a melhoria em seus meios de subsistĂȘncia [sustentos, meios de vida]. Ă verdade que a força de trabalho da China estĂĄ envelhecendo, encolhendo e acostumada a uma aposentadoria ridiculamente precoce, mas esses sĂŁo os tipos de dificuldades que todo governo enfrenta, autoritĂĄrio ou nĂŁo. O crescimento econĂŽmico vigoroso parece que continuarĂĄ por algum tempo ainda.
01 – (FGV-2022/1-VESTIBULAR-1Âș SEMESTRE-ADMINISTRAĂĂO) With respect to China’s development, the information in the article
most supports which of the following?
(A) The Communist Party destroyed the legitimate, democratic
government of China 72 years ago.
(B) Ironically, if the Communists were not in control of the government
of China, that country would never have achieved such spectacular
economic growth.
(C) Though the U.S. is a richer country, certain parts of the
transportation system of China are far superior.
(D) No other national economy in history has grown so fast in such a
short time as has China’s.
(E) At present, no other government in the world has been so
successful in such a short time as has the government of
Communist China.
ComentĂĄrios e Gabarito C
TĂPICO - VOCABULĂRIO & RELAĂĂO SEMĂNTICA COM TRECHO DO TEXTO :
Relativamente ao desenvolvimento da China, a informação contida no artigo apoia qual das seguintes opçÔes?
(A) The Communist Party destroyed the legitimate, democratic government of China 72 years ago.
(O Partido Comunista destruiu o governo legĂtimo e democrĂĄtico da China hĂĄ 72 anos.)
(B) Ironically, if the Communists were not in control of the government of China, that country would never have achieved such spectacular economic growth.
(Ironicamente, se os comunistas nĂŁo estivessem no controle do governo da China, este paĂs nunca teria alcançado um crescimento econĂłmico tĂŁo espectacular.)
(C) Though the U.S. is a richer country, certain parts of the transportation system of China are far superior.
(Embora os EUA sejam um paĂs mais rico, certas partes do sistema de transportes da China sĂŁo muito superiores.)
➭ CORRETA conforme o trecho:
➭ into the world’s second-largest economy, whose cutting-edge technology and infrastructure put America’s decaying roads and railways to shame.
(cuja tecnologia de ponta e infra-estruturas envergonham as decadentes estradas e ferrovias dos Estados Unidos.)
➭ CUTTING-EDGE – DE PONTA, VANGUARDISTA, INOVATIVA.
➭ FAR SUPERIOR – MUITO SUPERIOR, LARGAMENTE SUPERIOR.
➭ DECAYING – DECADENTE, DEGRADADA.
(D) No other national economy in history has grown so fast in such a short time as has China’s.
(Nenhuma outra economia nacional na histĂłria cresceu tĂŁo rapidamente em tĂŁo pouco tempo como a da China.)
(E) At present, no other government in the world has been so successful in such a short time as has the government of Communist China.
(Atualmente, nenhum outro governo no mundo teve tanto sucesso em tĂŁo pouco tempo quanto o governo da China comunista.)
02 – (FGV-2022/1-VESTIBULAR-1Âș SEMESTRE-ADMINISTRAĂĂO) With respect to China’s socio-political situation, the information in the
article most supports which of the following?
(A) During its 100 years of existence in China, the Communist Party has
held uncontested political power in most regions of that country.
(B) After the death of Mao Zedong in 1976, most experts believed that
China’s Communist system would collapse.
(C) After the death of Mao Zedong, the people of China entered a
period in which they enjoyed relatively more ideological freedom
than they enjoy now.
(D) Despite China’s spectacular economic success under Xi Xinping,
corruption among Communist Party officials has spiraled out.
(E) China’s Communist Party has remained vigorous and successful
only because it has become less and less Communist.
ComentĂĄrios e Gabarito C
TĂPICO - VOCABULĂRIO & RELAĂĂO SEMĂNTICA COM TRECHO DO TEXTO :
Relativamente Ă situação sĂłcio-polĂtica da China, a informação contida no artigo apoia qual das seguintes opçÔes?
(A) During its 100 years of existence in China, the Communist Party has held uncontested political power in most regions of that country.
(Durante os seus 100 anos de existĂȘncia na China, o Partido Comunista deteve um poder polĂtico incontestado na maior parte das regiĂ”es do paĂs.)
(B) After the death of Mao Zedong in 1976, most experts believed that China’s Communist system would collapse.
(ApĂłs a morte de Mao Zedong, em 1976, a maioria dos especialistas acreditava que o sistema comunista chinĂȘs entraria em colapso.)
(C) After the death of Mao Zedong, the people of China entered a period in which they enjoyed relatively more ideological freedom than they enjoy now.
(ApĂłs a morte de Mao Zedong, o povo chinĂȘs entrou num perĂodo em que gozava de uma liberdade ideolĂłgica relativamente maior do que a atual.)
➭ CORRETA conforme o trecho (4Âș parĂĄgrafo):
➭ A second reason for the party’s longevity is its ideological agility. Within a couple of years of Mao’s death in 1976, a new leader, Deng Xiaoping, began abandoning the late chairman’s productivity-destroying “people’s communes” and setting market forces to work in the countryside. Maoists complained, but production soared. In the aftermath of Tiananmen and the Soviet Union’s downfall, Deng fought off Maoist diehards [da linha-dura] and embraced capitalism with even greater fervor. This led to the closure of many state-owned firms and the privatization of housing. Millions were laid off, but China boomed.
(D) Despite China’s spectacular economic success under Xi Xinping, corruption among Communist Party officials has spiraled out.
(Apesar do espectacular sucesso econÎmico da China sob a liderança de Xi Xinping, a corrupção entre os funcionårios do Partido Comunista aumentou.)
(E) China’s Communist Party has remained vigorous and successful only because it has become less and less Communist.
(O Partido Comunista da China manteve-se vigoroso e bem sucedido apenas porque se tornou cada vez menos comunista.)
03 – (FGV-2022/1-VESTIBULAR-1Âș SEMESTRE-ADMINISTRAĂĂO) With respect to the 1989 incident in Tiananmen Square, the
information in the article most supports which of the following?
(A) It is not unreasonable to presume that if China’s Communist leaders
are sorry about the massacre at Tiananmen Square, they are
keeping that sentiment well hidden.
(B) In terms of pure brutality, no other Communist government, past
or present, has ever surpassed the Chinese government’s reaction
to the Tiananmen Square protesters.
(C) If the government of the Soviet Union had been willing to use
measures similar to those the Chinese government used at
Tiananmen Square, it would surely still be in power.
(D) China’s Communist government could only employ such extreme
measures at Tiananmen Square because human life is worth very
little in China.
(E) China’s Communist leaders used Mao Zedong’s famous dictum –
“Political power grows out of the barrel of a gun.” – to justify the
extreme measures used against the Tiananmen Square protesters.
ComentĂĄrios e Gabarito A
TĂPICO - VOCABULĂRIO & RELAĂĂO SEMĂNTICA COM TRECHO DO TEXTO :
Relativamente ao incidente de 1989 na Praça de Tiananmen, a informação contida no artigo apoia qual das seguintes opçÔes?
(A) It is not unreasonable to presume that if China’s Communist leaders are sorry about the massacre at Tiananmen Square, they are keeping that sentiment well hidden.
(Não é descabido presumir que, se os dirigentes comunistas chineses estão arrependidos do massacre da Praça de Tiananmen, estão a manter esse sentimento bem escondido.)
(B) In terms of pure brutality, no other Communist government, past or present, has ever surpassed the Chinese government’s reaction to the Tiananmen Square protesters.
(Em termos de pura brutalidade, nenhum outro governo comunista, passado ou presente, ultrapassou alguma vez a reação do governo chinĂȘs aos manifestantes da Praça de Tiananmen.)
(C) If the government of the Soviet Union had been willing to use measures similar to those the Chinese government used at Tiananmen Square, it would surely still be in power.
(Se o governo da UniĂŁo SoviĂ©tica tivesse estado disposto a utilizar medidas semelhantes Ă s que o governo chinĂȘs utilizou na Praça de Tiananmen, certamente ainda estaria no poder.)
(D) China’s Communist government could only employ such extreme measures at Tiananmen Square because human life is worth very little in China.
(O Governo comunista da China só pÎde adotar medidas tão extremas na Praça de Tiananmen porque a vida humana vale muito pouco na China.)
(E) China’s Communist leaders used Mao Zedong’s famous dictum – “Political power grows out of the barrel of a gun.” – to justify the extreme measures used against the Tiananmen Square protesters.
(Os lĂderes comunistas chineses utilizaram a famosa frase de Mao Tse Tung - "O poder polĂtico nasce do cano de uma arma". - para justificar as medidas extremas adotadas contra os manifestantes da Praça de Tiananmen.)
04 – (FGV-2022/1-VESTIBULAR-1Âș SEMESTRE-ADMINISTRAĂĂO) Which of the following is most likely an irony supported by the
information in the article?
(A) By refusing to abandon its core Communist principles, the Soviet
Union guaranteed its own destruction.
(B) Only by abandoning its core Communist principles could China
become a rich country.
(C) Although Xi Xinping is less famous and less powerful than Mao
Zedong, he must be considered a more successful and more
significant leader.
(D) History shows that in Communist China, ignoring market forces and
embracing market forces both caused suffering for many people.
(E) Communism only works effectively when it is transformed into
capitalism.
ComentĂĄrios e Gabarito D
TĂPICO - VOCABULĂRIO & RELAĂĂO SEMĂNTICA COM TRECHO DO TEXTO :
Qual das seguintes opçÔes é mais provavelmente uma ironia apoiada pela informação contida no artigo?
(A) By refusing to abandon its core Communist principles, the Soviet Union guaranteed its own destruction.
(Ao recusar-se a abandonar os seus princĂpios comunistas fundamentais, a UniĂŁo SoviĂ©tica garantiu a sua prĂłpria destruição.)
(B) Only by abandoning its core Communist principles could China become a rich country.
(SĂł abandonando os seus princĂpios comunistas fundamentais Ă© que a China poderia tornar-se um paĂs rico.)
(C) Although Xi Xinping is less famous and less powerful than Mao Zedong, he must be considered a more successful and more significant leader.
(Embora Xi Xinping seja menos famoso e menos poderoso do que Mao Zedong, deve ser considerado um lĂder mais bem sucedido e mais significativo.)
(D) History shows that in Communist China, ignoring market forces and embracing market forces both caused suffering for many people.
(A história mostra que, na China comunista, tanto ignorar as forças de mercado como adotar as forças de mercado causaram sofrimento a muitas pessoas.)
(E) Communism only works effectively when it is transformed into capitalism.
(O comunismo sĂł funciona efectivamente quando se transforma em capitalismo.)
05 – (FGV-2022/1-VESTIBULAR-1Âș SEMESTRE-ADMINISTRAĂĂO) In the first sentence of paragraph 5, the phrase
- “Under Mr. Xi the party has shifted again…”
is most likely connected to which of the following
statements?
(A) Xi Xinping has aggressively maintained certain innovative
economic policies that were introduced during the mandate of
Deng Xiaoping.
(B) Like his predecessors, President Xi Xinping never lets economic
necessity compromise the Communist Party’s commitment to its
core values.
(C) The recent focus on ideological orthodoxy is a fundamental part of
a campaign to establish Xi Xinping as the unquestioned source of
all correct Communist thought.
(D) Before the advent of Xi Xinping, it was unthinkable that the
Communist Party would aggressively persecute deviant or corrupt
army and police officers.
(E) His willingness to change the Communist Party’s policies shows
that Xi Xinping is, in a sense, a traditionalist.
ComentĂĄrios e Gabarito E
TĂPICO - VOCABULĂRIO & RELAĂĂO SEMĂNTICA COM TRECHO DO TEXTO :
Na primeira frase do parĂĄgrafo 5, a frase
"Sob o comando do Sr. Xi, o partido mudou novamente..."
estå mais provavelmente relacionada com qual das seguintes afirmaçÔes?
(A) Xi Xinping has aggressively maintained certain innovative economic policies that were introduced during the mandate of Deng Xiaoping.
(Xi Xinping tem mantido agressivamente certas polĂticas econĂŽmicas inovadoras que foram introduzidas durante o mandato de Deng Xiaoping.)
(B) Like his predecessors, President Xi Xinping never lets economic necessity compromise the Communist Party’s commitment to its core values.
(Tal como os seus antecessores, o Presidente Xi Xinping nunca permite que as necessidades econĂłmicas comprometam o empenho do Partido Comunista nos seus valores fundamentais.)
(C) The recent focus on ideological orthodoxy is a fundamental part of a campaign to establish Xi Xinping as the unquestioned source of all correct Communist thought.
(O recente enfoque na ortodoxia ideolĂłgica Ă© uma parte fundamental de uma campanha para estabelecer Xi Xinping como a fonte inquestionĂĄvel de todo o pensamento comunista correcto.)
(D) Before the advent of Xi Xinping, it was unthinkable that the Communist Party would aggressively persecute deviant or corrupt army and police officers.
(Antes do advento de Xi Xinping, era impensĂĄvel que o Partido Comunista perseguisse agressivamente oficiais do exĂ©rcito e da polĂcia desviantes ou corruptos.)
(E) His willingness to change the Communist Party’s policies shows that Xi Xinping is, in a sense, a traditionalist.
(A sua vontade de alterar as polĂticas do Partido Comunista mostra que Xi Xinping Ă©, de certa forma, um tradicionalista.)
06 – (FGV-2022/1-VESTIBULAR-1Âș SEMESTRE-ADMINISTRAĂĂO) The information in the article most supports which of the following?
(A) Despite appearances to the contrary, not all the super-rich families
in China owe their wealth to corruption.
(B) Although it has not ended inequality, the Communist Party has, in
a sense, successfully bought the favorable opinion of a large
portion of the Chinese people.
(C) It would be inaccurate to call China a dictatorship, since the
majority of the people clearly support the government and its
policies.
(D) Although corruption has led to increased inequality in China, it has
undeniably benefited, in one way or another, most of the Chinese
people.
(E) In order to preserve the advantages and status of China’s elite
minority, the Communist Party has brutally repressed all dissenting
opinions and deviant thought.
ComentĂĄrios e Gabarito B
TĂPICO - VOCABULĂRIO & RELAĂĂO SEMĂNTICA COM TRECHO DO TEXTO :
A informação contida no artigo apoia qual das seguintes opçÔes?
(A) Despite appearances to the contrary, not all the super-rich families in China owe their wealth to corruption.
(Apesar das aparĂȘncias em contrĂĄrio, nem todas as famĂlias super-ricas da China devem a sua riqueza Ă corrupção.)
(B) Although it has not ended inequality, the Communist Party has, in a sense, successfully bought the favorable opinion of a large portion of the Chinese people.
(Embora nĂŁo tenha acabado com a desigualdade, o Partido Comunista conseguiu, de certa forma, comprar a opiniĂŁo favorĂĄvel de uma grande parte do povo chinĂȘs.)
(C) It would be inaccurate to call China a dictatorship, since the majority of the people clearly support the government and its policies.
(Seria incorreto chamar Ă China uma ditadura, uma vez que a maioria da população apoia claramente o governo e as suas polĂticas.)
(D) Although corruption has led to increased inequality in China, it has undeniably benefited, in one way or another, most of the Chinese people.
(Embora a corrupção tenha conduzido a um aumento das desigualdades na China, Ă© inegĂĄvel que beneficiou, de uma forma ou de outra, a maioria do povo chinĂȘs.)
(E) In order to preserve the advantages and status of China’s elite minority, the Communist Party has brutally repressed all dissenting opinions and deviant thought.
(A fim de preservar as vantagens e o status da elite minoritåria da China, o Partido Comunista reprimiu brutalmente todas as opiniÔes divergentes e pensamentos desviantes.)
07 – (FGV-2022/1-VESTIBULAR-1Âș SEMESTRE-ADMINISTRAĂĂO) In paragraph 7, “it” in the phrase
- “And, if it did not…”
most likely
refers to the
(A) economic growth of China.
(B) Chinese Communist Party.
(C) collapse of Chinese communism.
(D) collapse of China’s economy.
(E) loyalty of China’s vast middle class.
ComentĂĄrios e Gabarito A
TĂPICO - REFERĂNCIA PRONOMINAL :
➭ IT refere-se Ă 'China’s economic growth'.
➭ One day China’s economic growth must run out of steam, leading to disillusion and protests. And, if it did not, the vast middle class that such a growth created would inevitably demand greater freedoms – especially because so many of their children had encountered democracy first-hand, when they got their education in the West.
(Um dia, o crescimento econÎmico da China terå de perder o fÎlego, levando à desilusão e aos protestos. E, se ele (= o crescimento econÎmico da China) não acontecesse, a vasta classe média que esse crescimento criou exigiria inevitavelmente mais liberdades - especialmente porque muitos dos seus filhos tinham conhecido a democracia em primeira mão, quando receberam a sua educação no Ocidente.)
08 – (FGV-2022/1-VESTIBULAR-1Âș SEMESTRE-ADMINISTRAĂĂO) The main purpose of the last paragraph is most likely to
(A) provide arguments supporting the idea that China’s economic
supremacy will be long-lasting.
(B) point out some of the Chinese economy’s unique strengths and
weaknesses.
(C) summarize China’s model of authoritarian economic planning.
(D) identify characteristics that China’s economy shares with other
major economies.
(E) come to a reasonably well-balanced conclusion about the future of
China’s economy.
ComentĂĄrios e Gabarito E
TĂPICO - VOCABULĂRIO & RELAĂĂO SEMĂNTICA COM TRECHO DO TEXTO :
These predictions have been confounded by the Communist Party’s continuing popularity. Many Chinese credit it for the improvement in their livelihoods [sustentos, meios de vida]. True, China’s workforce is ageing, shrinking, and accustomed to ridiculously early retirement, but those are the sorts of difficulties every government faces, authoritarian or not. Vigorous economic growth looks as if it will continue for some time yet.
(Estas previsĂ”es tĂȘm sido contrariadas pela contĂnua popularidade do Partido Comunista. Muitos chineses atribuem-lhe a melhoria dos seus meios de subsistĂȘncia. Ă verdade que a força de trabalho da China estĂĄ envelhecendo, diminuindo e habituada a reformas ridiculamente precoces, mas esse Ă© o tipo de dificuldades que todos os governos, autoritĂĄrios ou nĂŁo, enfrentam. O crescimento econĂŽmico vigoroso parece que ainda vai continuar durante algum tempo.)
O objetivo principal do Ășltimo parĂĄgrafo Ă©, muito provavelmente de
(A) provide arguments supporting the idea that China’s economic supremacy will be long-lasting.
(APRESENTAR argumentos que sustentem a ideia de que a supremacia econĂŽmica da China serĂĄ duradoura.)
➭ TO PROVIDE - FORNECER, PROPORCIONAR, APRESENTAR, PROVIDENCIAR.
➭ LONG-LASTING - DURADOURO, DURĂVEL, PERSISTENTE.
(B) point out some of the Chinese economy’s unique strengths and weaknesses.
(DESTACAR alguns dos pontos fortes e fracos Ășnicos da economia chinesa.)
➭ TO POINT OUT - APONTAR, SALIENTAR, DESTACAR, REALĂAR.
➭ STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES - PONTOS FORTES E FRACOS.
(C) summarize China’s model of authoritarian economic planning.
(RESUMIR o modelo de planeamento econĂŽmico autoritĂĄrio da China.)
➭ TO SUMMARIZE - RESUMIR, SUMARIAR.
(D) identify characteristics that China’s economy shares with other major economies.
(identificar caracterĂsticas que a economia chinesa partilha com outras grandes economias.)
➭ TO SHARE - PARTILHAR, COMPARTILHAR, DIVIDIR, REPARTIR.
(E) come to a reasonably well-balanced conclusion about the future of China’s economy.
(chegar a uma conclusĂŁo razoavelmente equilibrada sobre o futuro da economia chinesa.)
➭ TO COME TO (= REACH a particular point) - ALCANĂAR, CHEGAR.
❑ TEXTO 2: Texto para as perguntas de 9 a 15
STORMY WEATHER
1 On earth, weather is defined, for the most part, by atmospheric wind (direction and velocity), water (precipitation and humidity), and temperature.
These elements are never in a steady state, and intermittently their level of activity – individually or collectively – can become violent. The giant blob
[bolha] of plasma that Earth orbits also has its mood swings. When activity on the Sun becomes violent, solar flares fling [arremessar] radiation at the
speed of light in all directions, and clouds of plasma break away [se separam], traveling at up to 7 million miles per hour. Radiation can reach Earth’s
atmosphere in eight minutes, and plasma clouds follow in a matter of hours.
2 Storms come and go on both spheres, with varying degrees of impact. Meteorologists, with their measuring instruments and computer models, can
forecast most Earthly weather events in time to forewarn [avisar antecipadamente] the public of impending catastrophes. Solar events are less
predictable.
3 The Sun can have storms of sufficient magnitude that plasma shock waves affect Earth’s magnetic field, creating a violent distortion called a
“geomagnetic storm” that can last six to twelve hours. According to a 2015 BBC report, “the rapidly changing magnetic field generates an electrical
current in any conductive material near the ground, including telephone and power lines, undersea cables, and oil and gas pipelines. Once the electrical
surges reach the power grid, they overload [sobrecarregar] transformers and trip [acionar] their circuit breakers, causing widespread blackouts.” Such an
event happened in 1989, knocking out power for the entire Canadian province of Quebec for twelve hours. In 1859, a “blaze lit the heavens…visible
from Hawaii to London…caused by a super-explosion on the Sun, equivalent to ten billion atomic bombs. In our solar system, it was the biggest stellar
outburst of the last 500 years.” The blast was three times the size of the one in 1989. If one that size were to occur today, according to a UK government
report, it “would likely cause unprecedented chaos. It would disrupt satellite communications and GPS navigation, and trigger [causar, iniciar] global
blackouts lasting up to a year.”
4 “Today, scientists know when a storm is headed toward us, but it’s impossible to predict where on Earth it will hit hardest,” according to a 2016
University of Michigan report. In October 2016, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s Space Weather Prediction Center began using a
geospace forecast model – developed by researchers at the University of Michigan and Rice University – that can “give unique data for each 350-squaremile plot [pedaço] of Earth, and up to 45 minutes before a solar storm hits.” It may be enough time for utility companies and satellite operators to “limit
damage to their systems by shutting off key components.”
Adapted from Natural History, February 2018
❑ TRADUĂĂO-TEXTO 2:
STORMY WEATHER
1 On earth, weather is defined, for the most part, by atmospheric wind (direction and velocity), water (precipitation and humidity), and temperature. These elements are never in a steady state, and intermittently their level of activity – individually or collectively – can become violent. The giant blob [bolha] of plasma that Earth orbits also has its mood swings. When activity on the Sun becomes violent, solar flares fling [arremessar] radiation at the speed of light in all directions, and clouds of plasma break away [se separam], traveling at up to 7 million miles per hour. Radiation can reach Earth’s atmosphere in eight minutes, and plasma clouds follow in a matter of hours.
Na Terra, o clima Ă© definido, em grande parte, pelo vento atmosfĂ©rico (direção e velocidade), ĂĄgua (precipitação e umidade) e temperatura. Esses elementos nunca estĂŁo em um estado estĂĄvel e, intermitentemente, seu nĂvel de atividade — individual ou coletivamente — pode se tornar violento. A bolha gigante de plasma que a Terra orbita tambĂ©m tem suas oscilaçÔes de humor. Quando a atividade no Sol se torna violenta, as erupçÔes solares lançam radiação na velocidade da luz em todas as direçÔes, e nuvens de plasma se separam, viajando a atĂ© 7 milhĂ”es de milhas por hora. A radiação pode atingir a atmosfera da Terra em oito minutos, e as nuvens de plasma seguem em questĂŁo de horas.
2 Storms come and go on both spheres, with varying degrees of impact. Meteorologists, with their measuring instruments and computer models, can forecast most Earthly weather events in time to forewarn [avisar antecipadamente] the public of impending catastrophes. Solar events are less predictable.
Tempestades vĂȘm e vĂŁo em ambas as esferas, com vĂĄrios graus de impacto. Meteorologistas, com seus instrumentos de medição e modelos de computador, podem prever a maioria dos eventos climĂĄticos terrestres a tempo de avisar [avisar antecipadamente] o pĂșblico sobre catĂĄstrofes iminentes. Eventos solares sĂŁo menos previsĂveis.
3 The Sun can have storms of sufficient magnitude that plasma shock waves affect Earth’s magnetic field, creating a violent distortion called a “geomagnetic storm” that can last six to twelve hours. According to a 2015 BBC report, “the rapidly changing magnetic field generates an electrical current in any conductive material near the ground, including telephone and power lines, undersea cables, and oil and gas pipelines. Once the electrical surges reach the power grid, they overload [sobrecarregar] transformers and trip [acionar] their circuit breakers, causing widespread blackouts.” Such an event happened in 1989, knocking out power for the entire Canadian province of Quebec for twelve hours. In 1859, a “blaze lit the heavens…visible from Hawaii to London…caused by a super-explosion on the Sun, equivalent to ten billion atomic bombs. In our solar system, it was the biggest stellar outburst of the last 500 years.” The blast was three times the size of the one in 1989. If one that size were to occur today, according to a UK government report, it “would likely cause unprecedented chaos. It would disrupt satellite communications and GPS navigation, and trigger [causar, iniciar] global blackouts lasting up to a year.”
O Sol pode ter tempestades de magnitude suficiente para que ondas de choque de plasma afetem o campo magnĂ©tico da Terra, criando uma distorção violenta chamada de "tempestade geomagnĂ©tica" que pode durar de seis a doze horas. De acordo com uma reportagem da BBC de 2015, "o campo magnĂ©tico em rĂĄpida mudança gera uma corrente elĂ©trica em qualquer material condutor prĂłximo ao solo, incluindo linhas telefĂŽnicas e de energia, cabos submarinos e oleodutos e gasodutos. Uma vez que os surtos elĂ©tricos atingem a rede elĂ©trica, eles sobrecarregam [sobrecarregar] transformadores e desarmam [acionar] seus disjuntores, causando apagĂ”es generalizados." Tal evento aconteceu em 1989, cortando a energia de toda a provĂncia canadense de Quebec por doze horas. Em 1859, um "incĂȘndio iluminou os cĂ©us... visĂvel do HavaĂ a Londres... causado por uma superexplosĂŁo no Sol, equivalente a dez bilhĂ”es de bombas atĂŽmicas. Em nosso sistema solar, foi a maior explosĂŁo estelar dos Ășltimos 500 anos." A explosĂŁo foi trĂȘs vezes maior que a de 1989. Se uma desse tamanho ocorresse hoje, de acordo com um relatĂłrio do governo do Reino Unido, ela “provavelmente causaria um caos sem precedentes. Ela interromperia as comunicaçÔes via satĂ©lite e a navegação por GPS, e desencadearia [causar, iniciar] apagĂ”es globais com duração de atĂ© um ano.”
4 “Today, scientists know when a storm is headed toward us, but it’s impossible to predict where on Earth it will hit hardest,” according to a 2016 University of Michigan report. In October 2016, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s Space Weather Prediction Center began using a geospace forecast model – developed by researchers at the University of Michigan and Rice University – that can “give unique data for each 350-squaremile plot [pedaço] of Earth, and up to 45 minutes before a solar storm hits.” It may be enough time for utility companies and satellite operators to “limit damage to their systems by shutting off key components.”
“Hoje, os cientistas sabem quando uma tempestade estĂĄ se dirigindo para nĂłs, mas Ă© impossĂvel prever onde na Terra ela atingirĂĄ com mais força”, de acordo com um relatĂłrio de 2016 da Universidade de Michigan. Em outubro de 2016, o Centro de PrevisĂŁo do Clima Espacial da Administração OceĂąnica e AtmosfĂ©rica Nacional começou a usar um modelo de previsĂŁo geoespacial — desenvolvido por pesquisadores da Universidade de Michigan e da Universidade Rice — que pode “fornecer dados exclusivos para cada parcela de 350 milhas quadradas [pedaço] da Terra, e atĂ© 45 minutos antes de uma tempestade solar atingir”. Pode ser tempo suficiente para as empresas de serviços pĂșblicos e operadoras de satĂ©lite “limitarem os danos aos seus sistemas desligando componentes-chave”.
09 – (FGV-2022/1-VESTIBULAR-1Âș SEMESTRE-ADMINISTRAĂĂO) With respect to Earth and the Sun, the information in the article most
supports which of the following?
(A) Although less destructive, the weather elements on Earth are more
unstable than the weather elements on the Sun.
(B) Earthly weather may be defined by more than wind, water, and
temperature.
(C) At any given moment, the entire Earth can be bombarded with
deadly solar radiation.
(D) Violent weather activity on the Sun is more common and more
extreme than violent weather activity on Earth.
(E) Because of its unique composition, the Sun is more susceptible than
Earth to violent activity.
ComentĂĄrios e Gabarito B
TĂPICO - VOCABULĂRIO & RELAĂĂO SEMĂNTICA COM TRECHO DO TEXTO :
10 – (FGV-2022/1-VESTIBULAR-1Âș SEMESTRE-ADMINISTRAĂĂO) The information in the article most supports which of the following?
(A) Radiation emitted from a point equidistant from Earth and the Sun
will reach the surface of the Sun before it reaches the surface of
Earth.
(B) When solar flares fling radiation at Earth’s surface, this radiation
drags plasma clouds along with it.
(C) Solar flares and plasma clouds can seriously destabilize the three
defining elements of Earth’s weather.
(D) The advanced technology available to meteorologists does not
enable them to predict Earthly weather events and solar events
with equal accuracy.
(E) Fortunately, extreme Earthly weather events no longer surprise
meteorologists with unexpected destructive intensity.
ComentĂĄrios e Gabarito D
TĂPICO - VOCABULĂRIO & RELAĂĂO SEMĂNTICA COM TRECHO DO TEXTO :
11 – (FGV-2022/1-VESTIBULAR-1Âș SEMESTRE-ADMINISTRAĂĂO)
The “violent distortion” mentioned in paragraph 3 is most likely
connected to which of the following?
(A) It always begins and ends on the same day.
(B) It probably will not affect airborne material located at a great
distance from Earth’s surface.
(C) By modifying Earth’s magnetic field, it generates a huge electrical
charge that, fortunately, standard technology can easily control.
(D) It is the end result of a chain reaction set off by the plasma shock
waves emanating from an intense solar storm.
(E) It begins on the Sun as a huge “geomagnetic storm” that soon sets
off a chain reaction affecting Earth’s magnetic field.
ComentĂĄrios e Gabarito B
TĂPICO - VOCABULĂRIO & RELAĂĂO SEMĂNTICA COM TRECHO DO TEXTO :
12 – (FGV-2022/1-VESTIBULAR-1Âș SEMESTRE-ADMINISTRAĂĂO) According to the information in the article, in 1989
(A) Canada came close to experiencing a nationwide blackout caused
by violent solar activity.
(B) A massive plasma cloud struck Earth with such force that it
threatened to cause extensive blackouts in the Canadian province
of Quebec.
(C) The Canadian province of Quebec suffered from an extreme
technical event resulting from an extreme natural event.
(D) Fortunately for Canada, the plasma shock waves that hit the entire
country prejudiced only the province of Quebec’s energy supply.
(E) A quick reaction from technicians, together with an adequate
response from well-designed equipment, helped block the full
destructive power of the plasma shock waves that struck the
Canadian province of Quebec.
ComentĂĄrios e Gabarito C
TĂPICO - VOCABULĂRIO & RELAĂĂO SEMĂNTICA COM TRECHO DO TEXTO :
13 – (FGV-2022/1-VESTIBULAR-1Âș SEMESTRE-ADMINISTRAĂĂO)
Considering the information in the article, what can you most likely
conclude about the solar-related event that took place 1859?
(A) It was probably not as disruptive to global activity as it would be if
it happened today.
(B) No solar explosion before or since has ever equaled the magnitude
of that particular stellar outburst.
(C) It was a solar explosion of such power that it turned day into night
for the region of the globe from Hawaii to London.
(D) It showered the entire globe with radioactive particles.
(E) If it occurred today, its disastrous consequences would affect all
Earthly regions with equal severity.
ComentĂĄrios e Gabarito A
TĂPICO - VOCABULĂRIO & RELAĂĂO SEMĂNTICA COM TRECHO DO TEXTO :
14 – (FGV-2022/1-VESTIBULAR-1Âș SEMESTRE-ADMINISTRAĂĂO)
With respect to solar storms and their effects, the information in the
article most supports which of the following?
(A) At present, the only information of which scientists can be sure is
that a solar storm is or is not headed toward Earth.
(B) Scientists are only beginning to understand the direct impact that
solar storms have on Earthly weather.
(C) Although solar storms are defined by far fewer elements than are
Earthly storms, they are much harder to predict.
(D) In the days before human society’s heavy dependence on electrical
energy, solar storms attracted little attention in the world’s
scientific community.
(E) Although scientists have determined the speed of solar radiation,
the speed of plasma clouds appears to be variable.
ComentĂĄrios e Gabarito E
TĂPICO - VOCABULĂRIO & RELAĂĂO SEMĂNTICA COM TRECHO DO TEXTO :
15 – (FGV-2022/1-VESTIBULAR-1Âș SEMESTRE-ADMINISTRAĂĂO)
The information in the article most likely supplies information that
would help to answer which of the following questions?
(A) What protective measures are readily available to guarantee that
no blackout will result when a massive solar storm hits Earth?
(B) When is the exact most propitious moment to begin preparing for
the arrival of any massive solar storm?
(C) How can the most vulnerable part of the planet be reliably
identified when a massive solar storm is heading toward Earth?
(D) How powerful was the solar explosion that caused the blackout in
the Canadian province of Quebec in 1989?
(E) How is it possible to calculate precisely the duration of an ongoing
“geomagnetic storm”?
ComentĂĄrios e Gabarito D
TĂPICO - VOCABULĂRIO & RELAĂĂO SEMĂNTICA COM TRECHO DO TEXTO :
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