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❑ PROVA DE LÍNGUA INGLESA:
• UEG-2020-VESTIBULAR-MEDICINA-1º SEMESTRE-15/12/2019.
❑ TEXTO 1: Leia o texto a seguir para responder às questões de 1 a 3.
Artificial intelligence and the future of medicine
Washington University researchers are working to develop artificial intelligence (AI) systems for health care, which have the potential to transform the diagnosis and treatment of diseases, helping to ensure that patients get the right treatment at the right time.
In health care, artificial intelligence relies on the power of computers to sift through and make sense of reams of electronic data about patients — such as their ages, medical histories, health status, test results, medical images, DNA sequences, and many other sources of health information. AI excels at the complex identification of patterns in these reams of data, and it can do this at a scale and speed beyond human capacity. The hope is that this technology can be harnessed to help doctors and patients make better health-care decisions.
Where are the first places we will start to see AI entering medical practice?
One of the first applications of AI in patient care that we currently see is in imaging, to help improve the diagnosis of cancer or heart problems, for example. There are many types of imaging tests — X-rays, CT scans, MRIs and echocardiograms. But the underlying commonality in all those imaging methods is huge amounts of high-quality data. For AI to work well, it's best to have very complete data sets — no missing numbers, so to speak — and digital images provide that. Plus, the human eye is often blind to some of the patterns that could be present in these images = subtle changes in breast tissue over several years of mammograms, for example. There has been some interesting work done in recognizing early patterns of cancer or early patterns of heart failure that even a highly trained physician would not see.
In many ways, we already have very simple forms of AI in the clinic now. We've had tools for a long time that identify abnormal rhythms in an EKG, for example. An abnormal heartbeat pattern triggers an alert to draw a clinician's attention. This is a computer trying to replicate a human being understanding that data and saying, "This doesn't look normal, you may need to address this problem." Now, we have the capacity to analyze much larger and more complex sources of data, such as the entire electronic health record and perhaps even data pulled from daily life, as more people track their sleep patterns or pulse rates with wearable devices, for example.
What effect will this have on how doctors practice medicine?
It's important to emphasize that these tools are never going to replace clinicians. These technologies will provide assistance, helping care providers see important signals in massive amounts of data that would otherwise remain hidden. But at the same time, there are levels of understanding that computers still can't and may never replicate. To take a treatment recommendation from an AI, even an excellent recommendation, and decide if it's right for the patient is inherently a human decision-making process. What are the patient's preferences? What are the patient's values? What does this mean for the patient's life and for his or her family? That's never going to be an AI function. As these AI systems slowly emerge, we may start to see the roles of physicians changing — in my opinion, in better ways. Doctors' roles may shift from being data collectors and analyzers to being interpreters and councilors for patients as they try to navigate their health.
Right now, the challenges we need to address as we try to bring AI into medical practice include improving the quality of the data that we feed into AI systems, developing ways to evaluate whether an AI system is actually better than standard of care, ensuring patient privacy and making sure not only that AI doesn't disrupt clinical work flow but in fact improves it. But if doctors do their jobs right and build these systems well, much of what we have described will become so ingrained in the system, people won't even refer to it separately as informatics or AI. It will just be medicine.
Disponível em: https://medicalxpress.com/news/2018-12-artificial-intelligence-future-medicine.html. Acesso em: 02 maio 2019.
01 – (UEG-2020-VESTIBULAR-MEDICINA-1ºSEMESTRE)
Considering the ideas expressed in the text, artificial intelligence (AI) systems
(A) are going to have the capacity to identify future health problems which physicians may not perceive through the amount of patients’ data.
(B) and new technological devices are going to replace the regular professionals on diagnosis through time, only health experts are going to remain.
(C) will certainly change the medical procedures through data collected by patients wearable devices which are going to be 24 hours connected to the body.
(D) are going to be much more evolved than today and they will make decisions on health care treatments through electronic patient’s health data.
(E) will assist doctors decisions on specific surgery situations in which the medical staff have human decisionmaking issues.
Considerando as ideias expressas no texto, os sistemas de inteligência artificial (IA)
(A) are going to have the capacity to identify future health problems which physicians may not perceive through the amount of patients’ data. terão a capacidade de identificar problemas de saúde futuros que os médicos podem não perceber através da quantidade de dados dos pacientes.
(B) and new technological devices are going to replace the regular professionals on diagnosis through time, only health experts are going to remain. e os novos dispositivos tecnológicos vão substituir os profissionais regulares no diagnóstico ao longo do tempo, apenas os especialistas em saúde permanecerão.
(C) will certainly change the medical procedures through data collected by patients wearable devices which are going to be 24 hours connected to the body. certamente mudará os procedimentos médicos através de dados coletados por dispositivos vestíveis dos pacientes que ficarão 24 horas conectados ao corpo.
(D) are going to be much more evolved than today and they will make decisions on health care treatments through electronic patient’s health data. serão muito mais evoluídos do que hoje e tomarão decisões sobre tratamentos de saúde por meio de dados eletrônicos de saúde dos pacientes.
(E) will assist doctors decisions on specific surgery situations in which the medical staff have human decisionmaking issues. auxiliarão os médicos nas decisões sobre situações cirúrgicas específicas em que a equipe médica tenha problemas de tomada de decisão humana.
02 – (UEG-2020-VESTIBULAR-MEDICINA-1ºSEMESTRE)
Analisando-se os aspectos linguísticos e estruturais do texto, constata-se que
a) na sentença AI system is actually better than standard of care, o termo actually é um advérbio que enfatiza a característica da inteligência artificial.
b) a sentença There has been some interesting work done apresenta-se no passado perfeito contínuo, pois o termo interesting está na forma do gerúndio.
c) o termo clinicians, na sentença these tools are never going to replace clinicians, pode ser substituído por physics, sem alteração do sentido da sentença.
d) o vocábulo can, na sentença it can do this at a scale and speed beyond human capacity, exerce, na língua inglesa, a função de verbo modal subjuntivo.
e) o termo inherently, em patient is inherently a human decision-making process, pode ser substituído por “unnaturally“, sem alteração do sentido da sentença.
Analisando-se os aspectos linguísticos e estruturais do texto, constata-se que:
a) na sentença AI system is actually better than standard of care, o termo actually é um advérbio que enfatiza a característica da inteligência artificial. (CORRETA)("actually" é usado para enfatizar a verdade real ou exata de uma situação ou de algo).
b) a sentença There has been some interesting work done apresenta-se no passado perfeito contínuo, pois o termo interesting está na forma do gerúndio. (ERRADA)("has been" sinaliza "Present Pefect")
c) o termo clinicians, na sentença these tools are never going to replace clinicians, pode ser substituído por physics, sem alteração do sentido da sentença. (ERRADA)("clinicians" significa "clínicos", enquanto que "physics" significa "Física")
d) o vocábulo can, na sentença it can do this at a scale and speed beyond human capacity, exerce, na língua inglesa, a função de verbo modal subjuntivo. (ERRADA)(Em inglês, não existe "verbo modal subjuntivo")
e) o termo inherently, em patient is inherently a human decision-making process, pode ser substituído por “unnaturally“, sem alteração do sentido da sentença. (ERRADA)("inherently" significa "inerentemente, intrinsecamente", enquanto que "unnaturally" significa "anormalmente")
03 – (UEG-2020-VESTIBULAR-MEDICINA-1ºSEMESTRE)
De acordo com o texto, em termos de sentido, verifica-se que o trecho
a) health record and perhaps even data pulled from daily life, na língua portuguesa, pode ser traduzido como “registros de saúde e talvez até dados aleatórios da vida diária”.
b) subtle changes in breast tissue over several years pode ser compreendido, em português, como “substanciais mudanças no tecido mamário ao longo dos anos”.
c) what we have described will become so ingrained in the system, em português, pode ser traduzido como “o que nós descrevemos se tornará mais notável no sistema”.
d) to sift through and make sense of reams of electronic data, na língua portuguesa, pode ser traduzido por “esquadrinhar através de resmas de dados eletrônicos”.
e) that even a highly trained physician would not see, em português, pode ser traduzido como “que nem mesmo um físico altamente treinado poderia ver”.
De acordo com o texto, em termos de sentido, verifica-se que o trecho
a) health record and perhaps even data pulled from daily life, na língua portuguesa, pode ser traduzido como “registros de saúde e talvez até dados aleatórios da vida diária”. (ERRADA)(Tradução correta = registro de saúde e talvez até dados extraídos da vida diária)
b) subtle changes in breast tissue over several years pode ser compreendido, em português, como “substanciais mudanças no tecido mamário ao longo dos anos”.(ERRADA)(Tradução correta = mudanças sutis no tecido mamário ao longo de vários anos)
c) what we have described will become so ingrained in the system, em português, pode ser traduzido como “o que nós descrevemos se tornará mais notável no sistema”. (ERRADA)(Tradução correta = o que descrevemos ficará muito entranhado no sistema)
d) to sift through and make sense of reams of electronic data, na língua portuguesa, pode ser traduzido por “esquadrinhar através de resmas de dados eletrônicos”.
e) that even a highly trained physician would not see, em português, pode ser traduzido como “que nem mesmo um físico altamente treinado poderia ver”. (ERRADA)(Tradução correta = que até mesmo um médico altamente treinado não veria)
❑ TEXTO 2:
04 – (UEG-2020-VESTIBULAR-MEDICINA-1ºSEMESTRE)
Considering the linguistics aspects presented in the infographic, we verify that
a) in the sentence Antibiotics resistance happens when bacteria change and became resistant, the term when can be replaced by the word whom.
b) the sentence Patients attends hospital or clinic is in passive voice, and the active voice is presented as “patients are attended in hospital or clinic.”
c) the sentence the antibiotics used to treat the infection they cause, in the interrogative form is “Did the antibiotics used to treat the infection did they cause”.
d) the term which, in the sentence Antibiotics are given to patients, which can result in drug resistant bacteria, refers to, an interrogative pronoun function.
e) the terms unclear and environment are words formed by, in the respective sequence, prefixation and sufixation structures in their vocabulary composition.
Considerando os aspectos linguísticos apresentados no infográfico, verificamos que:
a) in the sentence Antibiotics resistance happens when bacteria change and became resistant, the term when can be replaced by the word whom. (ERRADA)("when" é advérbio de tempo, enquanto "whom" é pronome relativo)
b) the sentence Patients attends hospital or clinic is in passive voice, and the active voice is presented as “patients are attended in hospital or clinic.” (ERRADA)(é o contrário, ou seja, a 1ª sentença está na voz ativa e a 1ª sentença está na voz passiva)
c) the sentence the antibiotics used to treat the infection they cause, in the interrogative form is “Did the antibiotics used to treat the infection did they cause”. (ERRADA)
d) the term which, in the sentence Antibiotics are given to patients, which can result in drug resistant bacteria, refers to, an interrogative pronoun function. (ERRADA)("which" finciona como pronome relativo e refere-se a "Antibiotics")
e) the terms unclear and environment are words formed by, in the respective sequence, prefixation and sufixation structures in their vocabulary composition. (CORRETA)("unclear" é formada por prefixação UN- e "environment" é formada por sufixação -MENT)
05 – (UEG-2020-VESTIBULAR-MEDICINA-1ºSEMESTRE)
Considerando-se os elementos de escritura e forma da língua inglesa, constata-se que
a) seres humanos e animais vivenciam um processo igual para e na criação de resistência a bactérias a partir de um antibiótico.
b) seres humanos que participam da criação de resistência a uma determinada bactéria devem procurar atendimento médico regularmente.
c) tanto nos seres humanos quanto nos animais, o processo de desenvolvimento de resistência das bactérias ao medicamento ocorre nos intestinos.
d) a alimentação, o meio ambiente e o contato direto do ser humano com animais são considerados meios de desenvolvimento de bactérias.
e) estudos têm comprovado que a falta de higiene é considerada a maior causa da proliferação de diversas bactérias.
• Os animais desenvolvem bactérias resistentes aos medicamentos no intestino.
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