- Texto (1) – | A world in transformation: World Energy Outlook 2017 | www.iea.org |
- Texto (2) – | Brazil joins IEA as an Association country, reshaping international energy governance | www.iea.org |
- 10 Multiple Choice Questions | Five-Option Question |
❑ TEXTO 1:A world in transformation:
World Energy Outlook 2017Um mundo em transformação: Perspectivas Energéticas Mundiais 2017 [1º parágrafo]The resurgence in oil and gas production from the
United States, deep declines in the cost of renewables
and growing electrification are changing the face of
the global energy system and upending traditional
ways of meeting energy demand, according to the
World Energy Outlook 2017. A cleaner and more
diversified energy mix in China is another major driver
of this transformation.O ressurgimento da produção de petróleo e gás dos Estados Unidos, os declínios profundos no custo das energias renováveis e a crescente eletrificação estão mudando a face do sistema energético global e subvertendo as formas tradicionais de atender à demanda de energia, de acordo com o World Energy Outlook 2017. Uma matriz energética mais limpa e diversificada na China é outro grande impulsionador dessa transformação.
[2º parágrafo]Over the next 25 years, the world’s growing
energy needs are met first by renewables and natural
gas, as fast-declining costs turn solar power into the
cheapest source of new electricity generation. Global
energy demand is 30% higher by 2040 — but still
half as much as it would have been without efficiency
improvements. The boom years for coal are over — in
the absence of large-scale carbon capture, utilization
and storage (CCUS) — and rising oil demand slows
down but is not reversed before 2040 even as
electric-car sales rise steeply.Nos próximos 25 anos, as crescentes necessidades energéticas do mundo serão atendidas prioritariamente por energias renováveis e gás natural, à medida que os custos em rápida queda tornam a energia solar a fonte mais barata de geração de eletricidade. A demanda global por energia será 30% maior até 2040 — mas ainda será metade do que seria sem melhorias na eficiência. Os anos de expansão do carvão acabaram — na ausência de captura, utilização e armazenamento de carbono (CCUS) em larga escala — e a crescente demanda por petróleo desacelera, mas não se reverte antes de 2040, mesmo com o aumento acentuado das vendas de carros elétricos.
[3º parágrafo]WEO-2017, the International Energy Agency
(IEA)’s flagship publication, finds that over the next
two decades the global energy system is being
reshaped by four major forces: the United States
is set to become the undisputed global oil and gas
leader; renewables are being deployed rapidly thanks
to falling costs; the share of electricity in the energy
mix is growing; and China’s new economic strategy
takes it on a cleaner growth mode, with implications
for global energy markets. WEO-2017, a principal publicação da Agência Internacional de Energia (AIE), conclui que, nas próximas duas décadas, o sistema energético global será remodelado por quatro forças principais: os Estados Unidos estão prestes a se tornar o líder global indiscutível em petróleo e gás; as energias renováveis estão sendo implantadas rapidamente graças à queda de custos; a participação da eletricidade na matriz energética está crescendo; e a nova estratégia econômica da China a leva a um modo de crescimento mais limpo, com implicações para os mercados globais de energia.
[4º parágrafo]Solar PV is set to lead capacity additions, pushed
by deployment in China and India, meanwhile in the
European Union, wind becomes the leading source of
electricity soon after 2030. A energia solar fotovoltaica deve liderar as adições de capacidade, impulsionadas pela implantação na China e na Índia. Enquanto isso, na União Europeia, o vento se tornará a principal fonte de eletricidade logo após 2030.
[5º parágrafo]“Solar is forging ahead in global power markets
as it becomes the cheapest source of electricity
generation in many places, including China and
India,” said Dr Fatih Birol, the IEA’s executive director.
“Electric vehicles (EVs) are in the fast lane as a result
of government support and declining battery costs but
it is far too early to write the obituary of oil, as growth
for trucks, petrochemicals, shipping and aviation
keep pushing demand higher. The US becomes
the undisputed leader for oil and gas production for
decades, which represents a major upheaval for
international market dynamics.” “A energia solar está avançando nos mercados globais de energia, tornando-se a fonte mais barata de geração de eletricidade em muitos lugares, incluindo China e Índia”, disse o Dr. Fatih Birol, diretor executivo da AIE. “Os veículos elétricos (VEs) estão em alta devido ao apoio governamental e à queda nos custos das baterias, mas é muito cedo para escrever o obituário do petróleo, já que o crescimento dos setores de caminhões, petroquímicos, transporte marítimo e aviação continua impulsionando a demanda. Os EUA se tornaram líderes indiscutíveis na produção de petróleo e gás por décadas, o que representa uma grande reviravolta na dinâmica do mercado internacional.”
[6º parágrafo]These themes — as well as the future role of
oil and gas in the energy mix, how clean-energy
technologies are deploying, and the need for more
investment in CCUS — were among the key topics
discussed by the world’s energy leaders at the IEA’s
2017 Ministerial Meeting in Paris last week. Esses temas — assim como o papel futuro do petróleo e do gás na matriz energética, como as tecnologias de energia limpa estão sendo implantadas e a necessidade de mais investimentos em CCUS — estavam entre os principais tópicos discutidos pelos líderes mundiais de energia na Reunião Ministerial de 2017 da AIE em Paris na semana passada.
[7º parágrafo]This year, WEO-2017 includes a special focus on
China, where economic and energy policy changes
underway will have a profound impact on the
country’s energy mix, and continue to shape global
trends. A new phase in the country’s development
results in an economy that is less reliant on heavy
industry and coal. Este ano, o WEO-2017 inclui um foco especial na China, onde as mudanças em curso na política econômica e energética terão um impacto profundo na matriz energética do país e continuarão a moldar as tendências globais. Uma nova fase no desenvolvimento do país resulta em uma economia menos dependente da indústria pesada e do carvão.
[8º parágrafo]At the same time, a strong emphasis on cleaner
energy technologies, in large part to address poor air
quality, is catapulting China to a position as a world
leader in wind, solar, nuclear and electric vehicles and
the source of more than a quarter of projected growth
in natural gas consumption. As demand growth in
China slows, other countries continue to push overall
global demand higher – with India accounting for
almost one-third of global growth to 2040. Ao mesmo tempo, a forte ênfase em tecnologias de energia mais limpa, em grande parte para combater a má qualidade do ar, está catapultando a China para a posição de líder mundial em veículos eólicos, solares, nucleares e elétricos, e para a fonte de mais de um quarto do crescimento projetado no consumo de gás natural. À medida que o crescimento da demanda na China desacelera, outros países continuam a impulsionar a demanda global geral – com a Índia respondendo por quase um terço do crescimento global até 2040.
[9º parágrafo]The shale oil and gas revolution in the United
States continues thanks to the remarkable ability of
producers to unlock new resources in a cost-effective
way. By the mid-2020s, the United States is projected
to become the world’s largest LNG exporter and a net
oil exporter by the end of that decade. A revolução do petróleo e gás de xisto nos Estados Unidos continua graças à notável capacidade dos produtores de desbloquear novos recursos de forma econômica. Em meados da década de 2020, projeta-se que os Estados Unidos se tornarão o maior exportador mundial de GNL e um exportador líquido de petróleo até o final dessa década.
[10º parágrafo]This is having a major impact on oil and gas
markets, challenging incumbent suppliers and
provoking a major reorientation of global trade flows,
with consumers in Asia accounting for more than
70% of global oil and gas imports by 2040. LNG
from the United States is also accelerating a major
structural shift towards a more flexible and globalized
gas market. Isso está tendo um grande impacto nos mercados de petróleo e gás, desafiando os fornecedores tradicionais e provocando uma grande reorientação dos fluxos comerciais globais, com os consumidores na Ásia respondendo por mais de 70% das importações globais de petróleo e gás até 2040. O GNL dos Estados Unidos também está acelerando uma grande mudança estrutural em direção a um mercado de gás mais flexível e globalizado.
[11º parágrafo]WEO-2017 finds it is too early to write the
obituary of oil. Global oil demand continues to grow to
2040, although at a steadily decreasing pace – while
fuel efficiency and rising electrification bring a peak in
oil used for passenger cars, even with a doubling of
the car fleet to two billion. But other sectors – namely
petrochemicals, trucks, aviation, and shipping – drive
up oil demand to 105 million barrels a day by 2040. O relatório WEO-2017 conclui que é cedo demais para escrever o obituário do petróleo. A demanda global por petróleo continua a crescer até 2040, embora em ritmo decrescente – enquanto a eficiência energética e o aumento da eletrificação levam a um pico no consumo de petróleo em automóveis de passeio, mesmo com a frota de veículos dobrando para dois bilhões. Mas outros setores – como petroquímicos, caminhões, aviação e transporte marítimo – elevam a demanda por petróleo para 105 milhões de barris por dia até 2040.
[12º parágrafo]While carbon emissions have flattened in recent
years, the report finds that global energy-related CO2
emissions increase slightly by 2040, but at a slower
pace than in last year’s projections. Embora as emissões de carbono tenham se estabilizado nos últimos anos, o relatório constata que as emissões globais de CO2 relacionadas à energia aumentarão ligeiramente até 2040, mas em um ritmo mais lento do que as projeções do ano passado.
Still, this is far from
enough to avoid severe impacts of climate change.Ainda assim, isso está longe de ser suficiente para evitar impactos severos das mudanças climáticas.- Available at: <https://www.iea.org/newsroom/news/2017/november/a-world-in-transformation-world-energyoutlook-2017.html>. Retrieved on: 14 Nov. 2017. Adapted.
11 – The main purpose of Text I is to (A) predict the imminent decrease of global oil demands in
the near future. (B) present an overview of world energy scenarios for the
coming decades. (C) report on the increasing role of renewable energy
sources and natural gas. (D) discuss how China’s economic and energy policy
changes may shape global trends. (E) anticipate how the US, China and India will transform
the global energy system in the next decade. • Gabarito B The main purpose of Text I is to (A) predict the imminent decrease of global oil demands in the near future. (B) present an overview of world energy scenarios for the coming decades. (C) report on the increasing role of renewable energy sources and natural gas. (D) discuss how China’s economic and energy policy changes may shape global trends. (E) anticipate how the US, China and India will transform the global energy system in the next decade.
12 – According to Text I, one of the themes discussed at the
IEA’s 2017 Ministerial Meeting in Paris was the (A) insufficient investment in clean-energy technologies. (B) inadequate use of solar energy in global power
markets. (C) necessary increase in investment in carbon capture,
utilization and storage. (D) questionable leadership of the US in the areas of oil
and gas production. (E) limited use of EVs due to battery prices and lack of
financial help from the government. • Gabarito C According to Text I, one of the themes discussed at the IEA’s 2017 Ministerial Meeting in Paris was the (A) insufficient investment in clean-energy technologies. (B) inadequate use of solar energy in global power markets. (C) necessary increase in investment in carbon capture, utilization and storage. (D) questionable leadership of the US in the areas of oil and gas production. (E) limited use of EVs due to battery prices and lack of financial help from the government.
13 – According to Text I, WEO-2017 includes a special focus on
China because this country has been (A) suffering from severe problems derived from poor air
quality. (B) blamed for substituting heavy industry and coal for
cleaner energy. (C) responsible for the consumption of 20% of the world´s
natural gas. (D) an undeniable world leader in the areas of wind, solar
and nuclear energy. (E) facing changes in the economic and energy policy that
will deeply influence its energy mix. • Gabarito E According to Text I, WEO-2017 includes a special focus on China because this country has been (A) suffering from severe problems derived from poor air quality. (B) blamed for substituting heavy industry and coal for cleaner energy. (C) responsible for the consumption of 20% of the world´s natural gas. (D) an undeniable world leader in the areas of wind, solar and nuclear energy. (E) facing changes in the economic and energy policy that will deeply influence its energy mix.
14 – Based on the meanings in Text I, the two items that
express synonymous ideas are (A) deployed (line 25) – disturbed (B) undisputed (line 43) – irrefutable (C) upheaval (line 44) – stagnation (D) unlock (line 70) – restrain (E) incumbent (line 75) – unnecessary • Gabarito B Based on the meanings in Text I, the two items that express synonymous ideas are (A) deployed (line 25) – disturbed (B) undisputed (line 43) – irrefutable (C) upheaval (line 44) – stagnation (D) unlock (line 70) – restrain (E) incumbent (line 75) – unnecessary
15 – In the fragments “Solar is forging ahead in global power
markets as it becomes the cheapest source of electricity
generation in many places, including China and India”
(lines 34-37) and “with India accounting for almost
one-third of global growth to 2040” (lines 66-67) forging
ahead and accounting for mean, respectively, (A) rapidly declining – amounting to (B) dramatically falling – adding up to (C) rising steeply – being blamed for (D) slowing down – being responsible for (E) progressing steadily – being the reason for • Gabarito E In the fragments “Solar is forging ahead in global power markets as it becomes the cheapest source of electricity generation in many places, including China and India” (lines 34-37) and “with India accounting for almost one-third of global growth to 2040” (lines 66-67) forging ahead and accounting for mean, respectively, (A) rapidly declining – amounting to (B) dramatically falling – adding up to (C) rising steeply – being blamed for (D) slowing down – being responsible for (E) progressing steadily – being the reason for
16 – All the boldfaced verb phrases express a future action,
EXCEPT in (A) “The resurgence in oil and gas production from the
United States, deep declines in the cost of renewables
and growing electrification are changing the face of
the global energy system” (lines 1-4) (B) “the world’s growing energy needs are met first by
renewables and natural gas as fast-declining costs
turn solar power into the cheapest source of new
electricity generation” (lines 9-12) (C) “WEO-2017 (…) finds that over the next two decades
the global energy system is being reshaped by four
major forces” (lines 20-23) (D) “meanwhile in the European Union, wind becomes
the leading source of electricity soon after 2030” (lines
31-33) (E) “the United States is projected to become the world’s
largest LNG exporter and a net oil exporter by the end
of that decade.” (lines 71-73) • Gabarito A All the boldfaced verb phrases express a future action, EXCEPT in (A) “The resurgence in oil and gas production from the United States, deep declines in the cost of renewables and growing electrification are changing the face of the global energy system” (lines 1-4) (B) “the world’s growing energy needs are met first by renewables and natural gas as fast-declining costs turn solar power into the cheapest source of new electricity generation” (lines 9-12) (C) “WEO-2017 (…) finds that over the next two decades the global energy system is being reshaped by four major forces” (lines 20-23) (D) “meanwhile in the European Union, wind becomes the leading source of electricity soon after 2030” (lines 31-33) (E) “the United States is projected to become the world’s largest LNG exporter and a net oil exporter by the end of that decade.” (lines 71-73)
17 – In the fragment “Still, this is far from enough to avoid
severe impacts of climate change” (lines 93-94), Still
can be replaced, without changing the meaning of the
sentence, by (A) Therefore (B) Furthermore (C) Nevertheless (D) In other words (E) Because of that• Gabarito C In the fragment “Still, this is far from enough to avoid severe impacts of climate change” (lines 93-94), Still can be replaced, without changing the meaning of the sentence, by (A) Therefore (B) Furthermore (C) Nevertheless (D) In other words (E) Because of that
❑ TEXTO 2:Brazil joins IEA as an Association country, reshaping international energy governanceBrasil se une à AIE como país da Associação, remodelando a governança energética internacional
[1º parágrafo]BRASILIA – The International Energy Agency
and Brazil jointly announced today that the country
joined the IEA as an Association country, opening
new avenues for cooperation towards a more secure
and sustainable energy future with Latin America’s
largest country. BRASÍLIA – A Agência Internacional de Energia e o Brasil anunciaram hoje em conjunto que o país se juntou à AIE como um país da Associação, abrindo novos caminhos para a cooperação rumo a um futuro energético mais seguro e sustentável com o maior país da América Latina.
[2º parágrafo]“With today’s announcement of IEA Association,
we are taking another important step to place Brazil
at the centre of global debate on key energy policy
issues including renewable energy, energy efficiency,
rational use of fossil fuels, energy security and
sustainable development,” said Fernando Coelho
Filho, Minister of Mines and Energy.“Com o anúncio de hoje da Associação IEA, estamos dando mais um passo importante para colocar o Brasil no centro do debate global sobre questões-chave de política energética, incluindo energia renovável, eficiência energética, uso racional de combustíveis fósseis, segurança energética e desenvolvimento sustentável”, disse Fernando Coelho Filho, Ministro de Minas e Energia.
[3º parágrafo]Brazil’s leading expertise in bioenergy, hydro
and other forms of clean and conventional energy
is recognized around the world, and provides an
excellent basis to develop solutions for global energy
challenges. The country’s experience in managing
renewable resources in its energy mix can contribute
greatly to IEA discussions on a broadened concept
of energy security. Brazil has also pioneered the use
of auctions for long-term contracts for renewable
energy, a model that is now successfully applied as
best-practice world-wide.A expertise brasileira em bioenergia, energia hidrelétrica e outras formas de energia limpa e convencional é reconhecida mundialmente e proporciona uma excelente base para o desenvolvimento de soluções para os desafios energéticos globais. A experiência do país na gestão de recursos renováveis em sua matriz energética pode contribuir significativamente para as discussões da AIE sobre um conceito mais amplo de segurança energética. O Brasil também foi pioneiro na utilização de leilões para contratos de longo prazo para energia renovável, um modelo que agora é aplicado com sucesso como melhor prática em todo o mundo.
[4º parágrafo]Brazil and the IEA plan to work jointly across a
wide range of energy-related activities. These include
implemention of The Biofuture Platform, which aims
to promote international coordination on advanced
low carbon fuels. The IEA will also support the
development of Brazil’s ten-year energy efficiency
plan and co-host an energy efficiency training event
in Brazil to share regional and global experiences. O Brasil e a AIE planejam trabalhar em conjunto em uma ampla gama de atividades relacionadas à energia. Entre elas, está a implementação da Plataforma Biofuture, que visa promover a coordenação internacional em combustíveis avançados de baixo carbono. A AIE também apoiará o desenvolvimento do plano decenal de eficiência energética do Brasil e coorganizará um evento de treinamento em eficiência energética no Brasil para compartilhar experiências regionais e globais.
[5º parágrafo]“Brazil’s experience shows that policies do
matter,” said Dr Fatih Birol, the IEA’s Executive
Director. “Its determined and ambitious long-term
energy policies, developing deep-water oil resources
and expanding biofuels output, set an example to
countries around the world. As a result, our latest data
shows that Brazil will become a net oil exporter this
year, the first major consumer in recent history to ever
achieve such a turnaround.”“A experiência do Brasil mostra que as políticas públicas realmente importam”, disse o Dr. Fatih Birol, Diretor Executivo da AIE. “Suas políticas energéticas de longo prazo, determinadas e ambiciosas, o desenvolvimento de recursos petrolíferos em águas profundas e a expansão da produção de biocombustíveis, servem de exemplo para países em todo o mundo. Como resultado, nossos dados mais recentes mostram que o Brasil se tornará um exportador líquido de petróleo este ano, o primeiro grande consumidor na história recente a alcançar tal reviravolta.”
[6º parágrafo]Dr Birol also congratulated Brazil for its recent
successful deepwater bid round. After depending on
oil imports since IEA records began in the 1970s, the
IEA now finds that Brazil will become a net exporter
this year, and exporting nearly one million barrels
of oil per day to world markets by 2022. This is the
result of a 50% increase in oil production in the past
decade thanks to a successful push into deep-water
production, and a biofuels programme that has helped
keep domestic oil-demand growth under control. O Dr. Birol também parabenizou o Brasil pelo sucesso da recente rodada de licitações para águas profundas. Após depender de importações de petróleo desde o início dos registros da AIE, na década de 1970, a AIE agora constata que o Brasil se tornará um exportador líquido este ano, exportando quase um milhão de barris de petróleo por dia para os mercados mundiais até 2022. Isso é resultado de um aumento de 50% na produção de petróleo na última década, graças a um impulso bem-sucedido na produção em águas profundas e a um programa de biocombustíveis que ajudou a manter o crescimento da demanda interna por petróleo sob controle.
[7º parágrafo]With Brazil, the IEA family now accounts for
over 70% of the world’s total energy consumption,
compared with less than 40% just two years ago. The
seven IEA Association countries are Brazil, China,
India, Indonesia, Morocco, Singapore and Thailand. Com o Brasil, a família IEA agora responde por mais de 70% do consumo total de energia mundial, em comparação com menos de 40% há apenas dois anos. Os sete países membros da Associação IEA são Brasil, China, Índia, Indonésia, Marrocos, Singapura e Tailândia.
[8º parágrafo]The agreement will allow the IEA to benefit from
Brazil’s unique experience, which has enabled it to
develop one of the cleanest energy mixes in the world.
Thanks to its expertise in global energy market and
policy analysis, the IEA can support Brazil’s efforts
and collaborate in its energy transition.O acordo permitirá que a AIE se beneficie da experiência única do Brasil, que lhe permitiu desenvolver uma das matrizes energéticas mais limpas do mundo. Graças à sua expertise em análise de políticas e mercado global de energia, a AIE pode apoiar os esforços do Brasil e colaborar em sua transição energética. - Available at: <https://www.iea.org/newsroom/news/2017/october/brazil-joins-iea-as-an-association-country-reshaping-international-energy-govern.html>. Retrieved on: 31 Oct. 2017. Adapted
18 – The main intention of Text II is to discuss the Brazilian (A) joint effort with the IEA in order to implement The
Biofuture Platform in the near future. (B) leading expertise in conventional energy and
experience in managing renewable resources. (C) association with the IEA to replicate the use of
auctions for renewable energies worldwide. (D) strategic partnership with the IEA in the field of energy
aiming at a safer and sustainable future. (E) ten-year energy efficiency plan and the sharing of its
regional and global experiences with Latin American
countries. • Gabarito D The main intention of Text II is to discuss the Brazilian (A) joint effort with the IEA in order to implement The Biofuture Platform in the near future. (B) leading expertise in conventional energy and experience in managing renewable resources. (C) association with the IEA to replicate the use of auctions for renewable energies worldwide. (D) strategic partnership with the IEA in the field of energy aiming at a safer and sustainable future. (E) ten-year energy efficiency plan and the sharing of its regional and global experiences with Latin American countries.
19 – Dr. Fatih Birol affirms that “Brazil’s experience shows
that policies do matter” (lines 33-34) because, due to its
long-term energy policies, the country (A) was about to change its position from a major oil
consumer into that of a net oil exporter. (B) could dramatically increase oil exports to nearly one
million barrels per day to world markets. (C) was able to expand its deep-water oil resources and
restrict biofuels output in the recent years. (D) implemented a rewarding biofuels programme that
helped reduce national oil-demand growth. (E) succeeded in doubling its oil production in the last
few years as the result of an outstanding increase in
deep-water production. • Gabarito A Dr. Fatih Birol affirms that “Brazil’s experience shows that policies do matter” (lines 33-34) because, due to its long-term energy policies, the country (A) was about to change its position from a major oil consumer into that of a net oil exporter. (B) could dramatically increase oil exports to nearly one million barrels per day to world markets. (C) was able to expand its deep-water oil resources and restrict biofuels output in the recent years. (D) implemented a rewarding biofuels programme that helped reduce national oil-demand growth. (E) succeeded in doubling its oil production in the last few years as the result of an outstanding increase in deep-water production.
20 – Comparing Texts I and II, one concludes that (A) only Text I mentions a country that is well-known for its
clean energy mix. (B) only Text II discusses what the global energy system
will look like in the near future. (C) neither Text I nor Text II expresses concern with the
future of oil production and demand in the next
decades. (D) both Text I and Text II list all the IEA association
countries and discuss how they can benefit from this
cooperation. (E) both Text I and Text II mention the importance of
renewable resources and clean energy technologies
as a means of meeting energy demand. • Gabarito E Comparing Texts I and II, one concludes that (A) only Text I mentions a country that is well-known for its clean energy mix. (B) only Text II discusses what the global energy system will look like in the near future. (C) neither Text I nor Text II expresses concern with the future of oil production and demand in the next decades. (D) both Text I and Text II list all the IEA association countries and discuss how they can benefit from this cooperation. (E) both Text I and Text II mention the importance of renewable resources and clean energy technologies as a means of meeting energy demand.
- Texto (1) – | A world in transformation: World Energy Outlook 2017 | www.iea.org |
- Texto (2) – | Brazil joins IEA as an Association country, reshaping international energy governance | www.iea.org |
- 10 Multiple Choice Questions | Five-Option Question |
A world in transformation:
World Energy Outlook 2017
Um mundo em transformação: Perspectivas Energéticas Mundiais 2017
[1º parágrafo]
The resurgence in oil and gas production from the
United States, deep declines in the cost of renewables
and growing electrification are changing the face of
the global energy system and upending traditional
ways of meeting energy demand, according to the
World Energy Outlook 2017. A cleaner and more
diversified energy mix in China is another major driver
of this transformation.
O ressurgimento da produção de petróleo e gás dos Estados Unidos, os declínios profundos no custo das energias renováveis e a crescente eletrificação estão mudando a face do sistema energético global e subvertendo as formas tradicionais de atender à demanda de energia, de acordo com o World Energy Outlook 2017. Uma matriz energética mais limpa e diversificada na China é outro grande impulsionador dessa transformação.
[2º parágrafo]
Over the next 25 years, the world’s growing
energy needs are met first by renewables and natural
gas, as fast-declining costs turn solar power into the
cheapest source of new electricity generation. Global
energy demand is 30% higher by 2040 — but still
half as much as it would have been without efficiency
improvements. The boom years for coal are over — in
the absence of large-scale carbon capture, utilization
and storage (CCUS) — and rising oil demand slows
down but is not reversed before 2040 even as
electric-car sales rise steeply.
Nos próximos 25 anos, as crescentes necessidades energéticas do mundo serão atendidas prioritariamente por energias renováveis e gás natural, à medida que os custos em rápida queda tornam a energia solar a fonte mais barata de geração de eletricidade. A demanda global por energia será 30% maior até 2040 — mas ainda será metade do que seria sem melhorias na eficiência. Os anos de expansão do carvão acabaram — na ausência de captura, utilização e armazenamento de carbono (CCUS) em larga escala — e a crescente demanda por petróleo desacelera, mas não se reverte antes de 2040, mesmo com o aumento acentuado das vendas de carros elétricos.
[3º parágrafo]
WEO-2017, the International Energy Agency
(IEA)’s flagship publication, finds that over the next
two decades the global energy system is being
reshaped by four major forces: the United States
is set to become the undisputed global oil and gas
leader; renewables are being deployed rapidly thanks
to falling costs; the share of electricity in the energy
mix is growing; and China’s new economic strategy
takes it on a cleaner growth mode, with implications
for global energy markets.
WEO-2017, a principal publicação da Agência Internacional de Energia (AIE), conclui que, nas próximas duas décadas, o sistema energético global será remodelado por quatro forças principais: os Estados Unidos estão prestes a se tornar o líder global indiscutível em petróleo e gás; as energias renováveis estão sendo implantadas rapidamente graças à queda de custos; a participação da eletricidade na matriz energética está crescendo; e a nova estratégia econômica da China a leva a um modo de crescimento mais limpo, com implicações para os mercados globais de energia.
[4º parágrafo]
Solar PV is set to lead capacity additions, pushed
by deployment in China and India, meanwhile in the
European Union, wind becomes the leading source of
electricity soon after 2030.
A energia solar fotovoltaica deve liderar as adições de capacidade, impulsionadas pela implantação na China e na Índia. Enquanto isso, na União Europeia, o vento se tornará a principal fonte de eletricidade logo após 2030.
[5º parágrafo]
“Solar is forging ahead in global power markets
as it becomes the cheapest source of electricity
generation in many places, including China and
India,” said Dr Fatih Birol, the IEA’s executive director.
“Electric vehicles (EVs) are in the fast lane as a result
of government support and declining battery costs but
it is far too early to write the obituary of oil, as growth
for trucks, petrochemicals, shipping and aviation
keep pushing demand higher. The US becomes
the undisputed leader for oil and gas production for
decades, which represents a major upheaval for
international market dynamics.”
“A energia solar está avançando nos mercados globais de energia, tornando-se a fonte mais barata de geração de eletricidade em muitos lugares, incluindo China e Índia”, disse o Dr. Fatih Birol, diretor executivo da AIE. “Os veículos elétricos (VEs) estão em alta devido ao apoio governamental e à queda nos custos das baterias, mas é muito cedo para escrever o obituário do petróleo, já que o crescimento dos setores de caminhões, petroquímicos, transporte marítimo e aviação continua impulsionando a demanda. Os EUA se tornaram líderes indiscutíveis na produção de petróleo e gás por décadas, o que representa uma grande reviravolta na dinâmica do mercado internacional.”
[6º parágrafo]
These themes — as well as the future role of
oil and gas in the energy mix, how clean-energy
technologies are deploying, and the need for more
investment in CCUS — were among the key topics
discussed by the world’s energy leaders at the IEA’s
2017 Ministerial Meeting in Paris last week.
Esses temas — assim como o papel futuro do petróleo e do gás na matriz energética, como as tecnologias de energia limpa estão sendo implantadas e a necessidade de mais investimentos em CCUS — estavam entre os principais tópicos discutidos pelos líderes mundiais de energia na Reunião Ministerial de 2017 da AIE em Paris na semana passada.
[7º parágrafo]
This year, WEO-2017 includes a special focus on
China, where economic and energy policy changes
underway will have a profound impact on the
country’s energy mix, and continue to shape global
trends. A new phase in the country’s development
results in an economy that is less reliant on heavy
industry and coal.
Este ano, o WEO-2017 inclui um foco especial na China, onde as mudanças em curso na política econômica e energética terão um impacto profundo na matriz energética do país e continuarão a moldar as tendências globais. Uma nova fase no desenvolvimento do país resulta em uma economia menos dependente da indústria pesada e do carvão.
[8º parágrafo]
At the same time, a strong emphasis on cleaner
energy technologies, in large part to address poor air
quality, is catapulting China to a position as a world
leader in wind, solar, nuclear and electric vehicles and
the source of more than a quarter of projected growth
in natural gas consumption. As demand growth in
China slows, other countries continue to push overall
global demand higher – with India accounting for
almost one-third of global growth to 2040.
Ao mesmo tempo, a forte ênfase em tecnologias de energia mais limpa, em grande parte para combater a má qualidade do ar, está catapultando a China para a posição de líder mundial em veículos eólicos, solares, nucleares e elétricos, e para a fonte de mais de um quarto do crescimento projetado no consumo de gás natural. À medida que o crescimento da demanda na China desacelera, outros países continuam a impulsionar a demanda global geral – com a Índia respondendo por quase um terço do crescimento global até 2040.
[9º parágrafo]
The shale oil and gas revolution in the United
States continues thanks to the remarkable ability of
producers to unlock new resources in a cost-effective
way. By the mid-2020s, the United States is projected
to become the world’s largest LNG exporter and a net
oil exporter by the end of that decade.
A revolução do petróleo e gás de xisto nos Estados Unidos continua graças à notável capacidade dos produtores de desbloquear novos recursos de forma econômica. Em meados da década de 2020, projeta-se que os Estados Unidos se tornarão o maior exportador mundial de GNL e um exportador líquido de petróleo até o final dessa década.
[10º parágrafo]
This is having a major impact on oil and gas
markets, challenging incumbent suppliers and
provoking a major reorientation of global trade flows,
with consumers in Asia accounting for more than
70% of global oil and gas imports by 2040. LNG
from the United States is also accelerating a major
structural shift towards a more flexible and globalized
gas market.
Isso está tendo um grande impacto nos mercados de petróleo e gás, desafiando os fornecedores tradicionais e provocando uma grande reorientação dos fluxos comerciais globais, com os consumidores na Ásia respondendo por mais de 70% das importações globais de petróleo e gás até 2040. O GNL dos Estados Unidos também está acelerando uma grande mudança estrutural em direção a um mercado de gás mais flexível e globalizado.
[11º parágrafo]
WEO-2017 finds it is too early to write the
obituary of oil. Global oil demand continues to grow to
2040, although at a steadily decreasing pace – while
fuel efficiency and rising electrification bring a peak in
oil used for passenger cars, even with a doubling of
the car fleet to two billion. But other sectors – namely
petrochemicals, trucks, aviation, and shipping – drive
up oil demand to 105 million barrels a day by 2040.
O relatório WEO-2017 conclui que é cedo demais para escrever o obituário do petróleo. A demanda global por petróleo continua a crescer até 2040, embora em ritmo decrescente – enquanto a eficiência energética e o aumento da eletrificação levam a um pico no consumo de petróleo em automóveis de passeio, mesmo com a frota de veículos dobrando para dois bilhões. Mas outros setores – como petroquímicos, caminhões, aviação e transporte marítimo – elevam a demanda por petróleo para 105 milhões de barris por dia até 2040.
[12º parágrafo]
While carbon emissions have flattened in recent
years, the report finds that global energy-related CO2
emissions increase slightly by 2040, but at a slower
pace than in last year’s projections.
Embora as emissões de carbono tenham se estabilizado nos últimos anos, o relatório constata que as emissões globais de CO2 relacionadas à energia aumentarão ligeiramente até 2040, mas em um ritmo mais lento do que as projeções do ano passado.
Still, this is far from
enough to avoid severe impacts of climate change.
Ainda assim, isso está longe de ser suficiente para evitar impactos severos das mudanças climáticas.
- Available at: <https://www.iea.org/newsroom/news/2017/november/a-world-in-transformation-world-energyoutlook-2017.html>. Retrieved on: 14 Nov. 2017. Adapted.
11 – The main purpose of Text I is to
(A) predict the imminent decrease of global oil demands in
the near future.
(B) present an overview of world energy scenarios for the
coming decades.
(C) report on the increasing role of renewable energy
sources and natural gas.
(D) discuss how China’s economic and energy policy
changes may shape global trends.
(E) anticipate how the US, China and India will transform
the global energy system in the next decade.
• Gabarito B
The main purpose of Text I is to
(A) predict the imminent decrease of global oil demands in the near future.
(B) present an overview of world energy scenarios for the coming decades.
(C) report on the increasing role of renewable energy sources and natural gas.
(D) discuss how China’s economic and energy policy changes may shape global trends.
(E) anticipate how the US, China and India will transform the global energy system in the next decade.
12 – According to Text I, one of the themes discussed at the
IEA’s 2017 Ministerial Meeting in Paris was the
(A) insufficient investment in clean-energy technologies.
(B) inadequate use of solar energy in global power
markets.
(C) necessary increase in investment in carbon capture,
utilization and storage.
(D) questionable leadership of the US in the areas of oil
and gas production.
(E) limited use of EVs due to battery prices and lack of
financial help from the government.
• Gabarito C
According to Text I, one of the themes discussed at the IEA’s 2017 Ministerial Meeting in Paris was the
(A) insufficient investment in clean-energy technologies.
(B) inadequate use of solar energy in global power markets.
(C) necessary increase in investment in carbon capture, utilization and storage.
(D) questionable leadership of the US in the areas of oil and gas production.
(E) limited use of EVs due to battery prices and lack of financial help from the government.
13 – According to Text I, WEO-2017 includes a special focus on
China because this country has been
(A) suffering from severe problems derived from poor air
quality.
(B) blamed for substituting heavy industry and coal for
cleaner energy.
(C) responsible for the consumption of 20% of the world´s
natural gas.
(D) an undeniable world leader in the areas of wind, solar
and nuclear energy.
(E) facing changes in the economic and energy policy that
will deeply influence its energy mix.
• Gabarito E
According to Text I, WEO-2017 includes a special focus on China because this country has been
(A) suffering from severe problems derived from poor air quality.
(B) blamed for substituting heavy industry and coal for cleaner energy.
(C) responsible for the consumption of 20% of the world´s natural gas.
(D) an undeniable world leader in the areas of wind, solar and nuclear energy.
(E) facing changes in the economic and energy policy that will deeply influence its energy mix.
14 – Based on the meanings in Text I, the two items that
express synonymous ideas are
(A) deployed (line 25) – disturbed
(B) undisputed (line 43) – irrefutable
(C) upheaval (line 44) – stagnation
(D) unlock (line 70) – restrain
(E) incumbent (line 75) – unnecessary
• Gabarito B
Based on the meanings in Text I, the two items that express synonymous ideas are
(A) deployed (line 25) – disturbed
(B) undisputed (line 43) – irrefutable
(C) upheaval (line 44) – stagnation
(D) unlock (line 70) – restrain
(E) incumbent (line 75) – unnecessary
15 – In the fragments “Solar is forging ahead in global power
markets as it becomes the cheapest source of electricity
generation in many places, including China and India”
(lines 34-37) and “with India accounting for almost
one-third of global growth to 2040” (lines 66-67) forging
ahead and accounting for mean, respectively,
(A) rapidly declining – amounting to
(B) dramatically falling – adding up to
(C) rising steeply – being blamed for
(D) slowing down – being responsible for
(E) progressing steadily – being the reason for
• Gabarito E
In the fragments “Solar is forging ahead in global power markets as it becomes the cheapest source of electricity generation in many places, including China and India” (lines 34-37) and “with India accounting for almost one-third of global growth to 2040” (lines 66-67) forging ahead and accounting for mean, respectively,
(A) rapidly declining – amounting to
(B) dramatically falling – adding up to
(C) rising steeply – being blamed for
(D) slowing down – being responsible for
(E) progressing steadily – being the reason for
16 – All the boldfaced verb phrases express a future action,
EXCEPT in
(A) “The resurgence in oil and gas production from the
United States, deep declines in the cost of renewables
and growing electrification are changing the face of
the global energy system” (lines 1-4)
(B) “the world’s growing energy needs are met first by
renewables and natural gas as fast-declining costs
turn solar power into the cheapest source of new
electricity generation” (lines 9-12)
(C) “WEO-2017 (…) finds that over the next two decades
the global energy system is being reshaped by four
major forces” (lines 20-23)
(D) “meanwhile in the European Union, wind becomes
the leading source of electricity soon after 2030” (lines
31-33)
(E) “the United States is projected to become the world’s
largest LNG exporter and a net oil exporter by the end
of that decade.” (lines 71-73)
• Gabarito A
All the boldfaced verb phrases express a future action, EXCEPT in
(A) “The resurgence in oil and gas production from the United States, deep declines in the cost of renewables and growing electrification are changing the face of the global energy system” (lines 1-4)
(B) “the world’s growing energy needs are met first by renewables and natural gas as fast-declining costs turn solar power into the cheapest source of new electricity generation” (lines 9-12)
(C) “WEO-2017 (…) finds that over the next two decades the global energy system is being reshaped by four major forces” (lines 20-23)
(D) “meanwhile in the European Union, wind becomes the leading source of electricity soon after 2030” (lines 31-33)
(E) “the United States is projected to become the world’s largest LNG exporter and a net oil exporter by the end of that decade.” (lines 71-73)
17 – In the fragment “Still, this is far from enough to avoid
severe impacts of climate change” (lines 93-94), Still
can be replaced, without changing the meaning of the
sentence, by
(A) Therefore
(B) Furthermore
(C) Nevertheless
(D) In other words
(E) Because of that
• Gabarito C
In the fragment “Still, this is far from enough to avoid severe impacts of climate change” (lines 93-94), Still can be replaced, without changing the meaning of the sentence, by
(A) Therefore
(B) Furthermore
(C) Nevertheless
(D) In other words
(E) Because of that
❑ TEXTO 2:
Brazil joins IEA as an Association country, reshaping international energy governance
Brasil se une à AIE como país da Associação, remodelando a governança energética internacional
[1º parágrafo]
BRASILIA – The International Energy Agency
and Brazil jointly announced today that the country
joined the IEA as an Association country, opening
new avenues for cooperation towards a more secure
and sustainable energy future with Latin America’s
largest country.
BRASÍLIA – A Agência Internacional de Energia e o Brasil anunciaram hoje em conjunto que o país se juntou à AIE como um país da Associação, abrindo novos caminhos para a cooperação rumo a um futuro energético mais seguro e sustentável com o maior país da América Latina.
[2º parágrafo]
“With today’s announcement of IEA Association,
we are taking another important step to place Brazil
at the centre of global debate on key energy policy
issues including renewable energy, energy efficiency,
rational use of fossil fuels, energy security and
sustainable development,” said Fernando Coelho
Filho, Minister of Mines and Energy.
“Com o anúncio de hoje da Associação IEA, estamos dando mais um passo importante para colocar o Brasil no centro do debate global sobre questões-chave de política energética, incluindo energia renovável, eficiência energética, uso racional de combustíveis fósseis, segurança energética e desenvolvimento sustentável”, disse Fernando Coelho Filho, Ministro de Minas e Energia.
[3º parágrafo]
Brazil’s leading expertise in bioenergy, hydro
and other forms of clean and conventional energy
is recognized around the world, and provides an
excellent basis to develop solutions for global energy
challenges. The country’s experience in managing
renewable resources in its energy mix can contribute
greatly to IEA discussions on a broadened concept
of energy security. Brazil has also pioneered the use
of auctions for long-term contracts for renewable
energy, a model that is now successfully applied as
best-practice world-wide.
A expertise brasileira em bioenergia, energia hidrelétrica e outras formas de energia limpa e convencional é reconhecida mundialmente e proporciona uma excelente base para o desenvolvimento de soluções para os desafios energéticos globais. A experiência do país na gestão de recursos renováveis em sua matriz energética pode contribuir significativamente para as discussões da AIE sobre um conceito mais amplo de segurança energética. O Brasil também foi pioneiro na utilização de leilões para contratos de longo prazo para energia renovável, um modelo que agora é aplicado com sucesso como melhor prática em todo o mundo.
[4º parágrafo]
Brazil and the IEA plan to work jointly across a
wide range of energy-related activities. These include
implemention of The Biofuture Platform, which aims
to promote international coordination on advanced
low carbon fuels. The IEA will also support the
development of Brazil’s ten-year energy efficiency
plan and co-host an energy efficiency training event
in Brazil to share regional and global experiences.
O Brasil e a AIE planejam trabalhar em conjunto em uma ampla gama de atividades relacionadas à energia. Entre elas, está a implementação da Plataforma Biofuture, que visa promover a coordenação internacional em combustíveis avançados de baixo carbono. A AIE também apoiará o desenvolvimento do plano decenal de eficiência energética do Brasil e coorganizará um evento de treinamento em eficiência energética no Brasil para compartilhar experiências regionais e globais.
[5º parágrafo]
“Brazil’s experience shows that policies do
matter,” said Dr Fatih Birol, the IEA’s Executive
Director. “Its determined and ambitious long-term
energy policies, developing deep-water oil resources
and expanding biofuels output, set an example to
countries around the world. As a result, our latest data
shows that Brazil will become a net oil exporter this
year, the first major consumer in recent history to ever
achieve such a turnaround.”
“A experiência do Brasil mostra que as políticas públicas realmente importam”, disse o Dr. Fatih Birol, Diretor Executivo da AIE. “Suas políticas energéticas de longo prazo, determinadas e ambiciosas, o desenvolvimento de recursos petrolíferos em águas profundas e a expansão da produção de biocombustíveis, servem de exemplo para países em todo o mundo. Como resultado, nossos dados mais recentes mostram que o Brasil se tornará um exportador líquido de petróleo este ano, o primeiro grande consumidor na história recente a alcançar tal reviravolta.”
[6º parágrafo]
Dr Birol also congratulated Brazil for its recent
successful deepwater bid round. After depending on
oil imports since IEA records began in the 1970s, the
IEA now finds that Brazil will become a net exporter
this year, and exporting nearly one million barrels
of oil per day to world markets by 2022. This is the
result of a 50% increase in oil production in the past
decade thanks to a successful push into deep-water
production, and a biofuels programme that has helped
keep domestic oil-demand growth under control.
O Dr. Birol também parabenizou o Brasil pelo sucesso da recente rodada de licitações para águas profundas. Após depender de importações de petróleo desde o início dos registros da AIE, na década de 1970, a AIE agora constata que o Brasil se tornará um exportador líquido este ano, exportando quase um milhão de barris de petróleo por dia para os mercados mundiais até 2022. Isso é resultado de um aumento de 50% na produção de petróleo na última década, graças a um impulso bem-sucedido na produção em águas profundas e a um programa de biocombustíveis que ajudou a manter o crescimento da demanda interna por petróleo sob controle.
[7º parágrafo]
With Brazil, the IEA family now accounts for
over 70% of the world’s total energy consumption,
compared with less than 40% just two years ago. The
seven IEA Association countries are Brazil, China,
India, Indonesia, Morocco, Singapore and Thailand.
Com o Brasil, a família IEA agora responde por mais de 70% do consumo total de energia mundial, em comparação com menos de 40% há apenas dois anos. Os sete países membros da Associação IEA são Brasil, China, Índia, Indonésia, Marrocos, Singapura e Tailândia.
[8º parágrafo]
The agreement will allow the IEA to benefit from
Brazil’s unique experience, which has enabled it to
develop one of the cleanest energy mixes in the world.
Thanks to its expertise in global energy market and
policy analysis, the IEA can support Brazil’s efforts
and collaborate in its energy transition.
O acordo permitirá que a AIE se beneficie da experiência única do Brasil, que lhe permitiu desenvolver uma das matrizes energéticas mais limpas do mundo. Graças à sua expertise em análise de políticas e mercado global de energia, a AIE pode apoiar os esforços do Brasil e colaborar em sua transição energética.
- Available at: <https://www.iea.org/newsroom/news/2017/october/brazil-joins-iea-as-an-association-country-reshaping-international-energy-govern.html>. Retrieved on: 31 Oct. 2017. Adapted
• Gabarito D
The main intention of Text II is to discuss the Brazilian
(A) joint effort with the IEA in order to implement The Biofuture Platform in the near future.
(B) leading expertise in conventional energy and experience in managing renewable resources.
(C) association with the IEA to replicate the use of auctions for renewable energies worldwide.
(D) strategic partnership with the IEA in the field of energy aiming at a safer and sustainable future.
(E) ten-year energy efficiency plan and the sharing of its regional and global experiences with Latin American countries.
• Gabarito A
Dr. Fatih Birol affirms that “Brazil’s experience shows that policies do matter” (lines 33-34) because, due to its long-term energy policies, the country
(A) was about to change its position from a major oil consumer into that of a net oil exporter.
(B) could dramatically increase oil exports to nearly one million barrels per day to world markets.
(C) was able to expand its deep-water oil resources and restrict biofuels output in the recent years.
(D) implemented a rewarding biofuels programme that helped reduce national oil-demand growth.
(E) succeeded in doubling its oil production in the last few years as the result of an outstanding increase in deep-water production.
• Gabarito E
Comparing Texts I and II, one concludes that
(A) only Text I mentions a country that is well-known for its clean energy mix.
(B) only Text II discusses what the global energy system will look like in the near future.
(C) neither Text I nor Text II expresses concern with the future of oil production and demand in the next decades.
(D) both Text I and Text II list all the IEA association countries and discuss how they can benefit from this cooperation.
(E) both Text I and Text II mention the importance of renewable resources and clean energy technologies as a means of meeting energy demand.
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