COLLOCATIONS - VALDENOR SOUSA

Hello you Guys!!!...How have you been?!
In this post, we're talking about COLLOCATIONS.

A "COLLOCATION" is a word or phrase that is often followed by another word or phrase. (dérêz-óFénFólôuBái)

On the other hand, a collocation is two or more words that often go together.

These combinations just sound "right" to native English speakers, who use them all the time.

• TYPES OF COLLOCATION:

So there are several different types of collocation made from combinations of verb, noun, adjective etc.

Some of the most common types are:

1- ADJECTIVE + NOUN:

- So all of these phrases are adjectives that are commonly followed by differents nouns.

- So let's begin our first collocation using the adjective HIGH:

• high school (You have middle school, high school and then University) 

• high ground (You need to get to a higher or elevated position maybe there is a flood and somebody says we need to get to high ground!)

• high tech (This just means advanced tecnology)

• high standards (This means that they just want the best for themselves and you could say well I have really high standards when it comes to food.)

• high degree of certainty(rráidigri-óvSôrtnTi)(This means that you really believe and know that something is going to happen.)

- Next we have collocations with the adjective BIG:

• big mistake (You're really trying to say that well okay this is a real problem and somebody made a big mistake)

• big surprise (It is not a normal surprise, it's a big surprise)

• big deal (this emphasizes that this thing is very important)

• big decision (a decision very very very important)

• big money (means you're talking about a lot money)

- The next adjective is LITTLE:

• little bit (this is talking about an amount)

• little time (if you don't have a lot of time to do something you could say well we have very little time)

• litlle boy / little girl (it is describing somebody'age,but you've got to be careful(bá-iúGárabikérfôl), it may not be polite sometimes(êimêiNá-bipoLáitch'SãmTáims) to call somebody a little boy or a little girl)

• little thought (in this case, somebody might say that well you gave this little thought)

- The next adjective is HEAVY:

• heavy drinker (in this case, somebody is a heavy drinker, it means that they do this a lot.)

• heavy smoker (in this case, somebody is a heavy smoker, it means that they do this a lot)

• heavy traffic (if there are many cars on the road you describe that and say well there's really heavy traffic today)

• heavy rain (it mains that it's raining a lot, I'm wet because it’s pouring, it's a heavy rain.)

• heavy sleeper (it mains that a person who sleeps deeply and is difficult to wake up )

- The next adjective is LIGHT(We can use LIGHT to say the opposite of many ADJECTVES that I just talked about)

• light drinker (the opposite of heavy drinker)

• light smoker (the opposite of heavy smoker)

• light sleeper (in which case any kind of noise would probably wake this person up)

• light rain (it means that It's drizzling)

• light breeze (it means that it's not very windy)

• light shade (it means that a light shade of some color, a light shade of red, a light shade of blue)

- The next adjective is STRONG.

• strong argument (strõ-ÓrguiMéntch)(if you're debating with someone you want to make sure that you're presenting a strong argument)

• strong feeling.

• strong desire.

• strong wind.

• strong evidence.

• strong hand.(in this case, they're not really talking about their hands, it is refers to somebody's position, a position of power)

• strong relationship.(we use it to talk about maybe a family member or your friends)

- The next adjective is DEEP.

• deep thought.(DípFótch)(you're really thinking about something, you're really focused)(Fôukêstch)

• deep voice.

• deep sleep.

• deep breath.(DípBréf)

• deep depression.(Díp-diPréxén)(very sad)

• deep down.

- The next adjective is FAST.

• fast food.(all of us are familiar with different fast food)

• fast start.

• fast pace.

• fast talker.

• fast sleeper.

• fast learner.(Fést-Lõnôr)

- The next adjective is QUICK.

• quick glance.(you saw for a very very very short period time)

• quick bite.(you're going to get a quick bite, you're going to eat, you're going to get something to eat very quickly)

• quick shower.(Kúik-Xáuôr)(You want to get a quick shower.)

• quick recap.

• quick decison.(I need you to make a quick decision)

- The next adjective is SLOW.

• slow grouth.

• slow progress.

• slow motion.(sLôuMôuxên)(I'm sure many of you have heard it with the word "motion")

• slow day.(If somebody says that well it's a slow day, it just means, it's not very busy, we often use this collocation when talking about work)

• slow learner.

2- adverb + adjective: completely satisfied (NOT downright satisfied)

3 - noun + noun: a surge of anger (NOT a rush of anger)

4 - noun + verb: lions roar (NOT lions shout)

5 - verb + noun: commit suicide (NOT undertake suicide)

6 - verb + expression with preposition: burst into tears (NOT blow up in tears)

7 - verb + adverb: wave frantically (NOT wave feverishly)

12 VERB TENSES - TWELVE VERBS TENSES - VALDENOR SOUSA.

Hello...Guys!!!...How have you been?!
In this post, I'll show you an overview of all 12 verb tenses in English.

- Well, so there are 12 different verb tenses that we're talking about today.

- There are FOUR ASPECTS:

• Simple(It is used to describe facts and habits.)

• Progressive(It expresses ongoing actions.)

• Perfect(expresses completed actions.)

• Perfect progressive(It expresses the end of an ongoing action.)

- Progressive, continuous they mean the same thing. 

 in which you were talking about.

- Okay, uhmm, the three main tenses are the Past, the Present and the Future.

- So when we multiply four times three we get twelve, we  get 12 different verb tenses.  

1) Present Simple

2) Past Simple

3) Future Simple

4) Present Progressive

5) Past Progressive

6) Future Progressive

7) Present Perfect

8) Past Perfect

9) Future Perfect

10) Present Perfect Progressive

11) Past Perfect Progressive

12) Future Perfect Progressive

- So, we're going to talk about each and every one of these verb tenses.

- Okay, so here go!!!

1. PRESENT SIMPLE:

1/1. [base form] or [base form]+s.

1/2. A fact or a habitual activity:

• I usually play soccer.(Costumo jogar futebol.)

• Nobody stands up to her.(Ninguém a enfrenta.)

• I study English everyday!

1/3. Present activity(for stories):

• He looks at her and smiles.

1/4. Scheduled future activity:

• The bus arrives at 7 o'clock.

2. PAST SIMPLE:

• The Past Simple, it describes FINISHED ACTIONS(FênêstchÁkxêns) in the past, the action is complete, the action is finished.

• Again, in the past simple, you'll have those time expressions, those time words like YESTERDAY, LAST NIGHT(LésNái), LAST YEAR(LésDhiôr), A LONG TIME AGO.

01. She travelled to Italy(Êlôlí) a long time ago.

02. Hey man, what did you do yesterday?

03. I bought some wet wipes yesterday.(áibó-sãm-ué'uáips-iéstôrdêi)

04. Why didn't you call?(uáiDêdn-iúkól)

3. FUTURE SIMPLE: 

• The Future Simple, it describes ACTIONS THAT WILL HAPPEN in the future.

01.  What will you eat tommorow?(uôuêu-íuí-thumórôu)

02. It'll rain all this week. 

03. The door won't open.

4. PRESENT PROGRESSIVE or PRESENT CONTINUOUS.(KõThíuniês)

4/1. [am, you, is] + [base form]+ING.

4/2. Ongoing activity RIGHT NOW, it refers to an ACTION THAT IS HAPPENING RIGHT NOW, it is not complete, it is happening now now now now:

• The phone is ringing.(O telefone está tocando.)

• Where are you sitting right now?(Onde você está sentado agora?)

• Where are you standing right now?(Onde você está agora?)

5. PAST PROGRESSIVE or PAST CONTINUOUS.

5/1. [am, you, is] + [base form]+ING.

5/2. Ongoing activity NOW:

• I usually play soccer.(Costumo jogar futebol.)

• Nobody stands up to her.(Ninguém a enfrenta.)

• I study English everyday!

1/3. Present activity(for stories):

• He looks at her and smiles.

1/4. Scheduled future activity:

• The bus arrives at 7 o'clock.

• The Present Continuous, we use it with the helping verb TO BE and the Main Verb and the ING. You see that ING on the of the main verb.

• It refers to an CONTINUOUS ACTIONS at a specific time in the past.

01. What were you doing yesterday at 6.00 pm.

02. Last week, were visiting(Vêzêrén) Slovenia.

03. When I started the lesson people were talking in the chat.

6. FUTURE PROGRESSIVE or FUTURE CONTINUOUS.

• It refers to an CONTINUOUS ACTIONS at a specific time in the future.

• By the end of the year, you'll be speaking fluently.

7. PRESENT PERFECT.

7/1. [has or have] + [Past Participle].

7/2. It refers activity in the past and continues to the present.

7/3.  We can use it talk about something that started in the past and continues in the present. It doesn't matter when that fact started. For whoever is speaking at that moment, what matters is that it happened. If you mention when, then you cannot use the present perfect in the sentence.

• I've had a cold for two weeks.(Estou resfriado há duas semanas.)

7/4. We can use it to talk about a recent past, something that just happened.(remember: not to mention when)

- I've just turned the radio on.(Acabei de ligar o rádio.)

7/5. We can use it to talk about life experiences and achievements. (remember: not to mention when)

- Man has walked on the moon.(O homem caminhou na lua.)

7/6. There are TEN words and TWO expressions that give us clues that we can use the present perfect without fear.

• ALREADY, YET, BEFORE, ALWAYS, EVER, NEVER, JUST, RECENTLY, LATELY, SINCE, SO FAR and NOT YET.

- Yeah, I've already seen that movie.(Sim, eu já vi esse filme.)

- Yeah, the lesson has already begun.(Sim, a lição já começou.)

-  Have you seen the film yet?(Você já viu o filme?)

- I've never seen that before.(áivNévarssin-Ná-bifó)(Eu nunca vi isso antes.)

- I've always tried to play the guitar!(Sempre tentei tocar violão!)

- Have you ever seen the rain?(você alguma vez na vida já viu a chuva?)

- I've never driven a bus.(Nunca dirigi ônibus.)

- Yeah, I've just sent the email.(Sim, acabei de enviar o e-mail.)

- I've just done the dishes.(Acabei de lavar a louça.) 

- Yeah, she's been to London recently.(Sim, ela esteve em Londres recentemente.)

- Yeah, I've exercised at the gym lately.(Sim, tenho feito exercícios na academia ultimamente.)

- I've lived here since 2018.(Moro aqui desde 2018.)

- This hasn't happened since 1982.(Isso não acontecia desde 1982.)

- I've lived in England for 3 years.(Moro na Inglaterra há 3 anos.)

- I've known her for years.(Eu a conheço há anos.) 

- He has not called so far.(Ele não ligou até agora.)

- The rain has not stopped yet.(A chuva ainda não parou.)

7/7. The Present Perfect is commonly used to talk about how much or how many:

- She has eaten three pieces of toast.

- She has been eating three pieces of toast.(ungrammatical)

- He has drunk 3 cups of coffee.

- He has been drinking 3 cups of coffee.(ungrammatical)

7/8. Stative verbs are verbs that are not used in continuous tenses. So can use the present perfect with stative verbs. Stative verbs don't refer to a phisical action, they express a state or a condition, for example, to be, to like, to love, to believe, to know, to undestand.

7/9. The present perfect focuses on the completion of the action, whereas the present perfect continuous focuses on the action itself.

(A1) She's seen a therapist.(her treatment has ended)

(A2) She's been seeing a therapist.(She continues to see the therapist)

(B1) I've prepared a big dinner, so you can come over.

(B2) I've been preparing a big dinner, so all my pans are dirty.

7/10. With the Present Perfect, we can use ALREADY.

- I've seen the film already! or I've already seen the film! (You can put ALREADY at the end or you can put between have or has and the participle.)

- I've seen already the film!(ungrammatical, a common mistake, we would understand you)

7/11. With the Present Perfect, we can use YET, it goes at the and of sentence.

- Have you seen the film yet?

- No, I haven't seen it yet.

- Have you yet seen the film?(it's very formal, it doesn't sound right at all, don't use that)  

7/12. EXAMPLES:

01. With the verbs: to study, to live, to work.

- I've studied English since 2010.

- I've lived in England since 2010. I've lived in England for 3 years.

- She has worked for yours.

- She has worked here for 6 months. 

02. With the verb to be:

- I've been here for a while.

- Where have you been?(ué-révíuBÉN)

03. With the verb to see: 

- I've just seen her. I've just seen him.

- I've just seen her a second ago.(ungrammatical)

- I've just seen him a moment ago.(ungrammatical)

- She's seen a therapist.(her treatment has ended)

- She's been seeing a therapist.(She continues to see the therapist)

- I've never seen this movie before.

- Have you ever seen a ghost?

04. With the verb to do:

- Hmm...I wonder if the workers noticed I haven't done a thing all day!

8. PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE.

1/1. Stative verbs are verbs that are not used in continuous tenses. So, we can not use the present perfect progressive with stative verbs. Stative verbs don't refer to a phisical action, they express a permanent state or a permanent condition, for example, to be, to like, to love, to hate, to believe, to know, to undestand, to see, to remember, to think.

1/2. The present perfect continuous focuses on the action itself, whereas the present perfect focuses on the completion of the action.

1/3. 

1/3. REMEMBER:

• Positive Form =  Subject + HAS/HAVE BEEN + Verb-ING. I've been working.

• Negative Form =  Subject + HAS/HAVE not BEEN + Verb-ING. I've not been working.

• Question = HAS/HAVE + Subject + BEEN + Verb-ING? Have I been working?

1/4. EXAMPLES:

01. With the verbs: to study, to live, to work.

- I've been living in England for 3 years.

- She has been working for yours.(shows more emphasis)

- She has been working here for 6 months.(shows more emphasis)

9. PAST PERFECT.

1/1. We use past perfect when we want to talk about something that happened before some other event in the past, and the order of events can be by conjunctions like BEFORE, THEN,NEXT and LATER.

- I had finished the wine before he arrived. (This means that I had already finished the wine before he arrived. His arrival is in the past, and my finishing the wine is even further in the past.)

1/1. Common Regular Verbs in the Past Perfect Tense:

• had asked, had worked, had called, had used, had prepared.

1/2. Common Irregular Verbs in the Past Perfect Tense:

• had had, had done, had said, hade made, hade gone, had taken, had come.

REMEMBER: The formula for the past perfect tense is HAD + Past Participle. It doesn’t matter if the subject is singular or plural; the formula doesn’t change.

1/1. We can use Past Perfect to show something that happened before a specific point in the past.

- When Rachel arrived, the concert had started.(Quando Rachel chegou, o show havia começado.)

- I didn't have any money because my wallet has been stolen.(Eu não tinha dinheiro porque minha carteira foi roubada.)

1/2. We can use Past Perfect to show dissatisfaction with what has been done in the past:

- I wish I had eaten more of that delicious food.

- If only I had revised more, I would have done better on my exam.

1/3. We can use Past Perfect in the sentences in the 3rd conditional:

- If we had gone by car, we wouldn't have been late.(Se tivéssemos ido de carro, não teríamos nos atrasado.)

- If Peter had studied harder, he would have passed the exam.(Se Peter tivesse estudado mais, ele teria passado no exame.)

1/4. We can use Past Perfect in the sentences in the Reported Speech:

- They asked if we had seen that movie before.(Eles perguntaram se nós tínhamos visto aquele filme antes.)

- Rachel said she had already read that book.

1/5. We can use the present perfect with stative verbs. Stative verbs don't refer to a phisical action, they express a state or a condition, for example, to be, to like, to love, to believe, to know, to undestand.

• had been - had seen.

1/6. The present perfect focuses on the completion of the action, whereas the present perfect continuous focuses on the action itself.

(A1) She's seen a therapist.(her treatment has ended)

(A2) She's been seeing a therapist.(She continues to see the therapist)

(B1) I've prepared a big dinner, so you can come over.

(B2) I've been preparing a big dinner, so all my pans are dirty.

10. PAST PERFECT PREGRESSIVE.

1/1. The past perfect continuous tense is constructed using HAD BEEN + (base form + ING).

1/2. Common REGULAR VERBS in the Past Perfect Progressive:

• had been studying, had been living, had been working.

• had been talking, had been walking, had been playing.

• had been cleaning, had been preparing, had been saving, had been trying.

1/3. Common IRREGULAR VERBS in the Past Perfect Progressive:

• had been waiting, had been having, had been doing, had been saying, had been making, had been going, had been taking, had been coming.

• had been drinking, had been eating, had been spending. 

• had been driving, had been running, had been swimming, 

• had been throwing.

1/4. We can use Past Perfect Progressive to say that something was going on when another event happened.

- Rachel had been trying to open the door for 10 minutes when her husband found the key.(1st event: Rachel was trying to open the door. 2nd event: Her husband found the key.) 

- I had been talking to him before I sent the email.(1st event: I was talking to him. 2nd event: I sent an email.)

1/5. We can use Past Perfect Progressive to show the cause of an action in the past: 

- The street was wet because it had been raining.

- Katrina put on some weight because she had been overeating.

1/6. We can use Past Perfect Progressive in the Third conditional:

- If it hadn’t been raining, we would have gone out.(Se não estivesse chovendo, teríamos saído.)

1/7. We can use Past Perfect Progressive in the Reported Speech.

- They said they had been working.

- Rachel said she had been working hard all day.(Rachel disse que trabalhou duro o dia todo.)

1/8. Stative verbs are verbs that are not used in continuous tenses. So we can not use the past perfect progressive with stative verbs. Stative verbs don't refer to a phisical action, they express a state or a condition, for example, to be, to like, to love, to believe, to know, to undestand.

- I hadn’t been knowing that. (ungrammatical, it is not conforming to grammatical rules; not well formed.)

FOOD IDIOMS - Idioms about food - VALDENOR SOUSA.

Hey, what's up guys!!!...How have you been?

So many food idioms to choose from.

Everyone likes to talk about food and you can use idioms at anytime. But just keep in mind that idioms are a little bit more informal, in fact, idioms are informal expressions. Avoid using idioms in formal settings.

1 - BREAD AND BUTTER(a person's main source of income)

Well, BREAD AND BUTTER means somebody's main source of income.

It just means how somebody makes their money, their main source of income.

(01) Working in the factory is his bread and butter.

(02) Routine office work is my bread and butter.

(04) How does he earn his bread and butter?

(08) Gardening is my bread and butter at the moment.

(16) Sole income, Livelihood, Provided basic needs, Source of income, Means of income, Source of livelihood.

2 - (AS) COOL AS A CUCUMBER(ézKûl-éza-kíukãmbôr)

So, somebody who is COOL AS A CUCUMBER is very calm and relaxed.

(01) She remained cool as a cucumber in the stressful situation.

(02) Rachel's as cool as a cucumber.

3 - NOT MY CUP OF TEA(Nát-máikáp-ovThi)(something you are not interested in or something don't like )

So, NOT MY CUP OF TEA  means something you are not interested in or something don't like 

(01) Going to bed after midnight is not my cup of tea.

(02) No, that kind of music is not my cup of tea.

(04) Playing golf is not his cup of tea.

4 - IN A NUTSHELL(ínaNátXél)(something you are not interested in or something don't like )

(01) "in a nutshell" means in the fewest possible words, explained in the fewest possible words, saying something in as few words as you can.

(02) What happened at the meeting? Tell me in a nutshell.

5 - PUT ALL YOUR EGGS IN ONE BASKET

(01) "put all your eggs in one basket" means that you should not concentrate all of your efforts and and resources in one area because that means that you could lose everything.

(02) So don't put all your eggs in one basket.

6 - SPICE THINGS UP

(01) "spice things up" means to change things, change a boring routine into something more exciting.

(02) "spice things up" is commonly found when we're talking about relationships.

(04) "spice things up" means to add an element of excitement into a situation.

7 - BRING HOME AND THE BACON

(01) "bring home and the bacon" doesn't refer to actual bacon but instead to material success like money.

(02)"bring home and the bacon", bring money, make money, that is really what it means.

(04) We both "bring home the bacon".

8 - A LEMON

(01) "a lemon"(êi-LénMén), why would I want a lemon?

(02) "a lemon" is something that doesn't work very well.

(04) Usually we talk about "a lemon" when we refer to machines or cars.

(08) So a car that just doesn't work very well, it is called a lemon.

9 - SPILL THE BEANS

(01) "spill the beans" means to reveal secret information.

(02) It is not usually intentional.

(04) Shh. Don't spill the beans. It is a secret.

10 - CHEESY

(01) "cheesy" is usually inferior, or cheap, or of low quality.

(02) So you can have a cheesy smile, which is not good.

(04) You can have a cheest outfit, which is also not good.

 

CONFUSING WORDS - The difference between certain words those are commonly confused - VALDENOR SOUSA

Hey, what's up guys!!!...How have you been?!

1 - CONFUSING WORDS - Further & Farther:

Which one would complete this sentence: 

He's incredibly bright, and his skills go much _____ than the basketball court.

(01) Further and farther, they are both comparative adverbs.(deióBôuf-KõmPéurêrêv-Âdvôrbs)

(02) The answer is further.

(03) He's incredibly bright, and his skills go much further than the basketball court.

(04) When you're talking about further, you're talking about a metaphorical or figurative distance.

(05) When we're talking about a phisical distance, we use farther, for example, "It was farther than I espected.", you're traveling to a place and you expected it to be 10 km, it ended up being 15 km and you could say wow "It was farther than I espected."

(06) When you're deciding between further and farther, remember that FAR relates to actual physical distance.

- I just wanted to further improve my English skills.

- I have nothing further to say.

- Further your career!

- Further your education!

- For further information, please visit our website!(further =additional)

- Further topics will be covered next week!(further =additional)

- Most experts now agree that there will be further rises, but disagree about their extent.(further =additional)

- The International Court of Hague rejected an attempt by New  Zealand to stop further French nuclear tests in the South Pacific.(further =additional)

- He jumped 2cm farther.(measurable distance)

- Rachel traveled farther than Sean.(measurable distance)

2 - CONFUSING WORDS - Elicit and Illicit:

(01) Elicit(eLêssêt) and illicit(eLêssêt), these are pretty much homonyms(rrõmêNêms), so they're commonly confused, they spelled differently but they're pronounced the same especially in American English.

(02) The word ELICIT is a verb, the word ILLICIT is a adjective.

(03) The verb ELICIT means to you are provoking a response, some kind of response from another person, means to draw out a response from someone.

(04) The adjective ILLICIT is talking about something that is(Sãmtêndérêz) illegal, forbidden, forbidden by laws, forbidden by rulles, forbidden by custom.

- The teacher elicits definitions from the students.(to elicit = to extract)

- Have you managed to elicit a response from them yet?(to elicit = to obtain)

- They were able to elicit the support of the public.(to elicit = to obtain)

- The program has also elicited both positive and negative responses.(to elicit = to obtain, generate)

- Rachel was worried about his illicit behavior.

- The illicit trade in stolen vehicles.

- Illicit sale.

- Illicit profit.

- Illicit trade.

3 - CONFUSING WORDS - Averse & Adverse:

(01) Adverse(édVôrs) and Averse(aVôrs), these words are not  homonyms(rrõmêNêms), but they are also commonly confused.

(02) So if we're talking about a AVERSE, it is an adjective that you have a strong dislike to something. You don't really like it you have an opposition to it.

(03) Adverse is also an adjective, it means harmful, unfavorable.

- I was averse to ideia of eating cereal for dinner. (averse to = opposed to)

- Few politicians are averse to appearing on television.

- Adverse weather conditions.

- Adverse effects.

- Adverse side effects.

- The match has been cancelled because of adverse weather conditions.

- We may encounter adverse weather conditions.

- So far the drug is thought not to have any adverse effects.

4 - CONFUSING WORDS - Sympathy & Empathy:

(01) Sympathy(símpafi) and Empathy(empafi), these words are not  homonyms(rrõmêNêms), but they are also commonly confused.

(02) So these are both nouns.

(03) So let's look at SYMPATHY first. Sympathy it is a feeling of pity, sympathy it is a feeling of sorrow because somebody has misfortune or they are suffering in some way, you feel bad for them and you show sympathy.

(04) So for example, "They expressed their heartfelt sympathy", in this case, they feel for that person because they're struggling with something.

(05) So, EMPATHY is you're able to understand and share the same feelings because you know what it is like, you've had the same hardships, you've had similar problems.

(06) Their strict behavior implied that the policeman didn't have much sympathy for drug dealer's illicit activities.

(07) The reason is because they're police officers(pôLís-Ófêssôrs), you would think the most police officers they don't know what it's like to deal drugs(dêirõNôu-uórêzLáik-thidhíu-drós), they don't know what it's like to go to jail, so they can't show empathy, they didn't have much sympathy for the drug dealers, for the illicit activities.

5 - CONFUSING WORDS - Imply & Infer:

(01) Imply and Infer, they are both verbs.

(02) To imply is to indicate the truth by suggesting something.

(03) To infer means to interpret or conclude.

(04) Imply and infer, think of them as opposite of each other.(fênkôVêm-éZÂpóssêt-viTchádôr)

(05) So for example think of somebody speaking and somebody listening(Lêssênén), the person who is speaking might imply something, they are suggesting something. The person who is listening would infer something, they're hearing the information and they would draw some conclusion.

(06) So to imply is to suggest something(SôguêdjésSãmtêm), to infer is they're receiving some information and they're coming to some conclusion based on what they see or based on what they hear.(Bêistõn-uódêissi)

(07) So for example, "He kept looking away, which implied he wasn't telling the truth.", so the person looking away was doing this action, they weren't looking at them, that suggested, that implied that he wasn't.

(07) So for example, "He couldn't look me in the eye, so I inferred that he wasn't telling the truth.", we use infer because infer is to make some kind of conclusion about some information based on what we see or based on what we hear.

(08) Their strict behavior implied that the policeman didn't have much sympathy for drug dealer's illicit activities.

(09) If you're implying then you're the one kind of doing the talking, you're the action, you're producing this information.

(10) If you inferred you're kind of on the receiving and you're making a conclusion about something.  

6 - CONFUSING WORDS - Than & Then:

(01) Than is a preposition  it's used to join two parts of comparison, so for exemple, a cheetah is faster than a lion, it's comparing two things, it's a comparative statement

(02) Then is an adverb, you're saying like 'at that time', it's talking about in the past or maybe in the future, so for example, I was working more often then at that time because it was the summer season.

7 - CONFUSING WORDS - Cereal & Serioul:

(01) It's another homonym, cereal(Síuriôu) and serial(Síuriôu).

(02) Cereal is a noun, it is a breakfast food, many people eat it for breakfast with milks.

(04) Serial is an adjective, it has a muliple meanings, you're talking about a place in a sequence, so for example, a serial number, it is a sequence of numbers, or you're talking about committing the same offense, so for example, Don't be a serial killer!

8 - CONFUSING WORDS - Sight, cite & Site:

(01) It's another homonym, cite(Sáit), sight(Sáit) and site(Sáit), (02) Cite is a verb, it means quote a passage, book, or author, so for example, you need to cite your sources, you need to say where you got the information from and make a reference to it, cite your sources..

(03) Site is a noun, it is area where something is built or where an activity occurs, webpage.

(04) Site, you're talking about an area where you could build something.

(05) Site, you're talking about an area where you could build something like a web page.

(06) Sight, you're talking about your ability to see, it is power or ability to see.

(07) In his report, he cites an obscure site talking about people who unexpectedly lose their sight.

 

   

REDUÇÃO VOCÁLICA - VOWEL SYNCOPE - LÍNGUA INGLESA.

#1: Unstressed or weak vowel is dropped.

#1: The syllable is also dropped.

1) CHOCOLATE 

2) VEGETABLES

3) EVENING ('Ív-nén)

4) ASPIRIN,

5) TEMPERATURE ('Têm.pôr.thôr)

6) CONFORTABLE ('Kãf,t.bôl)

7) BUSINESS ('Bíznês)

8) WEDNESDAY ('Úenz.dêi)

9) CONFORTABLE ('Kãmf.th.bôl)

10) CATHOLIC ('Káf.lêk)

11) CAMERA ('Kém.ra)

12) PRACTICALLY ('Prák.tik.li)

13) PROBABLY ('Prob.li)

GRUPO II: (os dois casos)

1 - HISTORY (RRis-tree), PROBABLY (Prob'li), ESPECIALLY (ih-Spesh-uh-lee), NATURALLY (NACH-ruh-lee), GENERALLY (JEHN-ruh-lee), DE

UNESP-2009-VESTIBULAR - MEIO DE ANO - LÍNGUA INGLESA-PROVA OBJETIVA-UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL PAULISTA JÚLIO DE MESQUITA FILHO - PROVA COM GABARITO.

Welcome back to another post!

➧ PROVA DE LÍNGUA INGLESA: UNESP-2009-VESTIBULAR-1ªFASE-VESTIBULAR-MEIO DE ANO-PROVA OBJETIVA, prova aplicada em 05/07/2009.

➧ BANCA/ORGANIZADOR: VUNESP - Vestibular da Universidade Estadual Paulista - www.vunesp.com.br, https://www2.unesp.br/

➧ PADRÃO/COMPOSIÇÃO DA PROVA: It consists of 14 multiple-choice questions..

➧ GABARITO:

01-B,  02-D,  03-C,  04-A,  05-E

06-E,  07-D,  08-A,  09-B,  10-B

11-D,  12-E

➧ PROVA:

➧ TEXT 1: Leia o texto para responder às questões de números 01 a 06.

The Revivals of the fittest

Jeremy McCarter

One compensation of New York City life is that even the unpleasant parts come wrapped in legend. Your commute to Brooklyn might be a drag, but hey, Walt Whitman did it before you, and immortalized it in a poem. For generations, no art form has done more to make the city a place of fables than the Broadway musical. From Rodgers and Hart´s “Manhattan” in 1925 to “Christopher Street” in “Wonderful Town” to “Another Hundred People” in “Company”, songwriters haven´t just reflected their madcap city – they´ve helped to define it.

Now, just when New Yorkers are in the midst of a spiritual flogging – upstaged by Obama´s Washington, humbled by Wall Street´s collapse, perplexed by real estate prices that are almost reasonable – the two greatest New York musicals have returned. If staged well, “West Side Story”, with its native-born and Puerto Rican gang warfare, distills the violence, frustrated dreams and tragic undertow of this immigrant town. And “Guys and Dolls”, with its hustlers and zealous (though badly outnumbered) religious believers, captures the ingenuity of New York´s street poetry, the hard-edged sense of humor that is constantly demanded of people forced to navigate these sidewalks every day. Both of the revivals take liberties with the material, in hopes of speaking more directly to our vexed moment. Each tells a very different story about the way we live in the nation´s artistic capital now.

The chief novelty of the revival of “West Side Story” directed by Arthur Laurents, the show´s 91-year old librettist, is that considerable chuncks of the sad tale of Tony and Maria are now spoken and sung in Spanish. When this happens the first time, in a scene between Maria (Josefina Scaglione) and Anita (Karen Olivo, who just became a great big star), your eyes flick instinctively to the proscenium arch for a translation to appear. It doesn´t. This prompts two thoughts in quick succession: (1) Hey, you have to know Spanish to understand what they´re saying. (2) Wait – why don´t I know Spanish?

(Newsweek, March 30, 2009)

01 – (UNESP-2009-VESTIBULAR-MEIO DE ANO-OBJETIVA)

(A) A história do musical “West Side Story” tem Porto Rico como cenário.

(B) O musical “West Side Story” aborda os sonhos frustrados dos imigrantes que vivem em Nova York.

(C) O musical “West Side Story” é todo apresentado em língua inglesa.

(D) Tony e Maria são os personagens centrais do musical “Guys and Dolls”.

(E) O musical “Guys and Dolls” é uma peça ingênua sobre Nova York, apresentada como uma cidade violenta.

02 – (UNESP-2009-VESTIBULAR-MEIO DE ANO-OBJETIVA)

(A) A vida em Nova York apresenta aspectos agradáveis, como a região do Brooklyn.

(B) Gerações inteiras vão a Nova York para ver os musicais da Broadway.

(C) A comunidade do Brooklyn pode ser um bom exemplo das lendas urbanas envolvendo Nova York.

(D) Nova York pode ser agora considerada a capital artística dos Estados Unidos.

(E) Vários musicais foram apresentados na região do Brooklyn, inspirados por Whitman.

03 – (UNESP-2009-VESTIBULAR-MEIO DE ANO-OBJETIVA)

(A) O musical prejudicou a imagem de Nova York quando fez dela uma cidade lendária.

(B) O musical influenciou a vida artística de Nova York, a ponto de prejudicar outras formas de arte.

(C) Nenhuma outra forma de arte contribuiu mais do que o musical para fazer de Nova York uma cidade lendária.

(D) O surgimento de outras formas de arte em Nova York foi retardado pela importância atribuída ao musical.

(E) As fábulas dramatizadas pelo musical contribuíram para a sua exclusão da vida artística de Nova York.

04 – (UNESP-2009-VESTIBULAR-MEIO DE ANO-OBJETIVA)

From Rodgers and Hart´s “Manhattan” in 1925 to “Christopher Street” in “Wonderful Town” to “Another Hundred People” in “Company”, songwriters haven´t just reflected their madcap city – they ´ve helped to define it.

A palavra they, nesse fragmento do texto, refere-se a

(A) songwriters.

(B) “Another Hundred People”.

(C) “Christopher Street”.

(D) Rodgers and Hart.

(E) “Wonderful Town”.

05 – (UNESP-2009-VESTIBULAR-MEIO DE ANO-OBJETIVA)

Now, just when New Yorkers are in the midst of a spiritual flogging – upstaged by Obama´s Washington, humbled by Wall Street´s collapse, perplexed by real estate prices...

As palavras upstaged, humbled e perplexed referem-se a

(A) real estate prices.

(B) spiritual flogging.

(C) Obama.

(D) Wall Street.

(E) New Yorkers.

06 – (UNESP-2009-VESTIBULAR-MEIO DE ANO-OBJETIVA)

Assinale a alternativa que corresponde à palavra novelty da frase

– The chief novelty of the revival of “West Side Story…” – 

no último parágrafo.

(A) commonness.

(B) knowledge.

(C) repetition.

(D) unoriginality.

(E) innovation.

➧ TEXT 2: Leia o texto para responder às questões de números 07 a 12.

Ecological Intelligence

Bryan Walsh

When it comes to going green, intention can be easier than action. Case in point: you decide to buy a T shirt made from 100% organic cotton, because everyone knows that organic is better for Earth. And in some ways it is; in conventional cotton-farming, pesticides strip the soil of life. But that green label doesn´t tell the whole story – like the fact that even organic cotton requires more than 2,640 gal. (10,000 L) of water to grow enough fiber for one T shirt. Or the possibility that the T shirt may have been dyed using harsh industrial chemicals, which can pollute local groundwater. If you knew all that, would you possibly consider the T shirt green? Would you still buy it?

Scanning the supermarket aisles, we lack the data to understand the full impact of what we choose – and probably couldn´t make sense of the information even if we had it.

But what if we could seamlessly calculate the full lifetime effect of our actions on the earth and on our bodies? Not just carbon footprints but social and biological footprints as well? What if we could think ecologically? That´s what psychologist Daniel Goleman describes in his forthcoming book, Ecological Intelligence. Using a young science called industrial ecology, businesses and green activists alike are beginning to compile the environmental and biological impact of our every decision – and delivering that information to consumers in a user-friendly way. That´s thinking ecologically – understanding the global environmental consequences of our local choices.

Time, March.12, 2009)

07 – (UNESP-2009-VESTIBULAR-MEIO DE ANO-OBJETIVA)

De acordo com o texto, é correto afirmar que

(A) estamos preparados para entender as mudanças climáticas, apesar de todas as dificuldades.

(B) a ecologia industrial é uma ciência direcionada principalmente aos jovens, que podem vir a mudar a atual situação do planeta.

(C) os produtos orgânicos não causam nenhum mal ao meio ambiente, desde que ignorados.

(D) pensar ecologicamente significa entender que nossas escolhas locais têm consequências ambientais globais.

(E) nossa capacidade de fazer produtos complexos demonstra nossa inteligência.

08 – (UNESP-2009-VESTIBULAR-MEIO DE ANO-OBJETIVA)

O texto afirma que

(A) tanto as empresas como os ativistas ecológicos estão começando a reunir informações sobre o impacto ambiental e biológico de cada decisão que tomamos.

(B) os ativistas ecológicos gostam de determinar o impacto biológico das decisões tomadas pelas empresas.

(C) usar a ciência chamada ecologia industrial poderia ser um negócio lucrativo para as empresas, se os ativistas permitissem.

(D) as empresas não gostam de ativistas ecológicos que passam informações aos consumidores de maneira acessível.

(E) os ativistas ecológicos, no começo, entregavam as informações das empresas aos consumidores.

09 – (UNESP-2009-VESTIBULAR-MEIO DE ANO-OBJETIVA)

Assinale a alternativa que corresponde, em português, à palavra lack na frase

Scanning the supermarket aisles, we lack the data to understand the full impact of what we choose…

(A) analisamos.

(B) não temos.

(C) computamos.

(D) não entendemos.

(E) escolhemos.

10 – (UNESP-2009-VESTIBULAR-MEIO DE ANO-OBJETIVA)

Or the possibility that the T shirt may have been dyed using harsh industrial chemicals, which can pollute local groundwater.

A palavra which, nesse fragmento do texto, refere-se a

(A) possibility.

(B) chemicals.

(C) T shirt.

(D) dyed.

(E) groundwater.

11 – (UNESP-2009-VESTIBULAR-MEIO DE ANO-OBJETIVA)

Segundo o texto, o livro Ecological Intelligence, do psicólogo Daniel Goleman,

(A) foi lançando recentemente.

(B) está esgotado.

(C) terá uma nova edção.

(D) será lançado em breve.

(E) foi impresso em papel reciclado.

12 – (UNESP-2009-VESTIBULAR-MEIO DE ANO-OBJETIVA)

Assinale a alternativa que completa corretamente a lacuna da frase.

Action can be ______ than intention.

(A) as difficult

(B) as easier

(C) so difficult

(D) most difficult

(E) more difficult