1️⃣ TEXTO – | U.S. impeachment | Prospect |
📌ESTILO – 15 Multiple Choice Questions | Five-Option Question |
❑ TEXTO 1:
U.S. impeachment
By Ursula Hacket
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Article II, Section 4 of the US Constitution states: “The President, Vice President and all civil officers… shall be removed from office on impeachment for, and conviction of, treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors.” The House of Representatives must vote upon an impeachment resolution and the Judiciary Committee conduct an investigation. If the House then accepts the impeachment charges, the action moves to the Senate, where a trial takes place. To convict an impeached president a full two-thirds of the Senate must find him guilty. The first of these steps (Committee investigation) has taken place three times: in 1868 (President Andrew Johnson), 1974 (Richard Nixon) and 1998 (Bill Clinton). The second (House vote and Senate trial), twice— for Presidents Johnson and Clinton, but not Nixon, who resigned before trial. The third (conviction) has never taken place.
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In conscious opposition to the ancient maxim "the king can do no wrong," the Founding Fathers created a presidency that was not shielded from responsibility for wrongdoing. In early Constitutional drafts only treason and bribery were impeachable. One founder – George Mason – suggested adding "maladministration," but James Madison objected that this loose formulation would hand a weapon to politically-motivated enemies of the president. They compromised with "high crimes and misdemeanors." But Madison's fears proved well founded: impeachment has never truly been a legal process, and always a political one. The political battleground? Defining "high crimes and misdemeanors.”
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Unlike well-defined treason or bribery, the "high crimes" test is entirely elastic. The President's supporters take a restrictive view, his opponents an expansive one. Presidents may wish things were clearer, and sometimes claim that they are. "You don't have to be a constitutional lawyer to know that the constitution is very precise in defining what is an impeachable offence," whimpered a besieged Nixon in 1974. But he was wrong: the Founders did not specify a list of specific offences, nor even require any actual criminal offence be proved. His successor, Gerald Ford, was closer to the truth when he claimed that "an impeachable offence is whatever a majority of the House of Representatives considers it to be at a given moment in history." Impeachable "misdemeanors" could include inaction, chronic ineptitude and abuse of powers, especially when aggregated into a pattern of behaviour. All this makes impeachment a fundamentally political act – defined in terms dictated by partisan actors – and thus, where those actors are sufficiently hostile, a more plausible outcome.
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Partisanship and political calculation, then, are all-important – not formal legal standards. For example, both Johnson’s and Clinton’s impeachment votes split along party lines. Democratic Senator Robert Byrd even stated at Clinton’s trial that although he was certain the Democratic president had committed perjury, his vote would be cast “in the best interest of the nation.”
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Impeachment efforts have always occurred when rival tribes control the White House and Capitol Hill [site of the U.S. Congress]. And the Republican Trump will not be impeached unless most members of a Republican-dominated House of Representatives and a supermajority of a Republican-dominated Senate judge it to be in their own best interests.
Adapted from
Prospect, March 2017.
31 – According to the information in the article,
(A) though Donald Trump has been accused of many kinds of objectionable and even scandalous behavior, he probably is not in danger of being impeached.
(B) the political enemies of Donald Trump are currently planning to use his scandalous personal behavior and his criminal business deals with the Russians as the basis for impeachment proceedings.
(C) despite exhibiting objectionable and even criminal behavior before the U.S. presidential election, Donald Trump can be impeached only for crimes he may have committed while serving as president.
(D) the clearly vindictive, political motives of Donald Trump’s opponents will invalidate any attempt to impeach him.
(E) no matter what crimes that he may commit, as long as Donald Trump is able to maintain his high approval ratings, he will never be impeached.
(B) the political enemies of Donald Trump are currently planning to use his scandalous personal behavior and his criminal business deals with the Russians as the basis for impeachment proceedings.
(C) despite exhibiting objectionable and even criminal behavior before the U.S. presidential election, Donald Trump can be impeached only for crimes he may have committed while serving as president.
(D) the clearly vindictive, political motives of Donald Trump’s opponents will invalidate any attempt to impeach him.
(E) no matter what crimes that he may commit, as long as Donald Trump is able to maintain his high approval ratings, he will never be impeached.
💡 GABARITO 🄰
(A) ✅though Donald Trump has been accused of many kinds of objectionable and even scandalous behavior, he probably is not in danger of being impeached.
🔹Correta → embora Donald Trump tenha sido acusado de muitos tipos de comportamento questionável e até escandaloso, ele provavelmente não corre risco de sofrer impeachment.
🔹Explicação → O trecho "[...] have led some to dream that impeachment could be just around the corner… It’s all very wishful thinking." → mostra que há acusações, mas a possibilidade de impeachment é improvável.
(B) ❌the political enemies of Donald Trump are currently planning to use his scandalous personal behavior and his criminal business deals with the Russians as the basis for impeachment proceedings.
🔹Incorreta → os inimigos políticos de Donald Trump estão atualmente planejando usar seu comportamento pessoal escandaloso e seus acordos comerciais criminosos com os russos como base para processos de impeachment.
🔹Explicação → A alternativa fala em “criminal business deals, mas o texto só menciona “whispers of Russian links”, não diz que houve crime.
(C) ❌despite exhibiting objectionable and even criminal behavior before the U.S. presidential election, Donald Trump can be impeached only for crimes he may have committed while serving as president.
🔹Incorreta → apesar de ter demonstrado comportamento censurável e até criminoso antes da eleição presidencial dos EUA, Donald Trump só pode ser acusado por crimes que tenha cometido enquanto serviu como presidente.
🔹Explicação → A alternativa sugere que ele só pode ser impeached por crimes cometidos no cargo, mas o texto não restringe dessa forma.
(D) ❌the clearly vindictive, political motives of Donald Trump’s opponents will invalidate any attempt to impeach him.
🔹Incorreta → os motivos políticos claramente vingativos dos oponentes de Donald Trump invalidarão qualquer tentativa de impeachment.
🔹Explicação → A alternativa diz que os motivos dos adversários invalidam o processo, mas o artigo não fala em “invalidar”, só em caráter político.
(E) ❌no matter what crimes that he may commit, as long as Donald Trump is able to maintain his high approval ratings, he will never be impeached.
🔹Incorreta → não importa quais crimes ele cometa, enquanto Donald Trump for capaz de manter seus altos índices de aprovação, ele nunca será acusado.
🔹Explicação → A alternativa fala em “altas taxas de aprovação”, mas o texto não menciona popularidade como fator direto.
32 – In paragraph 1, the phrase “The chatter started even before he took office…” most likely means which of the following?
(A) People have been discussing Donald Trump’s sexual adventures for years.
(B) Donald Trump began his mandate as a controversial president elected by a minority of American voters.
(C) Even before the presidential election, controversies surrounding Donald Trump had divided the U.S. into two warring factions.
(D) Although many Americans have demanded that Donald Trump be impeached, so far there is not enough concrete evidence against him to make that happen.
(E) Donald Trump was not yet officially exercising his presidential duties when some Americans began discussing the possibility of impeaching him.
(B) Donald Trump began his mandate as a controversial president elected by a minority of American voters.
(C) Even before the presidential election, controversies surrounding Donald Trump had divided the U.S. into two warring factions.
(D) Although many Americans have demanded that Donald Trump be impeached, so far there is not enough concrete evidence against him to make that happen.
(E) Donald Trump was not yet officially exercising his presidential duties when some Americans began discussing the possibility of impeaching him.
💡 GABARITO 🄴
In paragraph 1, the phrase “The chatter started even before he took office…” most likely means which of the following?
No parágrafo 1, a frase “A conversa começou antes mesmo de ele assumir o cargo…” provavelmente significa qual das seguintes opções?
(A) ❌People have been discussing Donald Trump’s sexual adventures for years.
🔹Incorreta → As aventuras sexuais de Donald Trump vêm sendo discutidas há anos.
🔹Explicação → A alternativa fala em “discussing sexual adventures”, mas não é isso.
(B) ❌Donald Trump began his mandate as a controversial president elected by a minority of American voters.
🔹Incorreta → Donald Trump iniciou seu mandato como um presidente controverso, eleito por uma minoria de eleitores americanos.
🔹Explicação → A alternativa sugere que a frase se refere ao fato de ter sido eleito por minoria, mas o texto não menciona isso aqui.
(C) ❌Even before the presidential election, controversies surrounding Donald Trump had divided the U.S. into two warring factions.
🔹Incorreta → Mesmo antes da eleição presidencial, as controvérsias em torno de Donald Trump dividiram os EUA em duas facções conflitantes.
🔹Explicação → A alternativa fala em “duas facções em guerra”, mas o parágrafo não diz isso.
(D) ❌Although many Americans have demanded that Donald Trump be impeached, so far there is not enough concrete evidence against him to make that happen.
(D) ❌Although many Americans have demanded that Donald Trump be impeached, so far there is not enough concrete evidence against him to make that happen.
🔹Incorreta → Embora muitos americanos tenham exigido o impeachment de Donald Trump, até o momento não há evidências concretas suficientes contra ele para que isso aconteça.
🔹Explicação → A alternativa menciona “não há evidência suficiente”, mas a frase analisada não trata disso.
(E) ✅Donald Trump was not yet officially exercising his presidential duties when some Americans began discussing the possibility of impeaching him.
🔹Correta → Donald Trump ainda não estava exercendo oficialmente suas funções presidenciais quando alguns americanos começaram a discutir a possibilidade de um impeachment.
🔹Explicação → “The chatter started even before he took office, and by January’s end half a million people had signed the ‘Impeach Trump Now’ petition.”
33 – Which of the following is most supported in Article II, Section 4 of the U.S. Constitution?
(A) Any high-ranking U.S. government official who commits a serious crime will be impeached.
(B) A presidential impeachment is a two-step process in which first the House of Representatives votes and then the Senate votes.
(C) In the constitutional process to impeach a president, the House of Representatives may fulfill its official role regardless of the Senate, but the Senate may not fulfill its official role regardless of the House of Representatives.
(D) Although many U.S. government officials may be impeached, the Senate decides guilt or innocence only in the case of a presidential impeachment.
(E) When a majority of members of the House of Representatives and the Senate are opposed to a president, they will find a way to remove him from office.
(B) A presidential impeachment is a two-step process in which first the House of Representatives votes and then the Senate votes.
(C) In the constitutional process to impeach a president, the House of Representatives may fulfill its official role regardless of the Senate, but the Senate may not fulfill its official role regardless of the House of Representatives.
(D) Although many U.S. government officials may be impeached, the Senate decides guilt or innocence only in the case of a presidential impeachment.
(E) When a majority of members of the House of Representatives and the Senate are opposed to a president, they will find a way to remove him from office.
💡 GABARITO 🄲
Which of the following is most supported in Article II, Section 4 of the U.S. Constitution?
Qual das seguintes opções é mais apoiada pelo Artigo II, Seção 4 da Constituição dos EUA?
(A) ❌Any high-ranking U.S. government official who commits a serious crime will be impeached.
🔹Incorreta → Qualquer alto funcionário do governo dos EUA que cometer um crime grave será submetido a impeachment.
🔹Explicação → (A) é errado porque não diz que todo oficial que comete crime será impeached.
(B) ❌A presidential impeachment is a two-step process in which first the House of Representatives votes and then the Senate votes.
🔹Incorreta → O impeachment presidencial é um processo de duas etapas em que primeiro a Câmara dos Representantes vota e depois o Senado vota.
🔹Explicação → (B) é errado porque não é um processo de “dois passos apenas” → inclui investigação, votação, julgamento.
(C) ✅In the constitutional process to impeach a president, the House of Representatives may fulfill its official role regardless of the Senate, but the Senate may not fulfill its official role regardless of the House of Representatives.
🔹Correta → No processo constitucional de impeachment de um presidente, a Câmara dos Representantes pode exercer seu papel oficial independentemente do Senado, mas o Senado pode não exercer seu papel oficial independentemente da Câmara dos Representantes.
🔹Explicação → Trecho: “The House… must vote… If the House then accepts… the action moves to the Senate, where a trial takes place.” → mostra que a Câmara inicia, e só depois o Senado age.
(D) ❌Although many U.S. government officials may be impeached, the Senate decides guilt or innocence only in the case of a presidential impeachment.
🔹Incorreta → Embora muitos funcionários do governo dos EUA possam ser submetidos a impeachment, o Senado decide sobre culpa ou inocência apenas no caso de impeachment presidencial.
🔹Explicação → (D) é errado porque o texto não limita o Senado apenas a presidentes.
(E) ❌When a majority of members of the House of Representatives and the Senate are opposed to a president, they will find a way to remove him from office.
🔹Incorreta → Quando a maioria dos membros da Câmara dos Representantes e do Senado se opõe a um presidente, eles encontrarão uma maneira de destituí-lo do cargo.
🔹Explicação → (E) é errado porque não fala em “quando maioria se opõe”.
34 – Which of the following is most supported by the information in the article?
(A) Except when dealing with either “treason” or “bribery,” impeachment proceedings in the U.S. have never been conducted in a fair and honest way.
(B) Even if Article II, Section 4 of the U.S. Constitution had not specifically mentioned “treason” and “bribery,” they could still be considered impeachable offenses.
(C) Because “treason” and “bribery” are unique criminal offenses, Article II, Section 4 of the U.S. Constitution did not include them in the category of “high crimes and misdemeanors.”
(D) The political animosity between George Mason and James Madison resulted in a dangerously vague definition of what may constitute “high crimes and misdemeanors.”
(E) By insisting that the term “high crimes and misdemeanors” be included in Article II, Section 4 of the U.S. Constitution, James Madison seriously compromised the efficiency of impeachment proceedings.
(B) Even if Article II, Section 4 of the U.S. Constitution had not specifically mentioned “treason” and “bribery,” they could still be considered impeachable offenses.
(C) Because “treason” and “bribery” are unique criminal offenses, Article II, Section 4 of the U.S. Constitution did not include them in the category of “high crimes and misdemeanors.”
(D) The political animosity between George Mason and James Madison resulted in a dangerously vague definition of what may constitute “high crimes and misdemeanors.”
(E) By insisting that the term “high crimes and misdemeanors” be included in Article II, Section 4 of the U.S. Constitution, James Madison seriously compromised the efficiency of impeachment proceedings.
💡 GABARITO 🄱
Which of the following is most supported by the information in the article?
🔹Qual das seguintes afirmações é mais corroborada pelas informações do artigo?
(A) ❌Except when dealing with either “treason” or “bribery,” impeachment proceedings in the U.S. have never been conducted in a fair and honest way.
🔹Incorreta → Exceto quando se trata de "traição" ou "suborno", os processos de impeachment nos EUA nunca foram conduzidos de forma justa e honesta.
🔹Explicação → (A) é incorreta, pois o texto não diz que NUNCA foi justo, só que é político.
(B) ✅Even if Article II, Section 4 of the U.S. Constitution had not specifically mentioned “treason” and “bribery,” they could still be considered impeachable offenses.
🔹Correta → Mesmo que o Artigo II, Seção 4, da Constituição dos EUA não tivesse mencionado especificamente "traição" e "suborno", eles ainda poderiam ser considerados crimes passíveis de impeachment.
🔹Explicação → Trecho: “In early Constitutional drafts only treason and bribery were impeachable.” → ou seja, já seriam motivos claros.
(C) ❌Because “treason” and “bribery” are unique criminal offenses, Article II, Section 4 of the U.S. Constitution did not include them in the category of “high crimes and misdemeanors.”
🔹Incorreta → Como "traição" e "suborno" são crimes específicos, o Artigo II, Seção 4, da Constituição dos EUA não os incluiu na categoria de "crimes e contravenções graves".
🔹Explicação → (C) é falsa, porque treason e bribery foram incluídos, não excluídos.
(D) ❌The political animosity between George Mason and James Madison resulted in a dangerously vague definition of what may constitute “high crimes and misdemeanors.”
🔹Incorreta → A animosidade política entre George Mason e James Madison resultou em uma definição perigosamente vaga do que pode constituir "crimes e contravenções graves".
🔹Explicação → (D) erra, pois não houve animosidade pessoal entre Mason e Madison.
(E) ❌By insisting that the term “high crimes and misdemeanors” be included in Article II, Section 4 of the U.S. Constitution, James Madison seriously compromised the efficiency of impeachment proceedings.
🔹Incorreta → Ao insistir que o termo “crimes e contravenções graves” fosse incluído no Artigo II, Seção 4 da Constituição dos EUA, James Madison comprometeu seriamente a eficiência dos processos de impeachment
🔹Explicação → (E) é incorreta, pois Madison tentou evitar uma definição vaga, não comprometer eficiência.
35 – With respect to President Richard Nixon, the article most supports which of the following?
(A) The Senate in fact never determined in an impeachment proceeding whether or not he had committed a serious crime.
(B) He is the only U.S. public official to have resigned in order to avoid impeachment.
(C) If he had not resigned, he would have been convicted of high crimes and misdemeanors.
(D) He probably was guilty of inaction, chronic ineptitude, and abuse of powers.
(E) Many U.S. presidents have done the same things that he did but, unlike him, were never impeached.
(B) He is the only U.S. public official to have resigned in order to avoid impeachment.
(C) If he had not resigned, he would have been convicted of high crimes and misdemeanors.
(D) He probably was guilty of inaction, chronic ineptitude, and abuse of powers.
(E) Many U.S. presidents have done the same things that he did but, unlike him, were never impeached.
💡 GABARITO 🄰
With respect to President Richard Nixon, the article most supports which of the following?
🔹Em relação ao Presidente Richard Nixon, o artigo mais corrobora qual das seguintes afirmações?
(A) ✅The Senate in fact never determined in an impeachment proceeding whether or not he had committed a serious crime.
🔹Correta → De fato, o Senado nunca determinou, em um processo de impeachment, se ele havia cometido ou não um crime grave.
🔹Explicação → Trecho: “…but not Nixon, who resigned before trial.” → logo, o Senado nunca julgou.
(B) ❌He is the only U.S. public official to have resigned in order to avoid impeachment.
🔹Incorreta → Ele é o único funcionário público dos EUA a renunciar para evitar o impeachment.
🔹Explicação → (B) errada: ele não foi o único a renunciar, mas o único entre os citados.
🔹Incorreta → Se não tivesse renunciado, teria sido condenado por crimes graves e contravenções.
🔹Explicação → (C) incorreta: o texto não afirma que seria condenado.
🔹Incorreta → Ele provavelmente foi culpado de inação, inépcia crônica e abuso de poder.
🔹Explicação → (D) incorreta: o texto não o acusa de “inação e ineptidão”.
🔹Incorreta → Muitos presidentes dos EUA fizeram as mesmas coisas que ele, mas, diferentemente dele, nunca sofreram impeachment.
🔹Explicação → (E) incorreta: o artigo não faz comparação com outros presidentes.
36 – With respect to Article II, Section 4 of the U.S. Constitution, which of the following is not supported by the information in the article?
(A) It has never been used successfully to remove a president from office.
(B) James Madison supported a modification that he hoped would be sufficiently ample, without being dangerously vague.
(C) Using it is the only way to remove a U.S. president from office.
(D) Members of the House of Representatives are allowed great flexibility in interpreting certain parts of it.
(E) It can be used to remove a U.S. president from office even if there is no concrete proof that he or she actually committed a crime.
(B) James Madison supported a modification that he hoped would be sufficiently ample, without being dangerously vague.
(C) Using it is the only way to remove a U.S. president from office.
(D) Members of the House of Representatives are allowed great flexibility in interpreting certain parts of it.
(E) It can be used to remove a U.S. president from office even if there is no concrete proof that he or she actually committed a crime.
💡 GABARITO 🄲
With respect to Article II, Section 4 of the U.S. Constitution, which of the following is not supported by the information in the article?
🔹Em relação ao Artigo II, Seção 4 da Constituição dos EUA, qual das seguintes opções NÃO É corroborada pelas informações contidas no artigo?
(A) ✅It has never been used successfully to remove a president from office.
🔹Correta → Nunca foi usado com sucesso para destituir um presidente do cargo.
🔹Explicação → (A) é correta: “The third (conviction) has never taken place.”
(B) ✅James Madison supported a modification that he hoped would be sufficiently ample, without being dangerously vague.
🔹Correta → James Madison apoiou uma modificação que esperava ser suficientemente ampla, sem ser perigosamente vaga.
🔹Explicação → (B) correta: Madison queria evitar formulação vaga.
(C) ❌Using it is the only way to remove a U.S. president from office.
🔹Incorreta → Utilizá-lo é a única maneira de destituir um presidente dos EUA do cargo.
🔹Explicação → O texto nunca diz que é o “único” meio (ex.: Nixon renunciou).
(D) ✅Members of the House of Representatives are allowed great flexibility in interpreting certain parts of it.
🔹Correta → Os membros da Câmara dos Representantes têm grande flexibilidade na interpretação de certas partes do artigo.
🔹Explicação → (D) correta: Ford disse que é o que a maioria da Câmara considerar.
(E) ✅It can be used to remove a U.S. president from office even if there is no concrete proof that he or she actually committed a crime.
🔹Correta →Pode ser usado para destituir um presidente dos EUA do cargo mesmo que não haja provas concretas de que ele ou ela realmente cometeu um crime.
🔹Explicação → (E) correta: “…nor even require any actual criminal offence be proved.”
37 – In paragraph 5, the article most likely highlights Democratic Senator Robert Byrd in order to show that
(A) in impeachment proceedings in the U.S., politicians may stand up against public opinion.
(B) even in U.S. impeachment proceedings, politicians try to protect each other.
(C) in general, the real motives for a presidential impeachment in the U.S. have nothing to do with concepts of fairness and justice.
(D) a politician taking part in U.S. presidential impeachment proceedings may put party loyalty ahead of personal beliefs.
(E) the question of whether or not President Bill Clinton actually did commit a criminal offense was never an important factor in the impeachment proceedings.
(B) even in U.S. impeachment proceedings, politicians try to protect each other.
(C) in general, the real motives for a presidential impeachment in the U.S. have nothing to do with concepts of fairness and justice.
(D) a politician taking part in U.S. presidential impeachment proceedings may put party loyalty ahead of personal beliefs.
(E) the question of whether or not President Bill Clinton actually did commit a criminal offense was never an important factor in the impeachment proceedings.
💡 GABARITO 🄳
In paragraph 5, the article most likely highlights Democratic Senator Robert Byrd in order to show that
🔹No parágrafo 5, o artigo provavelmente destaca o senador democrata Robert Byrd para demonstrar que
(A) ❌in impeachment proceedings in the U.S., politicians may stand up against public opinion.
🔹Incorreta → em processos de impeachment nos EUA, os políticos podem se opor à opinião pública.
🔹Explicação → (A) incorreta: não fala em ir contra a opinião pública.
🔹Incorreta → mesmo em processos de impeachment nos EUA, os políticos tentam proteger uns aos outros.
🔹Explicação → (B) incorreta: não é “proteger o outro”, mas proteger interesse político.
🔹Incorreta → em geral, os verdadeiros motivos para um impeachment presidencial nos EUA não têm nada a ver com conceitos de equidade e justiça.
🔹Explicação → (C) incorreta: não diz que “nunca tem a ver com justiça”.
🔹Incorreta → um político que participa de um processo de impeachment presidencial nos EUA pode colocar a lealdade partidária acima de suas convicções pessoais.
🔹Explicação → Trecho: “although he was certain… had committed perjury, his vote would be cast ‘in the best interest of the nation.’” → mostra cálculo político/partidário acima da crença pessoal.
🔹Incorreta → a questão de se o presidente Bill Clinton realmente cometeu ou não um crime nunca foi um fator importante nos processos de impeachment.
🔹Explicação → (E) incorreta: o fator “crime” foi reconhecido, só que não guiou o voto.
38 – Which of the following is most supported by the information in the article?
(A) If Donald Trump were a more popular president, he would never be threatened with impeachment.
(B) In a sense, impeachment in the U.S. may be considered a form of political persecution.
(C) Because he is vulnerable to impeachment, Donald Trump needs to follow the dictates of powerful Republican Party members.
(D) Inadequate for the modern political scenario, the U.S. Constitution’s impeachment provisions are in serious need of reform.
(E) The relatively large number of U.S. presidents who have been threatened with impeachment in recent decades is indicative of the deteriorating quality of U.S. politics.
(B) In a sense, impeachment in the U.S. may be considered a form of political persecution.
(C) Because he is vulnerable to impeachment, Donald Trump needs to follow the dictates of powerful Republican Party members.
(D) Inadequate for the modern political scenario, the U.S. Constitution’s impeachment provisions are in serious need of reform.
(E) The relatively large number of U.S. presidents who have been threatened with impeachment in recent decades is indicative of the deteriorating quality of U.S. politics.
💡 GABARITO 🄱
Which of the following is most supported by the information in the article?
Qual das seguintes afirmações é mais corroborada pelas informações do artigo?
(A) ❌If Donald Trump were a more popular president, he would never be threatened with impeachment.
🔹Incorreta → Se Donald Trump fosse um presidente mais popular, ele nunca seria ameaçado de impeachment.
🔹Explicação → (A) incorreta: o texto não relaciona popularidade a impeachment.
🔹Incorreta → Em certo sentido, o impeachment nos EUA pode ser considerado uma forma de perseguição política.
🔹Explicação → Trecho: “impeachment has never truly been a legal process, and always a political one… defined in terms dictated by partisan actors.”
🔹Incorreta → Por ser vulnerável ao impeachment, Donald Trump precisa seguir os ditames de membros poderosos do Partido Republicano.
🔹Explicação → (C) incorreta: não diz que Trump precisa seguir ditames de republicanos.
🔹Incorreta → Inadequadas para o cenário político moderno, as disposições da Constituição dos EUA sobre impeachment precisam urgentemente de reforma.
🔹Explicação → (D) incorreta: não fala em “reforma constitucional”.
🔹Incorreta → O número relativamente grande de presidentes americanos que foram ameaçados de impeachment nas últimas décadas é indicativo da deterioração da qualidade da política americana.
🔹Explicação → (E) incorreta: fala de poucos casos (3 investigações, 2 julgamentos), não de “muitos presidentes”.
❑ TEXTO 2:
NORTHERN TIMBER RATTLESNAKES
By Niki Wilson
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Timber rattlesnakes are members of the pit viper family, meaning they have temperature-sensitive openings or "pits" on the sides of their heads. Though venomous, they are shy snakes, preferring to crawl away rather than strike. They hibernate in their dens during the colder months, mating in the late summer. The breeding habits of this species have particularly captured Brown's attention, as understanding the rattlesnakes' reproductive behavior is key in determining how to protect them.
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Last fall, armed with decades of data, Brown revealed some of his long-term findings. One of the biggest surprises was the average age of first reproduction in females, something not previously confirmed, and an important piece of the lifecycle puzzle.
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Whereas females of other rattlesnake species, and even certain southern populations of timber rattlesnakes, begin reproducing around age three, Brown showed that northern female timber rattlesnakes are roughly ten years old before they bear young for the first time. "They seem to have one of the oldest ages of sexual maturity known in rattlesnakes," says Brown, adding that their age of first breeding varies significantly by population and geographic location.
5
Not only is it a long wait to mate, but many females – about 60% of those studied – will only have the energy to reproduce once in their lifetime. When they do have sufficient reserves to carry a pregnancy, sometimes up to 20% of the litter (which normally totals between four and ten young) will be undeveloped or dead at birth. Pregnancy and birth take an enormous toll on the mother, says Brown. “If she survives, several years may be needed for her to build up the energy stores to do it again, if at all.
6
Knowing how vulnerable the females are makes the protection of their core habitat critical. For example, Brown has found that timber rattlesnakes require about a two-kilometer radius of undisturbed basking habitat around their dens while pregnant. The New York State Department of Environmental Conservation is currently in the process of identifying such areas in an effort to develop a formal recovery plan.
7
The snakes need it. Though currently stable, this population's future is far from secure. It is listed as "threatened" in New York State. In the past, numbers dwindled due to poaching [caça ilegal] and the now-illegal collection for the pet trade. However, according to Brown, "The main threat most recently, at least in New York State, is residential development up against timber rattlesnake range.”
8
Brown has also discovered new information about the snake's lifespan. One memorable day last year, he re-captured a female snake he had first tagged in 1981. She was roughly fifteen years old back then, meaning that last year, she was around age fifty. ''I'd always assumed they lived until they were about twenty to thirty," he says. "Prior to this study, most herpetologists wouldn't have believed they could live this long.”
9
It's another surprising and important piece of the lifecycle puzzle, one that can only come from a lifetime of work on a single population.
🔗Adapted from Natural History, April 2017.
39 – With respect to William Brown, the information in the article most supports which of the following?
(A) After 36 years of research he discovered that in order to guarantee the survival of any animal species, environmentalists must first study its reproductive behavior.
(B) After 36 years of research he discovered the only remaining habitat of the northern timber rattlesnake in New York State’s Adirondack Mountains.
(C) For 36 years he has studied one particular group of northern timber rattlesnakes in one particular area of New York State’s Adirondack Mountains.
(D) He has spent 36 years studying northern timber rattlesnakes and identifying their different habitats in various regions of New York State’s Adirondack Mountains.
(E) After devoting 36 years of research to various kinds of snakes, he has become a renowned expert on those animals.
(B) After 36 years of research he discovered the only remaining habitat of the northern timber rattlesnake in New York State’s Adirondack Mountains.
(C) For 36 years he has studied one particular group of northern timber rattlesnakes in one particular area of New York State’s Adirondack Mountains.
(D) He has spent 36 years studying northern timber rattlesnakes and identifying their different habitats in various regions of New York State’s Adirondack Mountains.
(E) After devoting 36 years of research to various kinds of snakes, he has become a renowned expert on those animals.
💡 GABARITO 🄲
With respect to William Brown, the information in the article most supports which of the following?
Em relação a William Brown, as informações contidas no artigo corroboram qual das seguintes afirmações?
(A) ❌After 36 years of research he discovered that in order to guarantee the survival of any animal species, environmentalists must first study its reproductive behavior.
🔹Incorreta → Após 36 anos de pesquisa, ele descobriu que, para garantir a sobrevivência de qualquer espécie animal, os ambientalistas devem primeiro estudar seu comportamento reprodutivo.
🔹Explicação → (A) – O texto não diz que ele concluiu que estudar reprodução é o primeiro passo para salvar qualquer espécie. Apenas que entender a reprodução é chave para proteger essa espécie (par. 2).
(B) ❌After 36 years of research he discovered the only remaining habitat of the northern timber rattlesnake in New York State’s Adirondack Mountains.🔹Incorreta → Após 36 anos de pesquisa, ele descobriu o único habitat remanescente da cascavel-da-madeira-do-norte nas Montanhas Adirondack, no estado de Nova York.
🔹Explicação → (B) – Ele não descobriu o único habitat restante, mas estudou uma população local.
🔹Correta → Por 36 anos, ele estudou um grupo específico de cascavéis-da-madeira-do-norte em uma área específica das Montanhas Adirondack, no estado de Nova York.
🔹Explicação → Texto: “In the rugged terrain of the Adirondack Mountains... William Brown ... has spent 36 years getting to know a local population of timber rattlesnakes.”
🔹Incorreta → Ele passou 36 anos estudando cascavéis-da-madeira-do-norte e identificando seus diferentes habitats em várias regiões das Montanhas Adirondack, no estado de Nova York.
🔹Explicação → (D) – Ele não pesquisou diferentes habitats em várias regiões, mas sempre a mesma área.
🔹Incorreta → Após dedicar 36 anos de pesquisa a vários tipos de cobras, ele se tornou um renomado especialista nesses animais.
🔹Explicação → (E) – Ele não pesquisou vários tipos de cobra, mas especificamente timber rattlesnakes do norte.
40 – With respect to northern timber rattlesnakes, the information in the article most supports which of the following?
(A) They usually live longer than any other kind of snake.
(B) They use the pits on the sides of their heads to regulate their body temperature.
(C) They spend up to three months a year hibernating.
(D) Even though they are equipped with venom, they generally avoid confronting a potential enemy.
(E) Until scientists discover more about their reproductive behavior, it will be hard to save them from extinction.
(B) They use the pits on the sides of their heads to regulate their body temperature.
(C) They spend up to three months a year hibernating.
(D) Even though they are equipped with venom, they generally avoid confronting a potential enemy.
(E) Until scientists discover more about their reproductive behavior, it will be hard to save them from extinction.
💡 GABARITO 🄳
With respect to northern timber rattlesnakes, the information in the article most supports which of the following?
Em relação às cascavéis-da-madeira-do-norte, as informações contidas no artigo corroboram qual das seguintes afirmações?
(A) ❌They usually live longer than any other kind of snake.
🔹Incorreta → Geralmente vivem mais do que qualquer outro tipo de cobra.
🔹Explicação → (A) – Não se compara com “qualquer outra cobra”; só diz que vivem até 50 anos, o que surpreendeu.
🔹Incorreta → Usam as fossas laterais da cabeça para regular a temperatura corporal.
🔹Explicação → (B) – As “pits” não servem para regular temperatura, mas para detectar calor (sensíveis à temperatura).
🔹Incorreta → Passam até três meses por ano hibernando.
🔹Explicação → (C) – Não há menção a “três meses de hibernação”. Apenas que hibernam no inverno (par. 2).
🔹Correta → Mesmo sendo dotadas de veneno, geralmente evitam confrontar um inimigo em potencial.
🔹Explicação → Texto: “Though venomous, they are shy snakes, preferring to crawl away rather than strike.” (par. 2).
🔹Incorreta → Até que os cientistas descubram mais sobre seu comportamento reprodutivo, será difícil salvá-las da extinção.
🔹Explicação → (E) – O texto não diz que será “difícil salvá-los” até entender a reprodução. Fala só que compreender a reprodução é importante para protegê-los.
41 – According to the information in the article, William Brown’s research most likely revealed which of the following?
(A) Northern female timber rattlesnakes can give birth until they are at least 10 years old.
(B) Some populations of southern timber rattlesnakes exhibit the same reproductive behavior that northern timber rattlesnakes exhibit.
(C) In order to protect northern timber rattlesnakes, it is imperative that their ability to reproduce be increased.
(D) Among all snakes, rattlesnakes have one of the oldest ages of sexual maturity.
(E) Fewer than half of the northern female rattlesnakes studied had enough energy to reproduce more than once in a lifetime.
(B) Some populations of southern timber rattlesnakes exhibit the same reproductive behavior that northern timber rattlesnakes exhibit.
(C) In order to protect northern timber rattlesnakes, it is imperative that their ability to reproduce be increased.
(D) Among all snakes, rattlesnakes have one of the oldest ages of sexual maturity.
(E) Fewer than half of the northern female rattlesnakes studied had enough energy to reproduce more than once in a lifetime.
💡 GABARITO 🄴
According to the information in the article, William Brown’s research most likely revealed which of the following?
De acordo com as informações do artigo, a pesquisa de William Brown provavelmente revelou qual das seguintes opções?
(A) ❌Northern female timber rattlesnakes can give birth until they are at least 10 years old.
🔹Incorreta → As fêmeas de cascavéis-da-madeira-do-norte podem dar à luz até os 10 anos de idade, pelo menos.
🔹Explicação → (A) – Troca o sentido: elas só podem dar à luz depois dos 10 anos, não “até os 10”.
🔹Incorreta → Algumas populações de cascavéis-da-madeira-do-sul exibem o mesmo comportamento reprodutivo que as cascavéis-da-madeira-do-norte.
🔹Explicação → (B) – Pelo contrário: outras populações (sul) reproduzem mais cedo, não igual às do norte (par. 4).
🔹Incorreta → Para proteger as cascavéis-da-madeira-do-norte, é fundamental que sua capacidade de reprodução seja aumentada.
🔹Explicação → (C) – Ele não descobriu que “é imperativo aumentar a reprodução”; apenas mostrou as limitações reprodutivas.
🔹Incorreta → Entre todas as cobras, as cascavéis têm uma das idades mais avançadas de maturidade sexual.
🔹Explicação → (D) – Não é sobre “todas as cobras”, mas sobre rattlesnakes terem uma das idades mais altas de maturidade sexual.
🔹Correta → Menos da metade das cascavéis fêmeas do norte estudadas tinham energia suficiente para se reproduzir mais de uma vez na vida.
🔹Explicação → Texto: “... many females – about 60% of those studied – will only have the energy to reproduce once in their lifetime.” (par. 5).
42 – The information in the article indicates that it is important to
(A) understand why northern timber rattlesnakes spend their entire lives in one restricted geographic location.
(B) make sure that pregnant northern female timber rattlesnakes have a sufficiently large and peaceful area in which to lie in the sun.
(C) decrease the percentage of northern timber rattlesnake babies that die at birth.
(D) discover why northern female timber rattlesnakes are so vulnerable to habitat destruction.
(E) educate the public about the relatively inoffensive behavior of northern timber rattlesnakes.
(B) make sure that pregnant northern female timber rattlesnakes have a sufficiently large and peaceful area in which to lie in the sun.
(C) decrease the percentage of northern timber rattlesnake babies that die at birth.
(D) discover why northern female timber rattlesnakes are so vulnerable to habitat destruction.
(E) educate the public about the relatively inoffensive behavior of northern timber rattlesnakes.
💡 GABARITO 🄱
The information in the article indicates that it is important to
As informações do artigo indicam que é importante
(A) ❌understand why northern timber rattlesnakes spend their entire lives in one restricted geographic location.
🔹Incorreta → entender por que as cascavéis-da-madeira-do-norte passam a vida inteira em uma localização geográfica restrita.
🔹Explicação → (A) – O texto não diz que passam a vida toda em um lugar restrito.
🔹Correta → garantir que as cascavéis-da-madeira-do-norte fêmeas prenhes tenham uma área suficientemente grande e tranquila para se deitarem ao sol.
🔹Explicação → Texto: “Brown has found that timber rattlesnakes require about a two-kilometer radius of undisturbed basking habitat around their dens while pregnant.” (par. 6).
🔹Incorreta → (C) Diminuir a porcentagem de filhotes de cascavéis-da-madeira-do-norte que morrem ao nascer.
🔹Explicação → (C) – Não fala em reduzir mortalidade ao nascer.
🔹Incorreta → descobrir por que as cascavéis-da-madeira fêmeas do norte são tão vulneráveis à destruição de seu habitat.
🔹Explicação → (D) – O foco não é “descobrir por que” são vulneráveis, mas garantir habitat adequado.
🔹Incorreta → educar o público sobre o comportamento relativamente inofensivo das cascavéis-da-madeira-do-norte.
🔹Explicação → (E) – Embora fosse útil, não é apontado como a medida crucial.
43 – In paragraph 7, “it” in the sentence “The snakes need it” most likely refers to which of the following?
(A) A larger area of protected habitat in New York State for northern timber rattlesnakes.
(B) Official New York State recognition of the precarious situation of northern timber rattlesnakes.
(C) A New York State zoning regulation that prohibits the destruction of northern timber rattlesnake territory.
(D) An official, well-planned New York State program designed to increase the population of northern timber rattlesnakes.
(E) A stronger New York State environmental law to discourage the killing or capturing of northern timber rattlesnakes.
(B) Official New York State recognition of the precarious situation of northern timber rattlesnakes.
(C) A New York State zoning regulation that prohibits the destruction of northern timber rattlesnake territory.
(D) An official, well-planned New York State program designed to increase the population of northern timber rattlesnakes.
(E) A stronger New York State environmental law to discourage the killing or capturing of northern timber rattlesnakes.
💡 GABARITO 🄳
In paragraph 7, “it” in the sentence “The snakes need it” most likely refers to which of the following?
No parágrafo 7, "it" na frase "The snakes need it" provavelmente se refere a qual das seguintes opções?
(A) ❌A larger area of protected habitat in New York State for northern timber rattlesnakes.
🔹Incorreta → Uma área maior de habitat protegido no estado de Nova York para cascavéis-da-madeira-do-norte.
🔹Explicação →
(B) ❌Official New York State recognition of the precarious situation of northern timber rattlesnakes.🔹Incorreta → Reconhecimento oficial do Estado de Nova York da situação precária das cascavéis-da-madeira-do-norte.
🔹Explicação →
(C) ❌A New York State zoning regulation that prohibits the destruction of northern timber rattlesnake territory.🔹Incorreta → Uma regulamentação de zoneamento do Estado de Nova York que proíbe a destruição do território das cascavéis-da-madeira-do-norte.
🔹Explicação →
🔹Correta → Um programa oficial e bem planejado do Estado de Nova York, projetado para aumentar a população de cascavéis-da-madeira-do-norte.
🔹Explicação →
(E) ❌A stronger New York State environmental law to discourage the killing or capturing of northern timber rattlesnakes.🔹Incorreta → Uma lei ambiental mais rigorosa do Estado de Nova York para desencorajar a matança ou captura de cascavéis-da-madeira-do-norte.
🔹Explicação →
✅ Correta:
(A) – “A larger area of protected habitat in New York State for northern timber rattlesnakes.”
🔎 Texto: par. 6–7 → fala da necessidade de 2 km de habitat protegido e da identificação dessas áreas. Depois, abre o par. 7: “The snakes need it.” → refere-se à proteção de habitat.
❌ Erradas:
(B) – Não é sobre reconhecimento oficial.
(C) – Não se trata de lei de zoneamento.
(D) – Não é um programa de aumento populacional.
(E) – Não é uma lei mais forte contra caça, mas proteção de habitat.
44 – Before William Brown made his discoveries about northern timber rattlesnakes,
(A) most people believed they were much more dangerous than they really are.
(B) most people had no idea that the species was listed as “threatened.”
(C) most herpetologists believed that the females of that species died after giving birth.
(D) few herpetologists considered it important to compare the reproductive behavior of that species with the reproductive behavior of southern timber rattlesnakes.
(E) few herpetologists had an accurate notion of that species’ longevity.
(B) most people had no idea that the species was listed as “threatened.”
(C) most herpetologists believed that the females of that species died after giving birth.
(D) few herpetologists considered it important to compare the reproductive behavior of that species with the reproductive behavior of southern timber rattlesnakes.
(E) few herpetologists had an accurate notion of that species’ longevity.
💡 GABARITO 🄴
Before William Brown made his discoveries about northern timber rattlesnakes,
Antes de William Brown fazer suas descobertas sobre as cascavéis-da-madeira-do-norte,
(A) ❌most people believed they were much more dangerous than they really are.
🔹Incorreta → a maioria das pessoas acreditava que elas eram muito mais perigosas do que realmente são.
🔹Explicação → (A) – O texto não diz que eram vistos como mais perigosos do que são.
🔹Incorreta → a maioria das pessoas não fazia ideia de que a espécie estava listada como "ameaçada".
🔹Explicação → (B) – O status de “ameaçado” não é o ponto destacado antes da pesquisa.
🔹Incorreta → a maioria dos herpetólogos acreditava que as fêmeas dessa espécie morriam após o parto.
🔹Explicação → (C) – Não há menção a acreditarem que morriam após dar à luz.
🔹Incorreta → poucos herpetólogos consideravam importante comparar o comportamento reprodutivo dessa espécie com o comportamento reprodutivo das cascavéis-da-madeira-do-sul ...
🔹Explicação → (D) – O texto mostra que ele comparou norte e sul, então não era ignorado.
🔹Correta → poucos herpetólogos tinham uma noção precisa da longevidade dessa espécie.
🔹Explicação → Texto: “She was around age fifty... Prior to this study, most herpetologists wouldn’t have believed they could live this long.” (par. 8).
45 – According to the information in the article, which of the following was essential for William Brown to be successful in his research?
(A) In studying northern timber rattlesnakes, he focused his attention on only one particular group.
(B) He focused his attention exclusively on the reproductive behavior of northern timber rattlesnakes.
(C) He discovered that northern timber rattlesnakes can live at least until age 50.
(D) The New York State department of Environmental Conservation allowed him free access to the northern timber rattlesnake’s habitat in the Adirondack Mountains.
(E) He was able to study one particular northern female timber rattlesnake from her birth to her death.
(B) He focused his attention exclusively on the reproductive behavior of northern timber rattlesnakes.
(C) He discovered that northern timber rattlesnakes can live at least until age 50.
(D) The New York State department of Environmental Conservation allowed him free access to the northern timber rattlesnake’s habitat in the Adirondack Mountains.
(E) He was able to study one particular northern female timber rattlesnake from her birth to her death.
💡 GABARITO 🄰
According to the information in the article, which of the following was essential for William Brown to be successful in his research?
De acordo com as informações do artigo, qual dos seguintes fatores foi essencial para o sucesso de William Brown em sua pesquisa?
(A) ✅In studying northern timber rattlesnakes, he focused his attention on only one particular group.
🔹Correta → Ao estudar as cascavéis-da-madeira-do-norte, ele concentrou sua atenção em apenas um grupo específico.
🔹Explicação → Texto: “...getting to know a local population... Another surprising piece... one that can only come from a lifetime of work on a single population.” (par. 9).
🔹Incorreta → Ele concentrou sua atenção exclusivamente no comportamento reprodutivo das cascavéis-da-madeira-do-norte.
🔹Explicação → (B) – Ele não se concentrou apenas na reprodução; estudou longevidade, habitat, etc.
🔹Incorreta → Ele descobriu que as cascavéis-da-madeira-do-norte podem viver pelo menos até os 50 anos.
🔹Explicação → (C) – A descoberta da longevidade foi um resultado, não a condição para o sucesso.
🔹Incorreta → O Departamento de Conservação Ambiental do Estado de Nova York permitiu-lhe livre acesso ao habitat da cascavel-da-madeira-do-norte nas Montanhas Adirondack.
🔹Explicação → (D) – Não há nada sobre permissão formal do governo como fator essencial.
🔹Incorreta → Ele pôde estudar uma cascavel-da-madeira-do-norte fêmea específica, do nascimento à morte.
🔹Explicação → (E) – Ele não acompanhou uma única fêmea do nascimento até a morte; mas várias ao longo do tempo.