Postagens
❑ PROVA DE LÍNGUA INGLESA: UFSCar-SP-2009-VESTIBULAR.
www.ufscar.br
❑ ESTRUTURA-PROVA:
➭ 06 Multiple Choice Questions / 5 Options Each Question.
➭ 04 Questions.
➭ Text (1) – | Why Are People Taller Today Than Yesterday? | TIME MAGAZINE |
➭ Text (2) – | Your lifestyle, your genes and cancer | Newsweek |
❑ GABARITO:
01-(D), 02-(B), 03-(A), 04-(B), 05-(C), 06-(C)
❑ 1ª PARTE - QUESTÕES OBJETIVAS:
❑ TEXT I: INSTRUÇÃO - O texto seguinte refere-se às questões de números
01 a 06.
Why Are People Taller Today Than Yesterday?
Tuesday, Jul. 08, 2008
By LAURA BLUE – TIME MAGAZINE
Skeletons and written records show that human beings today are
inches taller than humans just a century or two ago. And yet even
today average heights vary among different nationalities, even among
genetically homogenous populations, like the South Koreans and
North Koreans. (South Koreans are taller.) John Komlos, professor
of economics at the University of Munich and a pioneer in studying
human well-being through history, explains what governs human
height, and why some populations are taller than others.
Q: Why are people taller today than yesterday?
A: There are two main reasons. One is that the diet has
improved considerably. In spite of some very negative aspects
of the diet of industrialized populations, we have much better
vitamin, mineral and protein intake than 100 or 200 years ago.
As a consequence the body can grow much better.
In addition, our health has improved considerably along with
medical technology. We have fewer endemic diseases, and fewer
epidemic diseases. That is important because an incidence of
disease usually means that the nutrients we do consume are not
absorbed by the body sufficiently. Diseases lay a claim on our
energy intake, so that there is not enough left over for the body
to grow. These two factors play a considerable role.
We have been increasing in height for about 140 years. Prior to
that, there were cycles in height, depending on economic circumstances
and agricultural productivity and so forth. We were relatively tall in
the Middle Ages, when population densities were relatively low and
food supplies were still fairly adequate. The low point was in the 17th
century. Frenchmen, for example, were about 162 cm on average [not
quite 5 ft. 4 in.], which is extremely small. Only since about the middle
of the 19th century there has been a general trend upwards.
The American population was the tallest in the world from
about the American Revolution to World War II — that’s a long
time. (There is a genetic component to [population] height, but
there is very little genetic difference between European populations
or their overseas offshoots.) America had a very resource-rich
environment, with game, fish and wildlife. In fact we have data
on disadvantaged people in America, such as slaves. They were
obviously among the most mistreated populations in the world,
but given the resource abundance — and given the fact that the
slave owners needed their work — they had to be fed relatively
decently. So slaves were taller than European peasants. It’s no
wonder that Europeans were just flooding to America.
[Americans today are no longer the tallest people in the
world.] After the Second World War, many Western and Northern
European countries began to adopt certain favorable social
policies. There is universal health insurance in most of these
societies — that, of course, makes a difference in health care. You
can also consider income inequality in America, since people who
are at the low end of the totem pole have considerable adversity
making ends meet. I suspect the difference [in height between
Americans and Europeans] is due to both diet and health care.
Americans today suffer from an additional problem: obesity.
If children are too well nourished, then they’re not able to grow
optimally. There are certain hormones that control the onset
of the adolescent growth spurt and the onset of adolescence.
Nutrition is one of the factors, along with genetic and hormonal
ones, that are associated with the onset of puberty. Overnutrition
prior to adolescence may affect the hormonal system and may
produce too much growth hormone prior to puberty, so that sex
steroids are produced earlier. And if that comes too early, then
the youth will peak out sooner, and will not become as tall in
adulthood as someone who had better nutrition. Also, the overload
of carbohydrates and fats in a fast-food diet may hinder the
consumption of micronutrients essential to growth.
01 – (UFSCar-SP-2009-VESTIBULAR)
Esqueletos e registros escritos demonstram que
(A) os seres humanos atualmente são mais baixos do que os
seres humanos de um ou dois séculos atrás.
(B) os seres humanos alguns séculos atrás eram mais altos
do que os seres humanos atuais.
(C) os seres humanos hoje são tão altos quanto os seres
humanos de um ou dois séculos atrás.
(D) os seres humanos atualmente são mais altos do que os
seres humanos de um ou dois séculos atrás.
(E) os coreanos do norte são mais altos do que os coreanos
do sul.ais altos do que os coreanos do sul.
02 – (UFSCar-SP-2009-VESTIBULAR)
A dieta das pessoas
(A) tem muitos aspectos negativos atualmente, como, por
exemplo, comida industrializada, contribuindo para um
menor crescimento dos seres humanos.
(B) contém maiores doses de vitamina, mineral e proteína do
que 100 ou 200 anos atrás, contribuindo para um maior
crescimento dos seres humanos.
(C) era muito rica em vitamina, proteína e mineral 100 ou
200 anos atrás.
(D) não tem relação direta com o crescimento dos seres
humanos.
(E) não melhorou nos últimos 100 ou 200 anos, devido à
grande quantidade de alimentos industrializados.
03 – (UFSCar-SP-2009-VESTIBULAR)
A relação entre saúde e crescimento do ser humano é:
(A) quanto menos doenças a pessoa tiver, melhor é a absorção
dos nutrientes pelo corpo e há mais energia para o corpo
crescer.
(B) doenças endêmicas e epidêmicas são responsáveis pela
falta de crescimento dos seres humanos.
(C) a incidência de doenças consome todos os nutrientes e
energia do ser humano, não permitindo o crescimento
adequado do corpo.
(D) apesar dos avanços tecnológicos na área médica, a incidência de doenças não tem diminuído, prejudicando,
dessa forma, o crescimento dos seres humanos.
(E) a saúde não desempenha um papel importante no crescimento do ser humano.
04 – (UFSCar-SP-2009-VESTIBULAR)
Com relação ao crescimento dos seres humanos ao longo dos
tempos, podemos observar que:
(A) na Idade Média, as pessoas cresciam pouco, devido à
baixa densidade populacional e aos suprimentos alimentares, que eram muito inadequados.
(B) a altura dos seres humanos vem aumentando ao longo
dos últimos 140 anos.
(C) ao longo dos últimos 140 anos, a altura dos seres humanos
vem se alterando em ciclos.
(D) a partir aproximadamente da metade do século XIX,
houve uma estagnação geral no crescimento dos seres
humanos.
(E) no século XVII, os seres humanos eram bastante altos
para a época, chegando a medir 1 m 62 cm.
05 – (UFSCar-SP-2009-VESTIBULAR)
A razão para a população americana ser a mais alta do mundo,
no período entre a Revolução Americana e a Segunda Guerra
Mundial, é
(A) um componente genético presente no organismo, que
determina a altura.
(B) não haver muitos escravos na América.
(C) a América possuir um ambiente rico em recursos, com
caça, pesca e vida selvagem.
(D) não haver diferença genética entre a população americana
e a européia.
(E) a inexistência de escravos na América.
06 – (UFSCar-SP-2009-VESTIBULAR)
Por que crianças com nutrição em excesso podem não crescer
de maneira ideal?
(A) Devido à falta de certos hormônios que controlam o
crescimento na adolescência.
(B) A grande quantidade de carboidratos e gorduras presentes em “fast food” pode inibir a produção de hormônios
importantes para o crescimento.
(C) Nutrição em excesso pode afetar o sistema hormonal,
fazendo com que a produção de esteróides ocorra antes
do tempo.
(D) Nutrição em excesso pode impedir que a produção de
hormônios de crescimento atinja seu pico, prejudicando
assim o crescimento ideal.
(E) Nutrição em excesso não tem nenhuma relação com os
hormônios que controlam o crescimento.
❑ 2ª PARTE - QUESTÕES DISCURSIVAS:
❑ TEXT II: INSTRUÇÃO - Leia o texto seguinte e responda às questões de
números 25 a 28, em português.
Your lifestyle, your genes and cancer
New research explores the complex interactions that cause our
most dreaded disease. A look into some of the steps you can take
to reduce your risk.
Robert A. Weinberg, Ph.D, Anthony L. komaroff, M. D.
Newsweek, 2008.
We’ve known for a long time that a high-fat diet, obesity
and lack of exercise can increase the risk of developing heart
disease and type 2 diabetes, two conditions that affect millions
of Americans. What we are finding out now is that those same
lifestyle factors also play an important role in cancer. That’s the
bad news. The good news is that you can do something about your
lifestyle. If we grew thinner, exercised regularly, avoided diets
rich in red meat (substituting poultry, fish or vegetable sources
of protein) and ate diets rich in fruit and vegetables, and stopped
using tobacco, we would prevent 70 percent of all cancers.
The strongest evidence of the importance of lifestyle in cancer
is that most common cancers arise at dramatically different parts
of the globe. Several cancers that are extremely common in the
United States – colon, prostate and breast cancer – are relatively
rare in other parts of the world, occurring only 1/10 th or 1/20 th
as often. Equally striking, when people migrate from other parts
of the world to the United States, within a generation their cancer
rates approach those of us whose families have lived in this country
for a long time. Even if people in other parts of the world stay put,
but adopt a U. S. lifestyle, their risk of cancer rises; as Japanese
have embraced Western habits, their rates of colon, breast and
prostate cancer have skyrocketed.
What is it about our lifestyle that raises the risk of many
types of cancer? The main culprits seem to be the Western diet,
obesity and physical inactivity. While we’ve known about the
importance of tobacco and cancer for more than 50 years, we are
just beginning to understand how diet, a healthy body weight and
regular exercise can protect us against cancer.
A striking example of the profound influence of diet was
reported last summer in The Journal of the American Medical
Association. Doctors determined the eating habits of patients with
colon cancer in the years following surgical removal of the cancer.
Over the next five years, those who ate a traditional Western diet
had a threefold greater likelihood of developing a recurrence of
the disease than did those who ate a “prudent” diet rich in fruits
and vegetables and including only small amounts of red meat.
How had diet affected these patients? The surgery clearly had not
removed all their colon-cancer cells: prior to the surgery, some
cells had already spread from the primary tumor. The Western
diet had somehow stimulated the growth of these small deposits
of residual cancer cells.
Obesity is the second most important factor in causing cancer
in Western populations after tobacco, and there is evidence that
maintaining a healthy weight is protective against the disease.
A study by the American Cancer Society in 2003 found that the
heaviest people, in comparison with the leanest, had a significantly
increased risk of death from ten different kinds of cancer in men,
and from twelve different kinds in women. The most extreme
examples were liver cancer in men (nearly fivefold increased risk)
and uterine cancer in women (more than sixfold increased risk).
Exercise has also been shown to play an important role in
protecting against some cancers. For example, the Nurses’ Health
Study reported that women who had one or more hours per day of
moderate exercise had a thirty percent lower risk of colon cancer
than women who exercised less. Exercise protects against breast
cancer, as well.
Lifestyle influences a persons’ risk for cancer by generating
growth-promoting signals that affect cells primed to become
cancerous, or that already are cancerous. What primes those
cells to become cancerous in the first place are changes in their
genes.
07 – (UFSCar-SP-2009-VESTIBULAR)
a) Qual é a descoberta recente sobre a relação entre estilo
de vida e câncer?
b) De acordo com a pesquisa, como podemos prevenir o
risco do câncer?
08 – (UFSCar-SP-2009-VESTIBULAR)
a) Qual evidência confirma a importância do estilo de vida
na prevenção contra o câncer?
b) O que acontece com pessoas que se mudam para os EUA,
por exemplo, com relação ao risco de contrair câncer?
09 – (UFSCar-SP-2009-VESTIBULAR)
a) Como foi realizada a pesquisa relatada no Journal of the
American Medical Association?
b) Quais foram os resultados desta pesquisa?
10 – (UFSCar-SP-2009-VESTIBULAR)
a) O que o estudo realizado pela American Cancer Society
em 2003 revelou sobre a relação entre obesidade e
câncer?
b) Qual a relação entre estilo de vida, os genes e o risco de
desenvolver o câncer?
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