ESAF-1998-RECEITA FEDERAL - Concurso Público Auditor Fiscal do Tesouro Nacional (AFTN) - Profº Valdenor Sousa - Prova de INGLÊS com gabarito e questões comentadas.

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Hey, what's up my friends!!!...How have you been?!

Neste post, veremos a Prova de INGLÊS-ESAF-1998-Receita Federal-Cargo:Auditor Fiscal do Tesouro Nacional(AFTN). Prova aplicada em 17/10/1998(Sábado).
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[a]Banca/Organizador 

 www.esaf.fazenda.gov.br.

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[b]Padrão/Composição da prova 
➦10 Questões(múltiplas escolhas com 05 alternativas cada, tudo em inglês)
➦03 Textos .
➦Compreensão Textual do inglês).
➦Uso do inglês.

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🔄  TEXTOS e TEMAS ABORDADOS:
👉  Texto 1   "Physical Fitness" 
➦ Tema abordado:  

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👉  Texto 2   "The microchip revolution" 
➦ Tema abordado:  

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👉  Texto 3   "Breeding Superbrains" 
➦ Tema abordado:  
Caso necessário,sugiro que consulte os excelentes dicionários a seguir:
http://www.thefreedictionary.com/
http:/www.macmillandictionary.com/

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🔄 VERBS :
➽[to
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🔄Phrasal Verbs:

➽[to "]

🔄Expressões verbais com o TO BE(simple present/simple past/simple future/ be going to/present continuous/past continuous/future continuous):
➽["]
🔄Expressões verbais no PERFECT TENSE(present perfect/past perfect/present perfect continuous/past perfect continuous):
➽["]
🔄Expressões com os 10 modais(can/could/may/might/must/should/would/ought to/will/shall):
➽["]   
🔄Expressões com verbos com ING:
➽[]
🔄Expressões VERBAIS EM GERAL:
➽["]
🔄Substantivos(NOUNS):
➽["]
🔄Adjetivos/Locuções adjetivas :
➽[]
🔄Advérbios/Locução adverbial:
➽["]
🔄 Pronomes Relativos(who, which, whom, that) :
➽[.]
🔄 CONJUCTION (but, yet):
➽["]

🔄Expressões comuns:
➽["] 
🔄Expressões idiomáticas :
➽["]
🔄Expressões ADJETIVO+SUBSTANTIVO:
➽[]
🔄IF-CLAUSE:
➽["]
🔄Expressões/Vocábulos técnicos :
➽[] 
🔄 Comparativos (superioridade) :
➽[]
🔄Expressões com 'S (Genitive case=proprietário 'S propriedade):
➽["]
🔄PAR CORRELATO:
➽[]  
🔄Expressões com frações/números:
➽["]
🔄Questions:
➽[]

🔄Falso cognato:

➽[.]

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Agora vamos à prova!
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Read the text below in order to answer questions 31 to 34.

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The European Monetary Union
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On Jan. 1, 1999 the European Monetary Union (EMU) will come into full-blown existence with 11 countries adopting a continentwide currency called the euro. Coins and notes will not be available until Jan. 1, 2002. Until that time, one can either use the old currencies or conduct euro transactions electronically, or with checks or plastic cards. In 2002, EMU countries will use only the euro as their legal tender, and the Deutsche mark, French franc, Italian lira et al. will cease to exist.

This new money may finally trigger a Western European economic renaissance. For years Europe has been an economic backwater because of excessive taxes and regulations, onerous labour laws and ludicrously lavish welfare benefits. No wonder there is little high technology in lands so inhospitable to freewheeling, Americanstyle entrepreneurship, or that unemployment there is more than twice ours. 

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👉  Questão   31 

Which of the items below are positively referred to in the text? 

a) the new legal tender.
b) labour laws.
c) the European taxes.
d) welfare benefits.
e) regulations.
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👍 Comentários e Gabarito  A 
TÓPICO - IDEIA CONTEXTUAL ou INFORMAÇÃO DENTRO DO TEXTO:

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👉  Questão   32 

According to the author, a Western European economic renaissance 
a) requires remarkable technological support.
b) is inhospitable to American-style companies.
c) may be at last set off.
d) may trigger higher levels of unemployment.
e) has been achieved over the last years.
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👍 Comentários e Gabarito  C 
TÓPICO - IDEIA CONTEXTUAL ou INFORMAÇÃO DENTRO DO TEXTO:
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👉  Questão   33 

"For years, Europe has been an economic backwater", means that Europe
a) has been an economic and financial paradise.
b) has been isolated from modern economic ideas and influences.
c) has been both economically and financially viable.
d) used to be competitive and innovative.
e) has not imposed enough taxes and regulations for many years.
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👍 Comentários e Gabarito  B 
TÓPICO - IDEIA CONTEXTUAL ou INFORMAÇÃO DENTRO DO TEXTO:
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👉  Questão   34 

The EMU coins and notes
a) are already available.
b) will be available on Jan. 1, 1999.
c) will cease to exist on Jan. 1, 2002.
d) are called euro.
e) will not be available until Jan. 1, 2001.
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👍 Comentários e Gabarito  D 
TÓPICO - IDEIA CONTEXTUAL ou INFORMAÇÃO DENTRO DO TEXTO:
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Read the text below in order to answer questions 35 to 37.
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Tax-free interest

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Congress is finally making a move toward school choice. The Senate approved a bill in April that would allow family members, charitable groups and employers to put up to $2,000 per child annually into education savings accounts that would earn tax-free interest. Parents could use the funds for expenses related to elementary and secondary schooling, regardless of whether their children were in public, private, religious or home schools. The unused money and interest could later be rolled over and used for college-related expenses. 
We should not squander this opportunity! 

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👉  Questão   35 

According to the author, Congress is at last contributing to
a) a free choice of school.
b) tax increases on education.
c) the supremacy of public schools.
d) the revival of family values.
e) profits derived from savings accounts.
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👍 Comentários e Gabarito  A 
TÓPICO - IDEIA CONTEXTUAL ou INFORMAÇÃO DENTRO DO TEXTO:

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👉  Questão   36 

When the author claims that "we should not squander this opportunity", he means we
a) must not conceal its effects on tax payers.
b) should not welcome it.
c) should not advertise it.
d) might not alter any of its items.
e) should not waste it.
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👍 Comentários e Gabarito  E 
TÓPICO - IDEIA CONTEXTUAL ou INFORMAÇÃO DENTRO DO TEXTO:

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👉  Questão   37 

The funds deposited in the education savings accounts may not be used for
a) elementary education.
b) secondary education.
c) college expenses.
d) non-educational expenses.
e) educational expenses.
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👍 Comentários e Gabarito  D 
TÓPICO - IDEIA CONTEXTUAL ou INFORMAÇÃO DENTRO DO TEXTO:
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Read the text below in order to answer questions 38 to 40.
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Tax Audits 

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Although only about one out of every 100 individual tax returns will be audited in 1998, the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) is very good at selecting returns for audit that will yield additional taxes. Nevertheless, if your return is selected, it does not necessarily mean you will incur any additional tax liability.

If you do not agree with the examiner’s report, you can meet with the examiner’s supervisor to discuss your case further. If you still do not agree, you have the right to appeal the findings through a separate Appeals Office. You can also appeal to the U.S. Tax Court. 

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👉  Questão   38 

The author states that the examiner’s report might be
a) dishonest.
b) unofficial.
c) questioned.
d) irrevocable.
e) ambiguous.
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👍 Comentários e Gabarito  C 
TÓPICO - IDEIA CONTEXTUAL ou INFORMAÇÃO DENTRO DO TEXTO:

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👉  Questão   39 

According to the text, when you meet the examiner’s supervisor,
a) the two of you must reach a final agreement.
b) you wish to discuss the examiner’s liability.
c) you have already accepted the examiner’s report.
d) additional taxes are charged.
e) you intend to discuss the examiner’s report in more detail.
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👍 Comentários e Gabarito  E 
TÓPICO - IDEIA CONTEXTUAL ou INFORMAÇÃO DENTRO DO TEXTO:

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👉  Questão   40 

The text implies that
a) audits rarely result in additional charges.
b) additional taxes may be charged.
c) additional taxes must not be adopted.

d) audits are an unnecessary practice.
e) audits will soon be abolished.
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👍 Comentários e Gabarito  B 
TÓPICO - IDEIA CONTEXTUAL ou INFORMAÇÃO DENTRO DO TEXTO:

ESAF – 2006 – IRB – ADVOGADO (A) – LÍNGUA INGLESA –CONCURSO PÚBLICO – BRASIL RESSEGUROS S.A – PROVA COM GABARITO.

❑ Welcome back to another post!

❑ PROVA DE LÍNGUA INGLESA:  ESAF-2006-IRB-ADVOGADO(A)-11/03/2006.

❑ ORGANIZADOR: www.esaf.fazenda.gov.br.

❑ ESTRUTURA-PROVA:

➧ 05 Multiple Choice Questions / 5 Options Each Question.

➧ Text (1) – 2005 - First Nine Months Results – www.iii.org. (3 questions)

➧ Text (2) – Avian Influenza (Bird Flu) – www.iii.org. (2 questions)

❑ GABARITO:

01-A,  02-E,  03-C,  04-D,  05-B

➧ TEXT 1: Read the text below, entitled “2005 – First Nine Months Results”, in order to answer questions 01 to 03:

2005 – First Nine Months Results

Source: www.iii.org

Dec 27th, 2005 (Adapted)

The property / casualty insurance industry reported a statutory rate of return on average surplus of 9.5 percent through the fi rst nine months of 2005. The results were released by the Insurance Services Office (ISO) and the Property Casualty Insurers Association of America (PCI). The financial performance of the industry during the period featured a surprisingly low combined ratio of 100, a fi gure that provided stunning proof of the resilience of the property/casualty insurance industry in the face of record catastrophe losses approaching $50 billion. 

Insurers also benefi ted from rising interest rates and modest stock market gains to generate $40.7 billion on their investment portfolio. Policyholder surplus also climbed by $20.4 or 5.2 percent, through the fi rst nine months, again a surprise. Profitability in the industry is still disappointingly low, however, coming in well below the expected 14 percent return for the benchmark Fortune 500 group of companies this year. Prior to Hurricane Katrina the industry was on a trajectory to record its highest level of profi tability since 1987.

01 – (ESAF-2006-IRB-ADVOGADO/A)

In paragraph 1, the author refers to the resilience of the property/casualty insurance industry. In other words, its

a) ability to recover.
b) current financial losses.
c) inability to predict trends.
d) undeniable prosperity.
e) delayed recovery.

    Gabarito  A 

02 – (ESAF-2006-IRB-ADVOGADO/A)

The text

a) focuses on the effort by insurers to reassess risk. b) predicts the losses to be faced by insurance companies.
c) states that reinsurance prices will rise in 2006.
d) foresees a sluggish growth for the sector in 2006.
e) also recalls a period of financial growth.

    Gabarito  E 

03 – (ESAF-2006-IRB-ADVOGADO/A)

In paragraph 2, the author refers to the insurers’ investment portfolio which

a) is about to be created.
b) has brought signifi cant gains.
c) produced fairly small gains.
d) was beyond their expectations.
e) has been impressively expanded.

    Gabarito  C 

➧ TEXT 2: Read the text below, which is entitled “Avian Influenza (Bird Flu)” in order to answer questions 04 and 05:

Avian Influenza (Bird Flu)

Source: www.iii.org

Dec 2005 (Adapted)

A current influenza outbreak, formally called H5N1 after two distinctive proteins on the flu virus, (but commonly referred to as bird or avian fl u), has so far mainly affected birds. However, four countries – Thailand, Vietnam, Indonesia and Cambodia – have reported a total of 120 human cases of the H5N1 flu since 1997. These people are thought to have caught the disease by their contact with infected poultry. There has been no known human-to-human transmission of the virus.

Even if the H5N1 strain does not mutate to infect humans, the economic costs associated with avian flu strains could easily be in the billions if other countries, such as Mexico, impose bans on imported U.S. poultry and U.S. consumers avoid buying domestic poultry. Still, the economic costs are very different from the insurance costs.The following is an overview of two potential types of insurance coverages involved:

Workers Compensation:

Workers involved in the handling of poultry could be at risk. Because such an exposure is work-related, workers compensation coverage would apply.

Tort-Related Exposures:

If the infected poultry were found to have gotten into the food supply and people become ill as a result, litigation could ensue.

04 – (ESAF-2006-IRB-ADVOGADO/A)

According to the author, insurance costs related to the avian flu

a) could reach billions of dollars in Mexico.
b) have been estimated by four specific countries.
c) equal to the economic costs recently estimated.
d) may include at least two possibilities.
e) exclude workers compensation in the USA.

    Gabarito  D 

05 – (ESAF-2006-IRB-ADVOGADO/A)

In paragraph 2, the author

a) resorts to scientific data to explain the virus mutation.
b) points out the economic interdependence between two countries.
c) provides exact figures related to the economic and social losses.
d) explains why workers compensation might cause liquidity problems.
e) defines the duration of the outbreak and/or quarantine.

    Gabarito  B 

❑ TRADUÇÃO TEXTO (2) (COM 2 OPÇÕES):

➧ Avian Influenza (Bird Flu)

(1) Influenza aviária (Gripe das aves)

(2) Gripe aviária (Gripe das aves)

➧ A current influenza outbreak, formally called H5N1 after two distinctive proteins on the flu virus, (but commonly referred to as bird or avian flu), has so far mainly affected birds.

(1) Um atual surto de gripe, formalmente designado por H5N1 devido às duas proteínas distintivas do vírus da gripe (mas geralmente referido como gripe aviária ou das aves), afetou até agora principalmente as aves.

(2) Um surto de gripe atual, formalmente chamado de H5N1 após duas proteínas distintivas no vírus da gripe, (mas comumente chamado de gripe de ave ou aviária), afetou as aves até agora.

➧ However, four countries – Thailand, Vietnam, Indonesia and Cambodia – have reported a total of 120 human cases of the H5N1 flu since 1997. 

(1) No entanto, quatro países - Tailândia, Vietname, Indonésia e Camboja - registaram um total de 120 casos humanos da gripe H5N1 desde 1997.

(2) Entretanto, quatro países - Tailândia, Vietname, Indonésia e Camboja - relataram um total de 120 casos humanos da gripe H5N1 desde 1997.

➧ These people are thought to have caught the disease by their contact with infected poultry. There has been no known human-to-human transmission of the virus.

(1) Pensa-se que estas pessoas contraíram a doença através do contato com aves de capoeira infectadas. Não se conhece qualquer transmissão do vírus entre seres humanos.

(2) Pensa-se que estas pessoas apanharam a doença pelo seu contato com aves de capoeira infectadas. Não houve transmissão humana do vírus.

➧ Even if the H5N1 strain does not mutate to infect humans, the economic costs associated with avian flu strains could easily be in the billions if other countries, such as Mexico, impose bans on imported U.S. poultry and U.S. consumers avoid buying domestic poultry.

(1) Mesmo que a cepa H5N1 não sofra mutações para infectar os seres humanos, os custos econômicos associados às cepas de gripe aviária podem facilmente atingir os milhares de milhões se outros países, como o México, impuserem proibições às aves de capoeira importadas dos EUA e os consumidores americanos evitarem comprar aves de capoeira nacionais.

(2) Mesmo que a cepa H5N1 não sofra mutações para infectar os seres humanos, os custos econômicos associados às cepas de gripe aviária poderiam facilmente estar nos bilhões se outros países, como o México, impusessem proibições às aves importadas dos EUA e os consumidores dos EUA evitassem comprar aves domésticas.

➧ Still, the economic costs are very different from the insurance costs. The following is an overview of two potential types of insurance coverages involved:

(1) Ainda assim, os custos econômicos são muito diferentes dos custos de seguro,Segue-se uma panorâmica de dois tipos potenciais de coberturas de seguro envolvidas:

(2) Ainda assim, os custos econômicos são muito diferentes dos custos de seguro. Segue-se uma visão geral de dois tipos potenciais de coberturas de seguros envolvidos:

➧ Workers Compensation: Workers involved in the handling of poultry could be at risk. Because such an exposure is work-related, workers compensation coverage would apply.

(1) Indenização dos trabalhadores: Os trabalhadores envolvidos no manuseamento de aves de capoeira podem estar em risco. Uma vez que tal exposição está relacionada com o trabalho, a cobertura de indenização dos trabalhadores seria aplicável.

(2) Trabalhadores Compensação: Trabalhadores envolvidos no manuseio de aves de capoeira podem estar em risco. Uma vez que tal exposição está relacionada com o trabalho, seria aplicável a cobertura compensatória dos trabalhadores.

➧ Tort-Related Exposures: If the infected poultry were found to have gotten into the food supply and people become ill as a result, litigation could ensue.

(1) Exposições relacionadas a atos ilícitos civis: Se se descobrir que as aves de capoeira infectadas entraram no abastecimento alimentar e as pessoas ficarem doentes em consequência disso, poderá haver ação judicial.

(2) Exposições relacionadas a atos ilícitos civis: Se as aves infectadas tivessem entrado no suprimento de alimentos e as pessoas ficassem doentes como resultado, a ação judicial poderia resultar.

= KEYWORDS: Tort, Litigation, Ensue.

= TORT (= A CIVIL WRONG) – ATO ILÍCITO CIVIL cometido por uma pessoa a outra e que dá direito à vítima de reivindicar uma indenização (DAMAGES) – .

= LITIGATION (= any lawsuit or other resort to the courts to determine a legal question or matter.) – LITÍGIO, AÇÃO JUDICIAL(LAWSUIT). 

ESAF – 2004 – IRB – ADVOGADO (A) – LÍNGUA INGLESA – CONCURSO PÚBLICO – BRASIL RESSEGUROS S.A – PROVA COM GABARITO.

❑ Welcome back to another post!

❑ PROVA DE LÍNGUA INGLESA:  ESAF-2004-IRB-ADVOGADO(A)-20/03/2004.

❑ ORGANIZADOR: www.esaf.fazenda.gov.br.

❑ ESTRUTURA-PROVA:

➧ 05 Multiple Choice Questions / 5 Options Each Question.

➧ Text (1) – Global Insurance Analyst (2 questions)

➧ Text (2) – How to Manage Extreme Event Exposures | www.towersperrin.com (3 questions)

❑ GABARITO:

01-B,  02-A,  03-E,  04-C,  05-D

➧ TEXT 1: Your answers to questions 01 and 02 must be based on the text below:

Global Insurance Analyst

Source: Global Insurance Analyst Site

Your essential online tool for comprehensive Global Insurance Information 

Global Insurance Analyst is the easy to use information service for insurance professionals who need global insurance data as well as up-to-date news and merger information. It is the ideal information tool for managing competitive research, credit reviews, developing company prospecting lists and keeping abreast of the latest news and M & A (Mergers and Acquisitions).

Powerful, versatile and easy to use:

There is no quicker way to keep up with critical information about the international insurance industry and the companies in it. With a click of the mouse you can instantly view daily news articles as well as detailed financial reports like assets and liabilities, income statements, and scanned documents. These and many other financial reports can be directly downloaded to a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet for further analysis, review and presentation. You can also access insurance company web sites from Global Insurance Analyst via hot links on the company information page.

01 – (ESAF-2006-IRB-ADVOGADO/A)

According to the text, Global Insurance Analyst

 
(A) used to be a comprehensive insurance information source.
(B) offers global information input for the insurance industry.
(C) does not cater for the needs of the insurance professionals.
(D) might soon be offering financial reports on the insurance industry.
(E) should be updating its financial and economic data.

       Gabarito     B  

(B) offers global information input for the insurance industry.

(oferece informações globais para o setor de seguros.)

➧ CORRETA conforme o trecho:

➧ "[...] Global Insurance Analyst is the easy to use information service for insurance professionals who need global insurance data as well as up-to-date news and merger information."

➧ Global Insurance Analyst é o serviço de informação fácil de utilizar para os profissionais de seguros que necessitam de dados globais sobre seguros, bem como de notícias actualizadas e informações sobre fusões.

= INSURANCE - SEGURO [https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/insurance]

(1) INSURANCE + NOUN:[Oxford Dictionary]

// insurance cover for bodily injury to third parties | seguro de danos corporais a terceiros.

// a personal insurance policy | uma apólice de seguro pessoal.

// a national insurance scheme | um esquema de seguro nacional.

// a monthly insurance payment | um pagamento mensal de seguro.

// a monthly insurance premium | um prêmio de seguro mensal.

// rising insurance costs | aumento dos custos de seguro

// the insurance money | o dinheiro do seguro.

// insurance broking | corretagem de seguros.

// insurance services | serviços de seguros.

// insurance business | negócio de seguros.

// insurance industry | setor de seguros

// insurance market | mercado de seguros.

// insurance sector | setor de seguros.

// insurance company | companhia de seguros.

// insurance firm | seguradora.

// insurance fund | fundo de seguro.

// insurance group | grupo segurador.

// insurance agent | agente de seguros.

// insurance broker | corretor de seguros.

// insurance salesman | vendedor de seguros

// insurance underwriter | seguradora.

// insurance certificate | certificado de seguro.

(2) INSURANCE + VERB (pay for, cover):[Oxford Dictionary]

// The insurance will pay for the damage. – O seguro pagará pelos danos.

// Millions of people in the US are not covered by health insurance. – Milhões de pessoas nos EUA não são cobertas por seguro saúde.

(3) VERB (to pay, to take out, to arrange, to claim(on)) + INSURANCE: [Oxford Dictionary]

// I haven't paid the insurance yet this month. – Ainda não paguei o seguro este mês.

// The travel agent recommended that I take out travel insurance. – O agente de viagens recomendou-me que fizesse um seguro de viagem.

// The contract requires me to arrange my own insurance. – O contrato obriga-me a fazer o meu próprio seguro.

// She set fire to her house and then claimed insurance. –
claim (on). – Ela ateou fogo na casa dela e depois reivindicou o seguro.

// We claimed for the car repairs on the insurance. – Reivindicamos os reparos do carro no seguro.

(4) INSURANCE + PREPOSITION (against, for, on):[Oxford Dictionary]

// More people are taking out insurance against the high cost of dental care. – Cada vez mais pessoas estão fazendo seguro contra os elevados custos dos cuidados dentários.

// compulsory insurance for personal injury to employees – seguro obrigatório de lesões pessoais aos empregados.

// The court heard that he stood to gain millions in insurance on his wife. – O tribunal ouviu que ele pretendia ganhar milhões no seguro de sua esposa.

02 – (ESAF-2006-IRB-ADVOGADO/A)

According to the author, the Global Insurance Analyst is an 

"essential online tool for comprehensive global insurance information", which means the information provided is

 
(A) detailed
(B) understandable
(C) legal
(D) reliable
(E) official

       Gabarito     A  
Segundo o autor, o Global Insurance Analyst é uma "ferramenta online essencial para obter informações completas sobre seguros a nível mundial",

o que significa que as informações fornecidas são:

a) detailed (detalhadas)
b) understandable (compreensíveis)
c) legal(jurídicas)
d) reliable (confiáveis)
e) official (oficiais)

➧ TEXT 2: Your answers to questions 03 to 05 must be based on the text below:

How to Manage Extreme Event Exposures 

Source: www.towersperrin.com  

(With adaptations) In the wake of 9/11 and other man-made disasters, insurers know they need to improve their catastrophe exposure databases. But how?

In the 20 years prior to 9/11, the world experienced many man-made catastrophes. Domestic or international terrorists were responsible for the Federal Building bombing in Oklahoma City, the World Trade Center garage bombing and the nerve gas attack in the Tokyo subway. Such IT (Information Technology) - related events as the “Love Bug” e-mail virus and the “CodeRed” worm caused serious economic losses. Among the worst industrial disasters were the gas leak at Union Carbide’s pesticide plant in Bhopal, India and the nuclear accident at Chernobyl, Ukraine.

In light of these events, many companies have:
. prepared emergency evacuation plans to save employee lives;
. developed risk management procedures to avoid concentrating top executives in the same location;
. created backup systems to retrieve lost computer data and duplicate IT services.

03 – (ESAF-2006-IRB-ADVOGADO/A)

According to the author, catastrophe exposure databases need to be

a) resurrected
b) devised
c) corroborated
d) resumed
e) developed

       Gabarito     E  

04 – (ESAF-2006-IRB-ADVOGADO/A)

In relation to man-made catastrophes, the text says that they

a) have increased in the wake of 9/11.

b) are predominantly terrorist and biological.
c) encompass numerous sorts.
d) ought to be prevented by the insurance industry.

e) do not incur heavy losses for the insurers.

       Gabarito     C  

05 – (ESAF-2006-IRB-ADVOGADO/A)

According to the text, numerous companies

a) have unveiled their plans to expand the insurance industry.
b) have not been compensating their clients for terrorist attacks.
c) have been accessing unproven exposure databases.
d) have adopted a set of measures as a result of man-made disasters.
e) could have steered clear of many IT- related events.

       Gabarito     D