FGV/2023 – VESTIBULAR – 1º SEMESTRE – UNIFICADO – LÍNGUA INGLESA – FUNDAÇÃO GETÚLIO VARGAS – GABARITO & TEXTOS TRADUZIDOS.

www.inglesparaconcursos.blog.br

❑ PROVA DE LÍNGUA INGLESA:

• FGV/SP-2023-UNIFICADO-1º SEMESTRE-VESTIBULAR-15/11/2022.

https://vestibular.fgv.br

❑ ESTRUTURA-PROVA:

• 15 MCQs (Multiple Choice Questions) / 5 Options Each Question.

• Texto (1) – | Cooking and evolution | Natural History |• Texto (2) – | Human-induced fire in the pantanal | Natural History |

• Texto (3) – | Can images undermine truth? Some would say so | Time |

• Texto (4) – | Russia threatens to sue swiss newspaper | I am expat |

❑ TEXTO 1: Texto para as perguntas de 1 a 7.

COOKING AND EVOLUTION

By Jonathan Silvertown

(Note: The most commonly used recent definition of “hominin”: the group consisting of modern humans, extinct human species and all our immediate ancestors, including members of the genera Homo, Australopithecus, Paranthropus, and Ardipithecus.)

Cooking is fundamental to human nutrition, and it is a truly ancient practice that was pivotal in the evolution of humans. The idea that cooking makes us human is an old one. In 1785 the Scottish biographer and diarist James Boswell wrote: “My Definition of Man, is a ‘Cooking Animal.’ The beasts have memory, judgment, and the faculties and passions of our mind, in a certain degree; but no beast is a cook…” Boswell was writing before Darwin, and so he was not making an evolutionary argument, but the idea that cooking is fundamental to our species is a conclusion that others have also felt in their very guts [os próprios intestinos] to be right. Gut instinct [intuição] is generally frowned upon [pouco aceitável] as a source of evidence in science, but guts are key witnesses in this matter.

Since no beast is a cook and, as Boswell said, we are cooking animals, the obvious question is, how and when did this habit evolve? Our great ape [grande símio] cousins are essentially vegetarians, living on leaves and fruits. Gorillas eat only plants, but chimpanzees will catch and eat animals when they can, though this is opportunistic behavior and they live mainly on fruit. Chimps can’t cook, even though it has been argued that they are intelligent enough for the task. The common ancestor of chimps and ourselves must have been a vegetarian, and so we meat-eating, cooking humans evolved by stages from vegetarian, indeed vegan [um vegetariano que come somente produtos de plantas], stock [o progenitor original].

The enormous gulf between ourselves and other animals appears so large – not just in diet and cooking, but also in intelligence, language, brain size, and anatomy – because the intermediates along the evolutionary pathway that we unwittingly [sem saber] followed have been erased by extinction.

Vegetarians leave little behind in the paleoarchaeological record to show what they ate – or rather, what they leave behind is very little. The characteristic shapes of very tiny grains of silica called phytoliths – which are part of the structure of leaves and when eaten can become lodged [presos] in teeth – can tell us something about what kind of plants were eaten by, say, Lucy, the 3.18 million-year-old Australopithecus afarensis found in 1974 by Donald Johanson and Tom Gray in the desert of Hadar in Ethiopia. The diet of Lucy and her kind [espécie], though mainly vegetarian, included a wider range of plants than is eaten by chimps, and it seems that Australopithecus, of which there are several species, were in general adapted to live in a wider range of environments than chimps do. A. afarensis had larger molars, smaller canine teeth, and more powerful jaws than a chimp, suggesting that this ancestor did a great deal of chewing of tough food. The scientific consensus is that our own genus, Homo, arose from a species of Australopithecus, probably Lucy’s own A. afarensis, which lived 3.8-2.95 million years ago.

In any event, the answer to exactly when cooking began is likely to become clearer as more fossil and paleoarchaeological evidence is discovered. By comparison with the mystery of when cooking began, the question of why has a much clearer answer. Cooking increases the digestibility of food, enabling us to extract more energy from it, and it inactivates many toxins, incidentally, opening new vistas of possibility in hominin evolution. Perhaps the most persuasive evidence that we are truly the cooking animal is that brain growth and cooking do seem inextricably linked. During the evolution of humans, our guts shrank at around the same time that our brains grew. Large, smart brains unlocked the possibility of uniquely human capabilities such as complex language, abstract thinking, and all that flowed from that. Brains are very energy-hungry organs. The human brain is only about 2 percent of body weight but uses fully 20 percent of the energy consumed in a resting state.

While our brains are much bigger than the norm for a primate of our size, our guts are much smaller. By economizing on guts, evolution spared energy for splurging [gastar liberalmente] on bigger brains. Studies suggest that by increasing the energy value of our food, cooking made it possible for smaller guts to supply the burgeoning [crescentes] requirements of brain evolution. Our evolutionary history has indeed shaped our dietary capabilities, but it has broadened rather than narrowed them. We have survived and then thrived [florescido], multiplied, and occupied every continent because we are adaptable, intelligent omnivores.

Adapted from Natural History, 12/17-01/18

❑ TRADUÇÃO-TEXTO 1:

COOKING AND EVOLUTION

COZINHA E EVOLUÇÃO

(Note: The most commonly used recent definition of “hominin”: the group consisting of modern humans, extinct human species and all our immediate ancestors, including members of the genera Homo, Australopithecus, Paranthropus, and Ardipithecus.) – (Nota: A definição recente mais comumente usada de “hominídeo”: o grupo que consiste em humanos modernos, espécies humanas extintas e todos os nossos ancestrais imediatos, incluindo membros dos gêneros Homo, Australopithecus, Paranthropus e Ardipithecus.)

Cooking is fundamental to human nutrition, and it is a truly ancient practice that was pivotal in the evolution of humans. The idea that cooking makes us human is an old one. –  Cozinhar é fundamental para a nutrição humana e é uma prática verdadeiramente antiga que foi fundamental na evolução dos humanos. A ideia de que cozinhar nos torna humanos é antiga.

In 1785 the Scottish biographer and diarist James Boswell wrote: “My Definition of Man, is a ‘Cooking Animal.’ The beasts have memory, judgment, and the faculties and passions of our mind, in a certain degree; but no beast is a cook…” – Em 1785, o biógrafo e diarista escocês James Boswell escreveu: “Minha definição de homem é um ‘animal culinário’. Os animais têm memória, julgamento e as faculdades e paixões de nossa mente, em certo grau; mas nenhum animal é cozinheiro…”

Boswell was writing before Darwin, and so he was not making an evolutionary argument, but the idea that cooking is fundamental to our species is a conclusion that others have also felt in their very guts [os próprios intestinos] to be right. – Boswell escreveu antes de Darwin, e por isso não estava a apresentar um argumento evolucionista, mas a ideia de que cozinhar é fundamental para a nossa espécie é uma conclusão que outros também sentiram nas suas entranhas [os próprios intestinos] estar certa. 

Gut instinct [intuição] is generally frowned upon [pouco aceitável] as a source of evidence in science, but guts are key witnesses in this matter. – O instinto intestinal [intuição] é geralmente desaprovado [pouco aceitável] como fonte de evidência na ciência, mas os intestinos são testemunhas-chave nesta questão.

Since no beast is a cook and, as Boswell said, we are cooking animals, the obvious question is, how and when did this habit evolve? – Como nenhum animal é cozinheiro e, como disse Boswell, cozinhamos animais, a questão óbvia é: como e quando esse hábito evoluiu?

Our great ape [grande símio] cousins are essentially vegetarians, living on leaves and fruits. – Nossos primos grandes símios [grande símio] são essencialmente vegetarianos, vivendo de folhas e frutas.

Gorillas eat only plants, but chimpanzees will catch and eat animals when they can, though this is opportunistic behavior and they live mainly on fruit. – Os gorilas comem apenas plantas, mas os chimpanzés capturam e comem animais quando podem, embora este seja um comportamento oportunista e eles vivam principalmente de frutas.

Chimps can’t cook, even though it has been argued that they are intelligent enough for the task. – Os chimpanzés não sabem cozinhar, embora se argumente que são suficientemente inteligentes para essa tarefa.

The common ancestor of chimps and ourselves must have been a vegetarian, and so we meat-eating, cooking humans evolved by stages from vegetarian, indeed vegan [um vegetariano que come somente produtos de plantas], stock [o progenitor original]. – O ancestral comum dos chimpanzés e de nós mesmos deve ter sido vegetariano e, portanto, nós, humanos que comemos carne e cozinhamos, evoluímos por etapas de vegetarianos, na verdade veganos [um vegetariano que vem somente produtos de plantas], stock [o progenitor original].

The enormous gulf between ourselves and other animals appears so large – not just in diet and cooking, but also in intelligence, language, brain size, and anatomy – because the intermediates along the evolutionary pathway that we unwittingly [sem saber] followed have been erased by extinction. – O enorme abismo entre nós e os outros animais parece tão grande – não apenas na dieta e na culinária, mas também na inteligência, na linguagem, no tamanho do cérebro e na anatomia – porque os intermediários ao longo do caminho evolutivo que involuntariamente [sem saber] seguimos foram apagados. por extinção.

Vegetarians leave little behind in the paleoarchaeological record to show what they ate – or rather, what they leave behind is very little. – Os vegetarianos deixam pouco no registo paleoarqueológico para mostrar o que comeram – ou melhor, o que deixam é muito pouco.

The characteristic shapes of very tiny grains of silica called phytoliths – which are part of the structure of leaves and when eaten can become lodged [presos] in teeth – can tell us something about what kind of plants were eaten by, say, Lucy, the 3.18 million-year-old Australopithecus afarensis found in 1974 by Donald Johanson and Tom Gray in the desert of Hadar in Ethiopia. – As formas características de minúsculos grãos de sílica chamados fitólitos – que fazem parte da estrutura das folhas e quando comidos podem ficar alojados [presos] nos dentes – podem nos dizer algo sobre que tipo de plantas foram comidas por, digamos, Lucy, a Australopithecus afarensis de 3,18 milhões de anos encontrado em 1974 por Donald Johanson e Tom Gray no deserto de Hadar, na Etiópia.

The diet of Lucy and her kind [espécie], though mainly vegetarian, included a wider range of plants than is eaten by chimps, and it seems that Australopithecus, of which there are several species, were in general adapted to live in a wider range of environments than chimps do. A. afarensis had larger molars, smaller canine teeth, and more powerful jaws than a chimp, suggesting that this ancestor did a great deal of chewing of tough food. – A dieta de Lucy e de sua espécie [espécie], embora principalmente vegetariana, incluía uma variedade maior de plantas do que a consumida pelos chimpanzés, e parece que o Australopithecus, do qual existem várias espécies, estava em geral adaptado para viver em uma variedade mais ampla. de ambientes do que os chimpanzés. A. afarensis tinha molares maiores, dentes caninos menores e mandíbulas mais poderosas que as de um chimpanzé, sugerindo que esse ancestral mastigava bastante alimentos duros.

The scientific consensus is that our own genus, Homo, arose from a species of Australopithecus, probably Lucy’s own A. afarensis, which lived 3.8-2.95 million years ago. – O consenso científico é que o nosso próprio género, Homo, surgiu de uma espécie de Australopithecus, provavelmente o A. afarensis da própria Lucy, que viveu entre 3,8 e 2,95 milhões de anos atrás.

In any event, the answer to exactly when cooking began is likely to become clearer as more fossil and paleoarchaeological evidence is discovered. – Em qualquer caso, a resposta sobre quando exatamente começou o cozimento provavelmente se tornará mais clara à medida que mais evidências fósseis e paleoarqueológicas forem descobertas.

By comparison with the mystery of when cooking began, the question of why has a much clearer answer. – Em comparação com o mistério de quando começou a cozinhar, a questão do porquê tem uma resposta muito mais clara.

Cooking increases the digestibility of food, enabling us to extract more energy from it, and it inactivates many toxins, incidentally, opening new vistas of possibility in hominin evolution. – Cozinhar aumenta a digestibilidade dos alimentos, permitindo-nos extrair mais energia deles, e inativa muitas toxinas, aliás, abrindo novas perspectivas de possibilidade na evolução dos hominídeos.

Perhaps the most persuasive evidence that we are truly the cooking animal is that brain growth and cooking do seem inextricably linked. – Talvez a evidência mais convincente de que somos realmente o animal que cozinha é que o crescimento do cérebro e a culinária parecem inextricavelmente ligados.

During the evolution of humans, our guts shrank at around the same time that our brains grew. – Durante a evolução dos humanos, nossas entranhas encolheram mais ou menos na mesma época em que nossos cérebros cresceram.

Large, smart brains unlocked the possibility of uniquely human capabilities such as complex language, abstract thinking, and all that flowed from that. Brains are very energy-hungry organs. – Cérebros grandes e inteligentes desbloquearam a possibilidade de capacidades exclusivamente humanas, como linguagem complexa, pensamento abstrato e tudo o que daí resultou. Os cérebros são órgãos que consomem muita energia.

The human brain is only about 2 percent of body weight but uses fully 20 percent of the energy consumed in a resting state. – O cérebro humano representa apenas cerca de 2% do peso corporal, mas utiliza totalmente 20% da energia consumida em estado de repouso.

While our brains are much bigger than the norm for a primate of our size, our guts are much smaller. – Embora nossos cérebros sejam muito maiores do que o normal para um primata do nosso tamanho, nossas entranhas são muito menores.

By economizing on guts, evolution spared energy for splurging [gastar liberalmente] on bigger brains. – Ao economizar coragem, a evolução poupou energia para gastar [gastar liberalmente] em cérebros maiores.

Studies suggest that by increasing the energy value of our food, cooking made it possible for smaller guts to supply the burgeoning [crescentes] requirements of brain evolution. – Estudos sugerem que, ao aumentar o valor energético dos nossos alimentos, o cozimento tornou possível que intestinos menores suprissem as necessidades crescentes da evolução do cérebro.

Our evolutionary history has indeed shaped our dietary capabilities, but it has broadened rather than narrowed them. – A nossa história evolutiva moldou efectivamente as nossas capacidades alimentares, mas ampliou-as em vez de as estreitar. 

We have survived and then thrived [florescido], multiplied, and occupied every continent because we are adaptable, intelligent omnivores. – Sobrevivemos e depois prosperamos [florescido], multiplicamo-nos e ocupamos todos os continentes porque somos omnívoros inteligentes e adaptáveis.

01 – (FGV-2023-VESTIBULAR-1º SEMESTRE-UNIFICADO)

In paragraph 1, the quotation from James Boswell is most likely presented to

(A) highlight the fact that cooking is a crucial part of human nutrition.

(B) show when the idea first appeared that humans are unique because they are the only animal that cooks.

(C) give an idea of the longevity of a widespread point of view.

(D) identify a theory that has led to an even more important theory.

(E) explain the essence of what it means to be human.

 👍  Comentários e Gabarito  C 
TÓPICO - COMPREENSÃO TEXTUAL:

No parágrafo 1, a citação de James Boswell é provavelmente apresentada a

(A) highlight the fact that cooking is a crucial part of human nutrition. – para destacar o fato de que cozinhar é uma parte crucial da nutrição humana.

(B) show when the idea first appeared that humans are unique because they are the only animal that cooks. – para mostrar quando surgiu pela primeira vez a ideia de que os humanos são únicos porque são o único animal que cozinha.

(C) give an idea of the longevity of a widespread point of view. – para dar uma ideia da longevidade de um ponto de vista difundido.

(D) identify a theory that has led to an even more important theory. – para identificar uma teoria que levou a uma teoria ainda mais importante.

(E) explain the essence of what it means to be human. – para explicar a essência do que significa ser humano.

02 – (FGV-2023-VESTIBULAR-1º SEMESTRE-UNIFICADO)

In paragraph 2, the term “opportunistic behavior” most likely refers to which of the following?

(A) Chimpanzees do not regularly and deliberately seek meat as part of their diet.

(B) The guts of gorillas did not develop specifically for the digestion of meat. 

(C) The guts of chimpanzees did not develop specifically for the digestion of meat.

(D) The main factor separating the chimpanzee diet from the gorilla diet is opportunity.

(E) For chimpanzees, meat is a luxury rather than a necessity.

 👍  Comentários e Gabarito  A 

TÓPICO - COMPREENSÃO TEXTUAL: 

No parágrafo 2, o termo “comportamento oportunista” refere-se provavelmente a qual das seguintes opções?

(A) Chimpanzees do not regularly and deliberately seek meat as part of their diet. – Os chimpanzés não procuram regular e deliberadamente carne como parte de sua dieta.

(B) The guts of gorillas did not develop specifically for the digestion of meat. – Os intestinos dos gorilas não se desenvolveram especificamente para a digestão da carne.

(C) The guts of chimpanzees did not develop specifically for the digestion of meat. – Os intestinos dos chimpanzés não se desenvolveram especificamente para a digestão da carne.

(D) The main factor separating the chimpanzee diet from the gorilla diet is opportunity. – O principal fator que separa a dieta do chimpanzé da dieta do gorila é a oportunidade.

(E) For chimpanzees, meat is a luxury rather than a necessity. – Para os chimpanzés, a carne é um luxo e não uma necessidade.

03 – (FGV-2023-VESTIBULAR-1º SEMESTRE-UNIFICADO)

The information in the article most supports which of the following?

(A) If the evolutionary ancestors of humans were not all extinct, it might be possible nowadays to perceive greater similarities between humans and other animals.

(B) So far, all scientific experiments focused on the potential of chimpanzees to cook meat have produced varied, inconclusive results.

(C) There are fewer evolutionary differences between chimpanzees and humans than between chimpanzees and gorillas. 

(D) Because chimpanzees are potentially able to cook, we must assume that they are far more developed than gorillas.

(E) Evolutionary studies confirm that the human race has avoided extinction because it has always eaten meat.

 👍  Comentários e Gabarito  A 
TÓPICO - COMPREENSÃO TEXTUAL:

As informações no artigo apoiam melhor qual das seguintes opções?

(A) If the evolutionary ancestors of humans were not all extinct, it might be possible nowadays to perceive greater similarities between humans and other animals. – Se os ancestrais evolutivos dos humanos não estivessem todos extintos, hoje seria possível perceber maiores semelhanças entre os humanos e outros animais.

(B) So far, all scientific experiments focused on the potential of chimpanzees to cook meat have produced varied, inconclusive results. – Até agora, todas as experiências científicas centradas no potencial dos chimpanzés para cozinhar carne produziram resultados variados e inconclusivos.

(C) There are fewer evolutionary differences between chimpanzees and humans than between chimpanzees and gorillas. – Existem menos diferenças evolutivas entre chimpanzés e humanos do que entre chimpanzés e gorilas.

(D) Because chimpanzees are potentially able to cook, we must assume that they are far more developed than gorillas. – Como os chimpanzés são potencialmente capazes de cozinhar, devemos assumir que eles são muito mais desenvolvidos que os gorilas.

(E) Evolutionary studies confirm that the human race has avoided extinction because it has always eaten meat. – Estudos evolutivos confirmam que a raça humana evitou a extinção porque sempre comeu carne.

04 – (FGV-2023-VESTIBULAR-1º SEMESTRE-UNIFICADO)

With respect to phytoliths (as mentioned in paragraph 4), the information in the article most likely provides support for which of the following?

(A) They are one of the many things left behind in the paleoarchaeological record that provide evidence of what early vegetarians ate.

(B) Since they are non-digestible and are therefore expelled in the feces of vegetarian animals, they can be important elements of paleoarchaeological research. 

(C) The presence of phytoliths in certain Ethiopian fossils enabled scientists to establish the age of the Australopithecus afarensis known as Lucy.

(D) In 1974, while doing research in the desert of Hadar in Ethiopia, Donald Johanson and Tom Gray were the first to discover the scientific importance of phytoliths.

(E) The presence of phytoliths in the teeth of Lucy suggest differences between the diets and even the habitats of A. afarensis and chimpanzees.

 👍  Comentários e Gabarito  E 
TÓPICO - COMPREENSÃO TEXTUAL:

No que diz respeito aos fitólitos (conforme mencionado no parágrafo 4), a informação no artigo provavelmente fornece suporte para qual das seguintes opções?

(A) They are one of the many things left behind in the paleoarchaeological record that provide evidence of what early vegetarians ate. – São uma das muitas coisas deixadas no registo paleoarqueológico que fornece evidências do que os primeiros vegetarianos comiam.

(B) Since they are non-digestible and are therefore expelled in the feces of vegetarian animals, they can be important elements of paleoarchaeological research. – Por não serem digeríveis e, portanto, serem expelidos nas fezes de animais vegetarianos, podem ser elementos importantes da pesquisa paleoarqueológica.

(C) The presence of phytoliths in certain Ethiopian fossils enabled scientists to establish the age of the Australopithecus afarensis known as Lucy. – A presença de fitólitos em certos fósseis etíopes permitiu aos cientistas estabelecer a idade do Australopithecus afarensis conhecido como Lucy.

(D) In 1974, while doing research in the desert of Hadar in Ethiopia, Donald Johanson and Tom Gray were the first to discover the scientific importance of phytoliths. – Em 1974, enquanto faziam pesquisas no deserto de Hadar, na Etiópia, Donald Johanson e Tom Gray foram os primeiros a descobrir a importância científica dos fitólitos.

(E) The presence of phytoliths in the teeth of Lucy suggest differences between the diets and even the habitats of A. afarensis and chimpanzees. – A presença de fitólitos nos dentes de Lucy sugere diferenças entre as dietas e até mesmo os habitats de A. afarensis e chimpanzés.

05 – (FGV-2023-VESTIBULAR-1º SEMESTRE-UNIFICADO)

In paragraph 4, the phrase “A. afarensis had larger molars, smaller canine teeth, and more powerful jaws than a chimp…” most likely suggests which of the following?

(A) The diet of A. afarensis contained a wide and copious variety of raw meat.

(B) The standard diet of chimpanzees probably contains a relatively smaller percentage of tough food than did the diet of A. afarensis. 

(C) The genus Homo owed its evolutionary success to the powerful jaw and efficient arrangement of teeth that it had inherited from A. afarensis.

(D) Because of their inefficient arrangement of teeth and weak jaw muscles, chimpanzees are limited to a small range of foods and habitats.

(E) An efficient digestive system is the most important prerequisite for success along the evolutionary pathway.

 👍  Comentários e Gabarito  B 
TÓPICO - COMPREENSÃO TEXTUAL:

No parágrafo 4, a frase “A. afarensis tinha molares maiores, dentes caninos menores e mandíbulas mais poderosas do que um chimpanzé…” provavelmente sugere qual das seguintes opções?

(A) The diet of A. afarensis contained a wide and copious variety of raw meat. – A dieta de A. afarensis continha uma grande e abundante variedade de carne crua.

(B) The standard diet of chimpanzees probably contains a relatively smaller percentage of tough food than did the diet of A. afarensis. –  A dieta padrão dos chimpanzés provavelmente contém uma percentagem relativamente menor de alimentos duros do que a dieta do A. afarensis.

(C) The genus Homo owed its evolutionary success to the powerful jaw and efficient arrangement of teeth that it had inherited from A. afarensis. – O gênero Homo deveu seu sucesso evolutivo à mandíbula poderosa e ao arranjo eficiente dos dentes que herdou de A. afarensis.

(D) Because of their inefficient arrangement of teeth and weak jaw muscles, chimpanzees are limited to a small range of foods and habitats. – Devido à disposição ineficiente dos dentes e aos músculos fracos da mandíbula, os chimpanzés estão limitados a uma pequena variedade de alimentos e habitats.

(E) An efficient digestive system is the most important prerequisite for success along the evolutionary pathway.

 – Um sistema digestivo eficiente é o pré-requisito mais importante para o sucesso ao longo do caminho evolutivo.

06 – (FGV-2023-VESTIBULAR-1º SEMESTRE-UNIFICADO)

According to the information in the article,

(A) though raw food is healthier than cooked food, it provides the human body with less energy.

(B) it was unnecessary to collect and interpret fossil and paleoarchaeological evidence to discover why cooking began.

(C) without cooking, it would have been impossible for A. afarensis to evolve into present-day human beings.

(D) because of cooked food, energy previously required by our guts could be channeled to our brain.

(E) a diet of raw food will of necessity be detrimental to the intellectual processes of any animal species.

 👍  Comentários e Gabarito  D 
TÓPICO - COMPREENSÃO TEXTUAL:

De acordo com as informações do artigo,

(A) though raw food is healthier than cooked food, it provides the human body with less energy. – embora os alimentos crus sejam mais saudáveis do que os cozidos, eles fornecem menos energia ao corpo humano.

(B) it was unnecessary to collect and interpret fossil and paleoarchaeological evidence to discover why cooking began. – era desnecessário coletar e interpretar evidências fósseis e paleoarqueológicas para descobrir por que o cozimento começou.

(C) without cooking, it would have been impossible for A. afarensis to evolve into present-day human beings. – sem cozinhar, teria sido impossível para o A. afarensis evoluir para os seres humanos atuais.

(D) because of cooked food, energy previously required by our guts could be channeled to our brain. – por causa dos alimentos cozidos, a energia anteriormente exigida pelo nosso intestino poderia ser canalizada para o nosso cérebro.

(E) a diet of raw food will of necessity be detrimental to the intellectual processes of any animal species. – uma dieta de alimentos crus será necessariamente prejudicial aos processos intelectuais de qualquer espécie animal.

07 – (FGV-2023-VESTIBULAR-1º SEMESTRE-UNIFICADO)

The main purpose of the last paragraph is most likely to

(A) identify the evolutionary processes that led to the great efficiency of the human brain.

(B) point to one of the main reasons for the extinction of certain hominin species and for the survival of others.

(C) give a brief summary of the probable cause and effect of the dietary and mental abilities of humans.

(D) demonstrate the value of paleoarchaeological research in establishing credible evolutionary narratives.

(E) lay out clearly the successful evolutionary pathway that has led to human predominance of Earth.

 👍  Comentários e Gabarito  C 
TÓPICO - THE MAIN PURPOSE :

O objetivo principal do último parágrafo é provavelmente

(A) identify the evolutionary processes that led to the great efficiency of the human brain. – identificar os processos evolutivos que levaram à grande eficiência do cérebro humano.

(B) point to one of the main reasons for the extinction of certain hominin species and for the survival of others. – apontar para uma das principais razões para a extinção de certas espécies de hominídeos e para a sobrevivência de outras.

(C) give a brief summary of the probable cause and effect of the dietary and mental abilities of humans. – dar um breve resumo da provável causa e efeito das habilidades alimentares e mentais dos humanos.

(D) demonstrate the value of paleoarchaeological research in establishing credible evolutionary narratives. – demonstrar o valor da investigação paleoarqueológica no estabelecimento de narrativas evolutivas credíveis.

(E) lay out clearly the successful evolutionary pathway that has led to human predominance of Earth. – expor claramente o caminho evolutivo bem-sucedido que levou à predominância humana na Terra.

❑ TEXTO 2: Texto para as perguntas 8 e 9.

HUMAN-INDUCED FIRE IN THE PANTANAL

By Eric Scigliano

The vast inland delta known as the Pantanal is the world’s largest contiguous wetland, covering more than 40,000 square miles of seasonally flooded grass and woodland in Brazil and thousands more in Bolivia and Paraguay. Richer in wildlife than the Amazon rainforest, the Pantanal has now joined California and Siberia as a major fire disaster zone.

In 2020, about 29 percent of the Pantanal burned – making it the worst recorded fire year for the area, by far [de longe], according to an analysis of satellite spectroradiometer imaging data by researchers at NASA’s Goddard and Marshall Space Flight Centers [in the U.S.], the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, and Cardiff University in Wales. Brazilian authorities blamed the fires on an exceptionally severe drought [seca] in 2018. But the new research points to a more direct form of human causation. The burning concentrated strongly on relatively intact natural areas, while areas already devoted to cattle grazing [pasto de gado] suffered far less.

Prior to 2020, despite a long history of people using fire to clear areas for grazing, vegetation in natural conservation areas remained lush [exuberante, abundante]. In 2020, however, blazes burned 52 percent of protected areas and 44 percent of areas with minimal grazing – about 360 percent above mean burning levels [níveis médios de queimadas] since 2003. By contrast, just 6 percent of areas with medium cattle density and less than 1 percent of heavily grazed areas burned. Natural forests and wetlands, which ranchers and farmers may seek to alter and put to use, burned markedly more than savannah, pasture [pasto], and croplands [terras de plantações] that are already usable.

Adapted from Natural History, April 2022.

❑ TRADUÇÃO-TEXTO 2:

HUMAN-INDUCED FIRE IN THE PANTANAL

FOGO INDUZIDO PELO HOMEM NO PANTANAL

The vast inland delta known as the Pantanal is the world’s largest contiguous wetland, covering more than 40,000 square miles of seasonally flooded grass and woodland in Brazil and thousands more in Bolivia and Paraguay. – O vasto delta interior conhecido como Pantanal é a maior zona húmida contígua do mundo, cobrindo mais de 40.000 milhas quadradas de pastagens e florestas sazonalmente inundadas no Brasil e milhares mais na Bolívia e no Paraguai.

Richer in wildlife than the Amazon rainforest, the Pantanal has now joined California and Siberia as a major fire disaster zone. – Mais rico em vida selvagem do que a floresta amazônica, o Pantanal juntou-se agora à Califórnia e à Sibéria como uma zona de grande desastre de incêndios.

In 2020, about 29 percent of the Pantanal burned – making it the worst recorded fire year for the area, by far [de longe], according to an analysis of satellite spectroradiometer imaging data by researchers at NASA’s Goddard and Marshall Space Flight Centers [in the U.S.], the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, and Cardiff University in Wales. – Em 2020, cerca de 29 por cento do Pantanal queimou – tornando-o o pior ano de incêndios registrado na área, de longe [de longe], de acordo com uma análise de dados de imagens de espectrorradiômetro de satélite por pesquisadores dos Centros de Voo Espacial Goddard e Marshall da NASA [em os EUA], a Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro e a Universidade de Cardiff no País de Gales.

Brazilian authorities blamed the fires on an exceptionally severe drought [seca] in 2018. – As autoridades brasileiras atribuíram os incêndios a uma seca excepcionalmente severa [seca] em 2018.

But the new research points to a more direct form of human causation. – Mas a nova investigação aponta para uma forma mais direta de causalidade humana.

The burning concentrated strongly on relatively intact natural areas, while areas already devoted to cattle grazing [pasto de gado] suffered far less. – As queimadas concentraram-se fortemente em áreas naturais relativamente intactas, enquanto as áreas já dedicadas à pastagem de gado sofreram muito menos.

Prior to 2020, despite a long history of people using fire to clear areas for grazing, vegetation in natural conservation areas remained lush [exuberante, abundante]. – Antes de 2020, apesar de um longo histórico de uso do fogo para limpar áreas de pastagem, a vegetação nas áreas de conservação natural permanecia exuberante [exuberante, abundante].

In 2020, however, blazes burned 52 percent of protected areas and 44 percent of areas with minimal grazing – about 360 percent above mean burning levels [níveis médios de queimadas] since 2003. – Em 2020, no entanto, os incêndios queimaram 52% das áreas protegidas e 44% das áreas com pastoreio mínimo – cerca de 360% acima dos níveis médios de queimadas [níveis médios de queimadas] desde 2003.

By contrast, just 6 percent of areas with medium cattle density and less than 1 percent of heavily grazed areas burned. – Em contraste, apenas 6 por cento das áreas com densidade média de gado e menos de 1 por cento das áreas com pastoreio pesado foram queimadas.

Natural forests and wetlands, which ranchers and farmers may seek to alter and put to use, burned markedly more than savannah, pasture [pasto], and croplands [terras de plantações] that are already usable. – As florestas naturais e as zonas húmidas, que os pecuaristas e agricultores podem procurar alterar e utilizar, queimaram significativamente mais do que a savana, as pastagens e as terras agrícolas já utilizáveis.

08 – (FGV-2023-VESTIBULAR-1º SEMESTRE-UNIFICADO)

With respect to the Pantanal, which of the following is probably least supported by the information in the passage?

(A) Just the Brazilian portion of the Pantanal contains more flora and fauna than does the entire Amazon rainforest.

(B) Although located in different parts of the world, California, Siberia, and the Pantanal all share an urgent, serious characteristic.

(C) At least until 2020, a common Brazilian agrarian practice wasn’t extremely destructive in the Pantanal’s protected wilderness areas.

(D) Although it is classified as a contiguous wetland, the Pantanal is not flooded all year long.

(E) It may have been inaccurate for Brazilian authorities to attribute the 2020 fires to the 2018 drought.

 👍  Comentários e Gabarito  A 
TÓPICO - COMPREENSÃO TEXTUAL:

Com relação ao Pantanal, qual das afirmações a seguir é provavelmente menos apoiada pelas informações contidas na passagem?

(A) Just the Brazilian portion of the Pantanal contains more flora and fauna than does the entire Amazon rainforest. – Apenas a porção brasileira do Pantanal contém mais flora e fauna do que toda a floresta amazônica.

(B) Although located in different parts of the world, California, Siberia, and the Pantanal all share an urgent, serious characteristic. – Embora localizados em diferentes partes do mundo, a Califórnia, a Sibéria e o Pantanal compartilham uma característica urgente e séria.

(C) At least until 2020, a common Brazilian agrarian practice wasn’t extremely destructive in the Pantanal’s protected wilderness areas. – Pelo menos até 2020, uma prática agrária brasileira comum não era extremamente destrutiva nas áreas selvagens protegidas do Pantanal.

(D) Although it is classified as a contiguous wetland, the Pantanal is not flooded all year long. – Embora seja classificado como zona úmida contígua, o Pantanal não fica inundado o ano todo.

(E) It may have been inaccurate for Brazilian authorities to attribute the 2020 fires to the 2018 drought. – Pode ter sido impreciso as autoridades brasileiras atribuirem os incêndios de 2020 à seca de 2018.

09 – (FGV-2023-VESTIBULAR-1º SEMESTRE-UNIFICADO)

Considering the information in the passage, you can most likely conclude which of the following?

(A) Land in the Pantanal remains essentially useless for many years after being subjected to extensive burning.

(B) Using fire to clear land for plantations and cattle ranches in the Pantanal is an efficient, productive, and widely approved agricultural practice.

(C) Since the Pantanal is in reality eternal, loud warnings about its imminent destruction are merely examples of irresponsible propaganda.

(D) Scientific research suggests that the 2020 Pantanal fires were more the result of human action than of natural forces.

(E)Natural phenomena protected agricultural and grazing lands in the Pantanal from the worst effects of the 2020 fires.

 👍  Comentários e Gabarito  D 

TÓPICO - COMPREENSÃO TEXTUAL:

Considerando as informações contidas na passagem, você provavelmente pode concluir qual das seguintes opções?

(A) Land in the Pantanal remains essentially useless for many years after being subjected to extensive burning. – As terras no Pantanal permanecem essencialmente inúteis por muitos anos após serem submetidas a queimadas extensas.

(B) Using fire to clear land for plantations and cattle ranches in the Pantanal is an efficient, productive, and widely approved agricultural practice. – Usar o fogo para limpar terras para plantações e fazendas de gado no Pantanal é uma prática agrícola eficiente, produtiva e amplamente aprovada.

(C) Since the Pantanal is in reality eternal, loud warnings about its imminent destruction are merely examples of irresponsible propaganda. – Como o Pantanal é na realidade eterno, os avisos ruidosos sobre a sua destruição iminente são apenas exemplos de propaganda irresponsável.

(D) Scientific research suggests that the 2020 Pantanal fires were more the result of human action than of natural forces. – Pesquisas científicas sugerem que os incêndios no Pantanal de 2020 foram mais resultado da ação humana do que de forças naturais.

(E)Natural phenomena protected agricultural and grazing lands in the Pantanal from the worst effects of the 2020 fires. – Os fenômenos naturais protegeram as terras agrícolas e de pastagem do Pantanal dos piores efeitos dos incêndios de 2020. 

❑ TEXTO 3: Texto para as perguntas de 10 a 12

CAN IMAGES UNDERMINE TRUTH? SOME WOULD SAY SO

In March 2001, the Taliban regime that ruled Afghanistan stunned [chocou] the world by destroying two ancient and monumental sculptures of the Buddha carved [esculpidas, entalhadas] into the sandstone cliffs of the province of Bamiyan. Images have power – to enchant, but also to threaten. For centuries they have threatened those who believe that images stand in the way of the authentic search [busca] for God, and who have retaliated by obliterating religious art. We call that self-inflicted wound [ferido] iconoclasm, from the Greek eikono klasmos – “image breaking.”

It has a long history. Jews were discouraged from religious imagery by the injunction against “graven images” [imagens esculpidas] in the biblical book of Exodus. Most Moslems have been opposed to religious imagery, including representations of the Prophet [Mohammed]. But hostility to “idol worship” [adoração de ídolos] has been a struggle for centuries within Christianity as well. In the year 726 the episode that first gave iconoclasm its name began when Byzantine Emperor Leo III ordered the destruction of all pictures and statuary in Christian churches within his empire. It was an order that set off riots [acendou tumultos] in many places and ignited more than a century of turmoil [tumultuo, desordem] in the Byzantine Empire before the defenders of holy images gained the upper hand [a posição dominante] in 842.

As the Protestant Reformation took shape in the 16th century, some reformers opposed what they saw as the worship of pictures and statues among the Catholic faithful. John Calvin’s hatred of “heathen” [pagão] imagery and statuary would lead to a wave of church “cleansings” in the Netherlands [os Países Baixos] in 1566 and campaigns against holy pictures and statues during the English Civil War. It was an attitude the Pilgrims [os Peregrinos], Puritan followers of Calvin, would carry with them to the New World in North America.

Adapted from 100 Ideas That Changed The World, published by Time

❑ TRADUÇÃO-TEXTO 3:

CAN IMAGES UNDERMINE TRUTH?

SOME WOULD SAY SO

AS IMAGENS PODEM MINAR A VERDADE?

ALGUNS DIRIAM ASSIM

In March 2001, the Taliban regime that ruled Afghanistan stunned [chocou] the world by destroying two ancient and monumental sculptures of the Buddha carved [esculpidas, entalhadas] into the sandstone cliffs of the province of Bamiyan. – Em Março de 2001, o regime talibã que governava o Afeganistão surpreendeu [chocou] o mundo ao destruir duas esculturas antigas e monumentais do Buda esculpidas [esculpidas, enalhadas] nas falésias de arenito da província de Bamiyan.

Images have power – to enchant, but also to threaten. – As imagens têm poder – de encantar, mas também de ameaçar.

For centuries they have threatened those who believe that images stand in the way of the authentic search [busca] for God, and who have retaliated by obliterating religious art. – Durante séculos, eles ameaçaram aqueles que acreditam que as imagens impedem a busca autêntica de Deus, e que retaliaram destruindo a arte religiosa.

We call that self-inflicted wound [ferido] iconoclasm, from the Greek eikono klasmos – “image breaking.” – Chamamos essa ferida autoinfligida [ferida] de iconoclastia, do grego eikono klasmos – “quebra de imagem”.

It has a long history. Jews were discouraged from religious imagery by the injunction against “graven images” [imagens esculpidas] in the biblical book of Exodus. – Tem uma longa história. Os judeus foram desencorajados de imagens religiosas pela proibição contra “imagens esculpidas” no livro bíblico do Êxodo.

Most Moslems have been opposed to religious imagery, including representations of the Prophet [Mohammed]. – A maioria dos muçulmanos opôs-se às imagens religiosas, incluindo representações do Profeta [Maomé].

But hostility to “idol worship” [adoração de ídolos] has been a struggle for centuries within Christianity as well. – Mas a hostilidade à “adoração de ídolos” tem sido uma luta durante séculos também dentro do Cristianismo.

In the year 726 the episode that first gave iconoclasm its name began when Byzantine Emperor Leo III ordered the destruction of all pictures and statuary in Christian churches within his empire. – No ano de 726, o episódio que deu nome à iconoclastia começou quando o imperador bizantino Leão III ordenou a destruição de todos os quadros e estátuas nas igrejas cristãs de seu império.

It was an order that set off riots [acendou tumultos] in many places and ignited more than a century of turmoil [tumultuo, desordem] in the Byzantine Empire before the defenders of holy images gained the upper hand [a posição dominante] in 842. – Foi uma ordem que desencadeou motins [acendou tumultos] em muitos lugares e desencadeou mais de um século de turbulência [tumultuo, desordem] no Império Bizantino antes de os defensores das imagens sagradas ganharem a vantagem [a posição dominante] em 842.

As the Protestant Reformation took shape in the 16th century, some reformers opposed what they saw as the worship of pictures and statues among the Catholic faithful. – À medida que a Reforma Protestante tomava forma no século XVI, alguns reformadores opuseram-se ao que consideravam a adoração de imagens e estátuas entre os fiéis católicos.

John Calvin’s hatred of “heathen” [pagão] imagery and statuary would lead to a wave of church “cleansings” in the Netherlands [os Países Baixos] in 1566 and campaigns against holy pictures and statues during the English Civil War. – O ódio de João Calvino pelas imagens e estátuas “pagãs” levaria a uma onda de “limpezas” de igrejas nos Países Baixos em 1566 e a campanhas contra imagens e estátuas sagradas durante a Guerra Civil Inglesa.

It was an attitude the Pilgrims [os Peregrinos], Puritan followers of Calvin, would carry with them to the New World in North America. – Era uma atitude que os Peregrinos [os Peregrinos], puritanos seguidores de Calvino, levariam consigo para o Novo Mundo na América do Norte.

10 – (FGV-2023-VESTIBULAR-1º SEMESTRE-UNIFICADO)

Which of the following statements does the information in the article probably most support?

(A) The Taliban believe that it goes against the teachings of the Buddha to represent him in the form of a statue.

(B) The Taliban believe there is no connection between their religion (Islam) and Buddhism.

(C) Destroying religious art weakens rather than strengthens religious faith.

(D) The nature of religion is such that no true religion can, in good conscience, encourage the destruction of religious art.

(E) Those who destroy religious art are, in a sense, hurting themselves.

 👍  Comentários e Gabarito  E 
TÓPICO - COMPREENSÃO TEXTUAL:

Qual das seguintes afirmações as informações do artigo provavelmente mais apoiam?

(A) The Taliban believe that it goes against the teachings of the Buddha to represent him in the form of a statue. – Os talibãs acreditam que é contra os ensinamentos do Buda representá-lo na forma de uma estátua.Os talibãs acreditam que é contra os ensinamentos do Buda representá-lo na forma de uma estátua.

(B) The Taliban believe there is no connection between their religion (Islam) and Buddhism. – O Taliban acredita que não há ligação entre a sua religião (Islão) e o Budismo.

(C) Destroying religious art weakens rather than strengthens religious faith. – Destruir a arte religiosa enfraquece em vez de fortalecer a fé religiosa.

(D) The nature of religion is such that no true religion can, in good conscience, encourage the destruction of religious art. – A natureza da religião é tal que nenhuma religião verdadeira pode, em sã consciência, encorajar a destruição da arte religiosa.

(E) Those who destroy religious art are, in a sense, hurting themselves. – Aqueles que destroem a arte religiosa estão, em certo sentido, prejudicando a si mesmos.

11 – (FGV-2023-VESTIBULAR-1º SEMESTRE-UNIFICADO)

Which of the following most likely applies to Leo III? 

(A) He had no idea of the damage that would occur when he ordered that all pictures and statuary in the Byzantine Empire’s Christian churches be destroyed.

(B) He invented the Greek term eikono klasmos to describe what he had planned for all religious pictures and statuary in his empire.

(C) Although he encouraged the first acts formally known as iconoclasm, his campaign of destruction was not completely successful.

(D) In the end, he lost his throne because of widespread opposition to the destructive religious conflict that resulted from his iconoclasm.

(E) He went even further than Jewish and Moslem leaders had gone when he decreed that all religious imagery in his empire be destroyed – without exception.

 👍  Comentários e Gabarito  C 
TÓPICO - COMPREENSÃO TEXTUAL:

Qual das alternativas a seguir provavelmente se aplica a Leão III?

(A) He had no idea of the damage that would occur when he ordered that all pictures and statuary in the Byzantine Empire’s Christian churches be destroyed. – Ele não tinha ideia dos danos que ocorreriam quando ordenou que todos os quadros e estátuas das igrejas cristãs do Império Bizantino fossem destruídos.

(B) He invented the Greek term eikono klasmos to describe what he had planned for all religious pictures and statuary in his empire. – Ele inventou o termo grego eikono klasmos para descrever o que havia planejado para todas as imagens e estátuas religiosas de seu império.

(C) Although he encouraged the first acts formally known as iconoclasm, his campaign of destruction was not completely successful. – Embora tenha encorajado os primeiros atos formalmente conhecidos como iconoclastia, sua campanha de destruição não foi totalmente bem-sucedida.

(D) In the end, he lost his throne because of widespread opposition to the destructive religious conflict that resulted from his iconoclasm. – No final, ele perdeu o trono devido à oposição generalizada ao conflito religioso destrutivo que resultou da sua iconoclastia.

(E) He went even further than Jewish and Moslem leaders had gone when he decreed that all religious imagery in his empire be destroyed – without exception. – Ele foi ainda mais longe do que os líderes judeus e muçulmanos tinham ido quando decretou que todas as imagens religiosas do seu império fossem destruídas – sem excepção.

12 – (FGV-2023-VESTIBULAR-1º SEMESTRE-UNIFICADO)

According to the information in the article, in the 16th century.

(A) The Protestant Reformation was the logical result of religious fanaticism that began in the Jewish, Moslem, and Byzantine worlds.

(B) Although a number of Protestant reformers condemned the Catholic Church’s use of religious pictures and statues, not every reformer shared that attitude.

(C) Their opposition to the worship of religious pictures and statues was the element that, more than any other, definitively separated the Protestant reformers from the Catholic Church.

(D) Among all the Protestant reformers, John Calvin was the most radical in his hatred of “heathen” imagery and statuary.

(E) Protestant churches in the Netherlands, England, and the New World were merely Catholic churches without the religious pictures and statuary.

 👍  Comentários e Gabarito  B 
TÓPICO - COMPREENSÃO TEXTUAL:

Segundo informações do artigo, no século XVI.

(A) The Protestant Reformation was the logical result of religious fanaticism that began in the Jewish, Moslem, and Byzantine worlds. – A Reforma Protestante foi o resultado lógico do fanatismo religioso que começou nos mundos judaico, muçulmano e bizantino.

(B) Although a number of Protestant reformers condemned the Catholic Church’s use of religious pictures and statues, not every reformer shared that attitude. – Embora vários reformadores protestantes condenassem o uso de imagens e estátuas religiosas pela Igreja Católica, nem todos os reformadores partilhavam dessa atitude.

(C) Their opposition to the worship of religious pictures and statues was the element that, more than any other, definitively separated the Protestant reformers from the Catholic Church. – A sua oposição ao culto de imagens e estátuas religiosas foi o elemento que, mais do que qualquer outro, separou definitivamente os reformadores protestantes da Igreja Católica.

(D) Among all the Protestant reformers, John Calvin was the most radical in his hatred of “heathen” imagery and statuary. – Entre todos os reformadores protestantes, João Calvino foi o mais radical no seu ódio às imagens e estátuas “pagãs”.

(E) Protestant churches in the Netherlands, England, and the New World were merely Catholic churches without the religious pictures and statuary. – As igrejas protestantes na Holanda, na Inglaterra e no Novo Mundo eram igrejas meramente católicas, sem imagens e estátuas religiosas.

❑ TEXTO 4: Texto para as perguntas de 13 a 15.

RUSSIA THREATENS TO SUE SWISS NEWSPAPER

By Jan de Boer

The Russian government has threatened to sue [processar] a Swiss newspaper after it published a photoshopped picture of President Vladimir Putin. The Russian Embassy in Bern [Switzerland’s Capital] sent the Neue Zürcher Zeitung (NZZ) [“New Journal of Zurich”] a letter of protest, warning that they may pursue [procurar] legal action.

On June 25, 2022, the NZZ published a piece entitled Between Superheroes and Villains: The Power of Memes in the Ukraine War. In the article, journalist Marit Langschwager analyzed how memes on the internet “often simplify complex processes,” such as events during the war in Ukraine. The article included several memes related to the conflict – one meme portrayed President Volodymyr Zelensky as a kind of heroic Ukrainian Captain America – and speculated whether humor could be used to sway [influenciar] public opinion and diplomacy in future wars. While there was no direct attack on Vladimir Putin in the text, the NZZ did include a photoshopped image of the Russian President wearing a clown nose and sporting [ostentando] LGBTQ+ flag face-paint.

This angered the Russian Embassy, which declared in a letter to NZZ editor Eric Gujer that the “little-known [pouco conhecido] young journalist” had surpassed other Swiss writers who “regularly spread inventions and insults against the Russian leadership, shamelessly and unpunished.” The Embassy claimed that the memes were created by “Ukrainian troll factories,” [oficinas clandestinas que produzem “fake news” e calúnias e difamações para a mídia social] and are mere “reprints of stock images” characterized by “a flat sense of humor.”

The Embassy argued that the newspaper – one of the largest news outlets [veículos] in Zurich – had “violated the honor and dignity of the president.” They also expressed anger at the LGBTQ+ flag on Putin’s face, which they said offends the “traditional Christian values of Russian society” and reflected how LGBTQ+ ideals are “forcefully promoted in the west.”

In concluding their statement, the Embassy threatened the NZZ with legal action, saying they reserved the right to contact the Swiss police and sue the newspaper for “this publication and possible future publications of a libelous [caluniosa] and offensive nature.” They cautioned the newspaper to “approach the selections of materials for publication more carefully” in the future. The article remains published.

Adapted from the online newsletter I AM EXPAT, July 18, 2022

❑ TRADUÇÃO-TEXTO 4:

RUSSIA THREATENS TO SUE SWISS NEWSPAPER

RÚSSIA AMEAÇA PROCESSAR JORNAL SUÍÇO

The Russian government has threatened to sue [processar] a Swiss newspaper after it published a photoshopped picture of President Vladimir Putin. – O governo russo ameaçou processar um jornal suíço depois de este ter publicado uma fotografia photoshopada do presidente Vladimir Putin.

The Russian Embassy in Bern [Switzerland’s Capital] sent the Neue Zürcher Zeitung (NZZ) [“New Journal of Zurich”] a letter of protest, warning that they may pursue [procurar] legal action. – A Embaixada da Rússia em Berna [capital da Suíça] enviou ao Neue Zürcher Zeitung (NZZ) [“Novo Jornal de Zurique”] uma carta de protesto, avisando que podem prosseguir com ações legais.

On June 25, 2022, the NZZ published a piece entitled Between Superheroes and Villains: The Power of Memes in the Ukraine War. – Em 25 de junho de 2022, o NZZ publicou um artigo intitulado Entre super-heróis e vilões: o poder dos memes na guerra da Ucrânia.

In the article, journalist Marit Langschwager analyzed how memes on the internet “often simplify complex processes,” such as events during the war in Ukraine. – No artigo, a jornalista Marit Langschwager analisou como os memes na internet “muitas vezes simplificam processos complexos”, como os acontecimentos durante a guerra na Ucrânia.

The article included several memes related to the conflict – one meme portrayed President Volodymyr Zelensky as a kind of heroic Ukrainian Captain America – and speculated whether humor could be used to sway [influenciar] public opinion and diplomacy in future wars. – O artigo incluía vários memes relacionados com o conflito – um meme retratava o Presidente Volodymyr Zelensky como uma espécie de heróico Capitão América ucraniano – e especulava se o humor poderia ser usado para influenciar [influenciar] a opinião pública e a diplomacia em guerras futuras.

While there was no direct attack on Vladimir Putin in the text, the NZZ did include a photoshopped image of the Russian President wearing a clown nose and sporting [ostentando] LGBTQ+ flag face-paint. – Embora não houvesse nenhum ataque direto a Vladimir Putin no texto, o NZZ incluiu uma imagem photoshopada do presidente russo usando nariz de palhaço e ostentando [ostentando] pintura facial da bandeira LGBTQ+.

This angered the Russian Embassy, which declared in a letter to NZZ editor Eric Gujer that the “little-known [pouco conhecido] young journalist” had surpassed other Swiss writers who “regularly spread inventions and insults against the Russian leadership, shamelessly and unpunished.” – Isto irritou a Embaixada Russa, que declarou numa carta ao editor da NZZ, Eric Gujer, que o “jovem jornalista pouco conhecido [pouco conhecido]” tinha ultrapassado outros escritores suíços que “espalham regularmente invenções e insultos contra a liderança russa, descaradamente e impunemente”. ”

The Embassy claimed that the memes were created by “Ukrainian troll factories,” [oficinas clandestinas que produzem “fake news” e calúnias e difamações para a mídia social] and are mere “reprints of stock images” characterized by “a flat sense of humor.” – A Embaixada alegou que os memes foram criados por “fábricas de trolls ucranianas” [oficinas clandestinas que produzem “fake news” e calúnias e difamações para a mídia social] e são meras “reimpressões de imagens de banco de imagens” caracterizadas por “um senso de humor plano .”

The Embassy argued that the newspaper – one of the largest news outlets [veículos] in Zurich – had “violated the honor and dignity of the president.” – A Embaixada argumentou que o jornal – um dos maiores meios de comunicação [veículos] em Zurique – “violou a honra e a dignidade do presidente”.

They also expressed anger at the LGBTQ+ flag on Putin’s face, which they said offends the “traditional Christian values of Russian society” and reflected how LGBTQ+ ideals are “forcefully promoted in the west.” – Eles também expressaram raiva pela bandeira LGBTQ+ no rosto de Putin, que, segundo eles, ofende os “valores cristãos tradicionais da sociedade russa” e refletiu como os ideais LGBTQ+ são “promovidos com força no Ocidente”.

In concluding their statement, the Embassy threatened the NZZ with legal action, saying they reserved the right to contact the Swiss police and sue the newspaper for “this publication and possible future publications of a libelous [caluniosa] and offensive nature.” – Ao concluir a sua declaração, a Embaixada ameaçou o NZZ com uma ação legal, dizendo que se reservava o direito de contactar a polícia suíça e processar o jornal por “esta publicação e possíveis futuras publicações de natureza difamatória [caluniosa] e ofensiva”.

They cautioned the newspaper to “approach the selections of materials for publication more carefully” in the future. – Eles alertaram o jornal para “abordar a seleção de materiais para publicação com mais cuidado” no futuro.

The article remains published. – O artigo permanece publicado.

13 – (FGV-2023-VESTIBULAR-1º SEMESTRE-UNIFICADO)

The information in the article most likely supports all of the following statements except 

(A) the main purpose of Marit Langschwager’s article was to humiliate Vladimir Putin and, by extension, Russia.

(B) if the article had been all text with no pictorial elements, the Russian government possibly would not have reacted.

(C) in his article, Marit Langschwager investigated how memes may or may not affect wars, both present and future.

(D) nothing written in the article could be considered openly insulting to Vladimir Putin.

(E) despite threats and recriminations, the Russian Embassy has so far not brought any concrete legal action against Marit Langschwager and the NZZ.

 👍  Comentários e Gabarito  A 
TÓPICO - COMPREENSÃO TEXTUAL:

As informações no artigo provavelmente apoiam todas as afirmações a seguir, EXCETO

(A) the main purpose of Marit Langschwager’s article was to humiliate Vladimir Putin and, by extension, Russia. – o principal objectivo do artigo de Marit Langschwager era humilhar Vladimir Putin e, por extensão, a Rússia.

(B) if the article had been all text with no pictorial elements, the Russian government possibly would not have reacted. – se o artigo fosse todo texto sem elementos pictóricos, o governo russo possivelmente não teria reagido.

(C) in his article, Marit Langschwager investigated how memes may or may not affect wars, both present and future. – em seu artigo, Marit Langschwager investigou como os memes podem ou não afetar as guerras, tanto presentes quanto futuras.

(D) nothing written in the article could be considered openly insulting to Vladimir Putin. – nada escrito no artigo poderia ser considerado um insulto aberto a Vladimir Putin.

(E) despite threats and recriminations, the Russian Embassy has so far not brought any concrete legal action against Marit Langschwager and the NZZ. – apesar das ameaças e recriminações, a Embaixada da Rússia não intentou até agora qualquer acção legal concreta contra Marit Langschwager e a NZZ.

14 – (FGV-2023-VESTIBULAR-1º SEMESTRE-UNIFICADO)

Considering the information in the article, you may conclude that the Russian Embassy most likely promotes the idea that

(A) Vladimir Putin is a man of “honor and dignity” whose effectiveness as a national leader will be ruined if people see him depicted as a clown.

(B) a number of Swiss writers are currently working to spread false and destructive anti-Russian information.

(C) a group of talentless amateurs are fabricating memes that only serve to increase Vladimir Putin’s popularity.

(D) any Russian who claims to believe in traditional Christian values will never have anything to do with the LGBTQ+ movement.

(E) if the NZZ continues to lie about Russia, it will be closed by the Swiss Authorities.

 👍  Comentários e Gabarito  B 
TÓPICO - COMPREENSÃO TEXTUAL:

Considerando as informações contidas no artigo, você pode concluir que a Embaixada Russa provavelmente promove a ideia de que

(A) Vladimir Putin is a man of “honor and dignity” whose effectiveness as a national leader will be ruined if people see him depicted as a clown. – Vladimir Putin é um homem de “honra e dignidade” cuja eficácia como líder nacional será arruinada se as pessoas o virem retratado como um palhaço.

(B) a number of Swiss writers are currently working to spread false and destructive anti-Russian information. – vários escritores suíços estão actualmente a trabalhar para espalhar informações anti-russas falsas e destrutivas.

(C) a group of talentless amateurs are fabricating memes that only serve to increase Vladimir Putin’s popularity. – um grupo de amadores sem talento está a fabricar memes que só servem para aumentar a popularidade de Vladimir Putin.

(D) any Russian who claims to believe in traditional Christian values will never have anything to do with the LGBTQ+ movement. – qualquer russo que alegue acreditar nos valores cristãos tradicionais nunca terá nada a ver com o movimento LGBTQ+.

(E) if the NZZ continues to lie about Russia, it will be closed by the Swiss Authorities. – se a NZZ continuar a mentir sobre a Rússia, será fechada pelas autoridades suíças.

15 – (FGV-2023-VESTIBULAR-1º SEMESTRE-UNIFICADO)

Which one of the following statements could most likely help to explain the impact of the two memes that accompany the article and are reproduced above?

(A) “It is only shallow people who do not judge by appearances.”

(B) “Winning isn’t the most important thing: it’s the only thing.”

(C) “Laugh and the world laughs with you; cry and you cry alone.”

(D) “One picture is worth a thousand words.”

(E) “The first casualty when war comes is truth.”

 👍  Comentários e Gabarito  D 
TÓPICO - COMPREENSÃO TEXTUAL:

Qual das seguintes afirmações poderia provavelmente ajudar a explicar o impacto dos dois memes que acompanham o artigo e são reproduzidos acima?

(A) “It is only shallow people who do not judge by appearances.” – “Só as pessoas superficiais não julgam pelas aparências.”

(B) “Winning isn’t the most important thing: it’s the only thing.” – “Vencer não é o mais importante: é a única coisa.”

(C) “Laugh and the world laughs with you; cry and you cry alone.” – “Ria e o mundo rirá com você; chore e você chora sozinho.

(D) “One picture is worth a thousand words.” – “Uma imagem vale mais que mil palavras.”

(E) “The first casualty when war comes is truth.” – “A primeira vítima quando a guerra chega é a verdade.”