CESPE/UnB 2008 – HEMOBRAS – NÍVEL SUPERIOR – LÍNGUA INGLESA

Welcome back to another post!

➧ PROVA DE LÍNGUA INGLESA: CESPE-2008-HEMOBRAS-NÍVEL SUPERIOR (Vários Cargos), aplicação em 13/12/2008.

➧ BANCA/ORGANIZADOR: CESPE-CEBRASPE-Centro Brasileiro de Pesquisa em Avaliação e Seleção e de Promoção de Eventos.

➧ PADRÃO/COMPOSIÇÃO DA PROVA: 10 questões.

➧ GABARITO:

01-C, 02-E, 03-E, 04-C, 05-E

06-C, 07-C, 08-E, 09-C, 10-E

➧ VOCABULÁRIO:

• [to end = encerrar, terminar]
• [Analysts had also pegged = Analistas também atribuíram]
• [crop = safra, colheita]
• [livelihoods = sustento, meio de vida]
• [family consumption = consumo familiar]
• [food production = produção de alimentos]
• [Modern bioenergy = bioenergia moderna]
• [poor small-scale farmers = agricultores pobres de pequena escala] 
• [a right to food issue = uma questão de direito à alimentação.]
• [As for economic issues = Quanto às questões econômicas]
• [In recent years = Nos últimos anos]
• [it can be stated that = pode-se afirmar que]
• [for the first time in many decades = pela primeira vez em muitas décadas]
• [a renewable source of energy = uma fonte renovável de energia]
• [agrofuels = agrocombustíveis]
• [cash crops and plantations = safras e plantações comerciais]
• [climate change = mudanças climáticas]
• [food insecure = insegurança alimentar]
• [income = renda, receita]
• [liquid biofuels = biocombustíveis líquidos]
• [marginal price increases = aumentos marginais de preços]
• [food prices = preços dos alimentos]
• [oil prices = preços do petróleo]
• [world’s population = população mundial]

➧ TEXTO 1: This text refers to items from 01 through 06.

Traditional bioenergy is the dominant source of energy for about half of the world’s population, and it is used mainly for cooking. This in itself makes access to bioenergy a right to food issue. Increasingly, though, modern bioenergy is becoming prominent with a different kind of land-use, based on cash crops and plantations, and with the use of technologically advanced processing of biomass into liquid biofuels.Therefore, the term agrofuels might describe the issue more aptly. In recent years, agrofuels have been seen as part of the solution in combating climate change. They are a renewable source of energy, and provide new employment and income opportunities for rural populations. In fact, for the first time in many decades, agricultural commodity prices are stabilizing at higher levels. In principle, this could benefit the masses of poor small-scale farmers.

At the same time, however, poor and landless people are consumers themselves, and marginal price increases may ruin the livelihoods of those who spend up to 80 percent of their income on food. Statistical evidence shows that world caloric consumption typically declines as prices rise, by a ratio of 1:2. If the trend continues, with every one percent rise in the cost of food, a new 16 million people would be made food insecure. FAO research shows that food prices will be increasingly linked to oil prices.

Internet:<www.globalpolicy.org>

(adapted).

Based on the text above, judge the following items.

01. Around half of the people over the world use traditional bionergy primarily for cooking.

02. Modern bioenergy is increasingly being associated with a different type of land-use, based on food production for family consumption.

03. Agrofuels is a label given to the advanced processing of crops.

04. Lately, agrofuels have been considered part of the solution to help with climate change.

05. People living in rural areas will be negatively affected by the new source of energy mentioned in the text.

06. In general, the more expensive the price of agricultural commodities, the better for poor small-scale agricultural producers.

07. As for economic issues, it can be stated that the use of agrofuels also presents a negative effect.

08. Caloric consumption is not associated with economic decline.

09. There will be a growing relation between oil prices and food costs.

10. In the text, “Therefore” (R.8) means Furthermore.

*Item 16: Around half of the people over the world use traditional bionergy primarily for cooking.(Cerca de metade da população mundial usa a bionergia tradicional principalmente para cozinhar.)

*Item 17: Modern bioenergy is increasingly being associated with a different type of land-use, based on food production for family consumption.(A bioenergia moderna está cada vez mais associada a um tipo diferente de uso do solo, baseado na produção de alimentos para consumo familiar.)

*Item 18: Agrofuels is a label given to the advanced processing of crops.(Agrocombustíveis é um rótulo dado ao processamento avançado de safras.)

*Item 19: Lately, agrofuels have been considered part of the solution to help with climate change.(Ultimamente, os agrocombustíveis têm sido considerados parte da solução para ajudar nas mudanças climáticas.)

➧ESTRUTURAS SINÔNIMAS: Lately = In recent years.

*Item 20: People living in rural areas will be negatively affected by the new source of energy mentioned in the text.(As pessoas que vivem em áreas rurais serão afetadas negativamente pela nova fonte de energia mencionada no texto.)

*Item 21: In general, the more expensive the price of agricultural commodities, the better for poor small-scale agricultural producers.(Em geral, quanto mais caro for o preço das commodities agrícolas, melhor para os pequenos produtores agrícolas pobres.)

*Item 22: As for economic issues, it can be stated that the use of agrofuels also presents a negative effect.(Quanto às questões econômicas, pode-se afirmar que o uso de agrocombustíveis também apresenta um efeito negativo.)

*Item 23: Caloric consumption is not associated with economic decline.(O consumo de calorias não está associado ao declínio econômico.)

*Item 24: There will be a growing relation between oil prices and food costs.(Haverá uma relação crescente entre os preços do petróleo e os custos dos alimentos.)

*Item 25: In the text, “Therefore” (R.8) means Furthermore.

CESPE/UnB 2009 – TCU – AUDITOR – LÍNGUA INGLESA

www.inglesparaconcursos.blog.br

❑ PROVA DE LÍNGUA INGLESA:

• CESPE-2013-TCU-AUDITOR FEDERAL DE CONTROLE EXTERNO-11/07/2009.

cespe.unb.br

❑ ESTRUTURA-PROVA:

• 15 TFQs (True False Questions).

• Texto (1) – | A model for investigating software accident. | Journal of Research and Practice in Information Technology |

• Texto (2) – | Journal of Research and Practice in Information Technology |

❑ TEXTO 1: This text refers to items from 01 through 11.

❑ TRADUÇÃO-TEXTO 1: Este texto refere-se aos itens de 41 a 51.

While there is no shortage of studies into the reasons why software projects fail (Ewusi-Mensah, 1997), the major risks of software development (Jones, 1994), or even the factors affecting project success (Cooke-Davies, 2002), the field of software engineering lacks a general model with which to investigate such failures. To date, studies have tended to be surveys of the factors thought to play some part in a failure. Embora não faltem estudos sobre as razões pelas quais os projetos de software falham (Ewusi-Mensah, 1997), os principais riscos do desenvolvimento de software (Jones, 1994), ou mesmo os fatores que afetam o sucesso do projeto (Cooke-Davies, 2002), o O campo da engenharia de software carece de um modelo geral para investigar tais falhas. Até à data, os estudos tendem a ser levantamentos dos factores que se pensa que desempenham algum papel num fracasso.

Several researchers have argued that a simple model of accidents is insufficient for dealing with modern technology. A causal-chain model of accidents is useful to investigate the failure of a specific component through wear and tear, or the attribution of the cause can be established through application of a “but for” test. Given the cause, similar accidents can be prevented by checking the same component for wear and tear or other flaws such as structural cracks. However, it is a less useful model when investigating accidents which causes are ultimately not due to physical weaknesses but are due to interactions between components or the failure of the system itself. Vários investigadores argumentaram que um modelo simples de acidentes é insuficiente para lidar com a tecnologia moderna. Um modelo de cadeia causal de acidentes é útil para investigar a falha de um componente específico por desgaste, ou a atribuição da causa pode ser estabelecida através da aplicação de um teste “mas para”. Dada a causa, acidentes semelhantes podem ser evitados verificando-se o mesmo componente quanto a desgaste ou outras falhas, como rachaduras estruturais. No entanto, é um modelo menos útil na investigação de acidentes cujas causas, em última análise, não se devem a deficiências físicas, mas sim a interações entre componentes ou à falha do próprio sistema.

Driven by the need to find ways to prevent future accidents, the alternative models reject the simple causal chain model on several grounds. The first is that looking back along the causal chain requires a “stopping rule” to determine when to cease investigating deeper into the system which, it is argued, can be somewhat arbitrary in the choice of cause (Leveson, 2004). The second reason is that such investigative techniques tend to focus attention on the proximate event most closely associated with the accident and direct attention away from the latent, contributory causes. Impulsionados pela necessidade de encontrar formas de prevenir acidentes futuros, os modelos alternativos rejeitam o modelo de cadeia causal simples por vários motivos. A primeira é que olhar para trás ao longo da cadeia causal requer uma “regra de paragem” para determinar quando parar de investigar mais profundamente o sistema que, argumenta-se, pode ser um tanto arbitrário na escolha da causa (Leveson, 2004). A segunda razão é que tais técnicas de investigação tendem a concentrar a atenção no evento próximo mais intimamente associado ao acidente e desviar a atenção das causas latentes e contributivas.

Where, in the past, it may have been sufficient to seek direct causes of an accident, modern socio-technical systems can produce accidents that are the result of the interaction of different parts of the system rather than a failure of any one part of the system. Turner & Pidgeon (1997) reviewed official investigations into non-natural disasters to arrive at a view that many disasters were man-made and entirely foreseeable. In a major contrast to causal models of accidents, the authors argued that the conditions for the disasters he investigated largely originated from decisions made by upper management. Onde, no passado, pode ter sido suficiente procurar as causas diretas de um acidente, os sistemas sociotécnicos modernos podem produzir acidentes que são o resultado da interação de diferentes partes do sistema, em vez de uma falha de qualquer parte do sistema. sistema. Turner & Pidgeon (1997) analisaram as investigações oficiais sobre desastres não naturais para chegar à conclusão de que muitos desastres foram provocados pelo homem e inteiramente previsíveis. Num grande contraste com os modelos causais de acidentes, os autores argumentaram que as condições para os desastres que investigou originaram-se em grande parte de decisões tomadas pela gestão superior.

The view that there was ample evidence of impending disaster available if only someone paid it any attention appears 22 to be shared by investigators other than Turner. However such hindsight bias has been criticised by several researchers, most notably Dekker (2005). Hindsight bias ignores the reality that most operational decisions are made under ambiguous circumstances based on sparse and ambiguous evidence. Instead, Dekker argues, investigators must try hard to understand the circumstances of the time and put aside knowledge of the outcome. A opinião de que havia ampla evidência de desastre iminente disponível se alguém lhe prestasse alguma atenção parece 22 ser partilhada por outros investigadores além de Turner. No entanto, esse viés retrospectivo tem sido criticado por vários pesquisadores, principalmente Dekker (2005). O preconceito retrospectivo ignora a realidade de que a maioria das decisões operacionais são tomadas em circunstâncias ambíguas, baseadas em evidências esparsas e ambíguas. Em vez disso, argumenta Dekker, os investigadores devem esforçar-se para compreender as circunstâncias da época e deixar de lado o conhecimento do resultado.

To reason more fully about the interaction of different parts of a socio-technical system, several researchers have proposed a system theoretic model in which the system is expressed as a hierarchy of control levels. Each level of the hierarchy is considered to act on the level below it through the imposition of constraints and directions to achieve emergent properties and to receive feedback. A more useful model for considering total risk was a “top-down, systems oriented approach based on system control theoretic concepts”. This approach gave a control structure embedded in an adaptive socio-technical system. Such a model shows how different parties contribute to safety regardless of their organizational affiliations. Para raciocinar mais detalhadamente sobre a interacção das diferentes partes de um sistema sociotécnico, vários investigadores propuseram um modelo teórico de sistemas no qual o sistema é expresso como uma hierarquia de níveis de controlo. Considera-se que cada nível da hierarquia atua no nível abaixo dele através da imposição de restrições e direções para alcançar propriedades emergentes e receber feedback. Um modelo mais útil para considerar o risco total era uma “abordagem de cima para baixo, orientada a sistemas, baseada em conceitos teóricos de controle de sistemas”. Esta abordagem proporcionou uma estrutura de controlo incorporada num sistema sociotécnico adaptativo. Este modelo mostra como diferentes partes contribuem para a segurança, independentemente das suas filiações organizacionais.

Jon McBride. Um modelo para investigar acidentes de software. In: Revista de Pesquisa e Prática em Tecnologia da Informação, vol. 40, n.º 1, fev. 2008 (adaptado)

❑ QUESTIONÁRIO: Julgue os seguintes itens de acordo com o texto.

41. A causal-chain model of accidents is effective in investigating accidents which causes are solely due to failures of the system. Um modelo de cadeia causal de acidentes é eficaz na investigação de acidentes cujas causas se devem unicamente a falhas do sistema. (CERTO)

42. A top-down systems oriented approach shows how different parties may contribute to safety, considering their organizational affiliations. Uma abordagem orientada para sistemas de cima para baixo mostra como diferentes partes podem contribuir para a segurança, tendo em conta as suas filiações organizacionais. (CERTO)

43. As Dekker has posed, investigators should focus on the circumstances of the time and disregard knowledge of the outcome. al como Dekker afirmou, os investigadores devem concentrar-se nas circunstâncias do momento e desconsiderar o conhecimento do resultado. (ERRADO)

44. The current models employed to investigate software accidents do not appear to be suited to the task. Os atuais modelos utilizados para investigar acidentes de software não parecem ser adequados à tarefa. (ERRADO)

45. Accidents in software development projects and products are nothing new and neither are they likely to cease. Os acidentes em projetos e produtos de desenvolvimento de software não são novidade e nem são suscetíveis de cessar. (ERRADO)

46. “shortage” (l.1) can be correctly replaced by abundance. “escassez” (l.1) pode ser corretamente substituída por abundância. (ERRADO)

47. “which”, in “lacks a general model with which to investigate such failures” (l.3), refers to “investigate”. “que”, em “carece de um modelo geral para investigar tais falhas” (l.3), refere-se a “investigar”. (CERTO)

48. “wear and tear” (l.6) is the same as loss or damage resulting from ordinary use and exposure. “desgaste” (l.6) é o mesmo que perda ou dano resultante do uso e exposição normais. (CERTO)

49.  “cracks” (l.8) means breakage. “rachaduras” (l.8) significa quebra. (CERTO)

50. “due to physical weaknesses” (l.9) is synonymous with because of. “devido a fraquezas físicas” (1.9) é sinônimo de por causa de. (CERTO)

51. “outcome” (l.25) is closest in meaning to upshot. “resultado” (l.25) tem o significado mais próximo do resultado final. (CERTO)

❑ TEXTO 2:

❑ TRADUÇÃO-TEXTO 2: 

Advances in portable computing and Internet service technologies (Byun and Hong, 2000) have resulted in extensive use of portable information devices such as PDAs (Personal Digital Assistants), HPCs (Hand-held PCs), and PPCs (Pocket PCs) in e-commerce environments. Each information device may run several applications, such as a small database, a personal information management system (Greer and Murtaza, 2003), and e-commerce software (Gyeung and Lee, 2003). Flash memory is one of the best candidates to support small information devices for data management in portable computing environments (Byun, 2006). Os avanços nas tecnologias de computação portátil e de serviços de Internet (Byun e Hong, 2000) resultaram no uso extensivo de dispositivos de informação portáteis, como PDAs (Personal Digital Assistants), HPCs (Hand-held PCs) e PPCs (Pocket PCs) em e- ambientes de comércio. Cada dispositivo de informação pode executar diversas aplicações, como um pequeno banco de dados, um sistema de gerenciamento de informações pessoais (Greer e Murtaza, 2003) e software de comércio eletrônico (Gyeung e Lee, 2003). A memória flash é uma das melhores candidatas para suportar pequenos dispositivos de informação para gerenciamento de dados em ambientes de computação portáteis (Byun, 2006).

Recently, flash memory has become a critical component in building embedded systems or portable devices because it is nonvolatile, shock-resistant, and uses little power. Its performance has improved to a level at which it can be used not only as the main storage for portable computers but also as mass storage for general computing systems (Chang and Kuo, 2005). Although flash memory is not as fast as RAM, it is hundreds of times faster than a hard disk in read operations. These attractive features make flash memory one of the best choices for portable information systems (Yim, 2005). Recentemente, a memória flash tornou-se um componente crítico na construção de sistemas embarcados ou dispositivos portáteis porque é não volátil, resistente a choques e consome pouca energia. Seu desempenho melhorou a um nível em que pode ser usado não apenas como armazenamento principal para computadores portáteis, mas também como armazenamento em massa para sistemas de computação em geral (Chang e Kuo, 2005). Embora a memória flash não seja tão rápida quanto a RAM, ela é centenas de vezes mais rápida que um disco rígido em operações de leitura. Estas características atraentes tornam a memória flash uma das melhores escolhas para sistemas de informação portáteis (Yim, 2005).

However, flash memory has two critical drawbacks. First, a segment, blocks of flash memory, need to be erased before they can be rewritten. This is because flash memory technology only allows individual bits to be toggled in one way for writes. The erase operation writes ones or zeros into all the bits in a segment. This erase operation takes much longer than a read or write operation. The second drawback is that the life of each memory block is limited to 1,000,000 writes. A flash management system should wear down all memory blocks as evenly as possible (Kim and Lee, 1999). No entanto, a memória flash tem duas desvantagens críticas. Primeiro, um segmento, blocos de memória flash, precisa ser apagado antes de poder ser reescrito. Isso ocorre porque a tecnologia de memória flash só permite que bits individuais sejam alternados de uma maneira para gravações. A operação de apagamento grava uns ou zeros em todos os bits de um segmento. Esta operação de apagamento leva muito mais tempo do que uma operação de leitura ou gravação. A segunda desvantagem é que a vida útil de cada bloco de memória é limitada a 1.000.000 de gravações. Um sistema de gerenciamento flash deve desgastar todos os blocos de memória da maneira mais uniforme possível (Kim e Lee, 1999).

Due to these disadvantages, traditional database technologies are not easy to apply directly to flash memory databases on portable devices. A database management system which is based on flash memory media must exploit the advantages of flash memory features while overcoming its constraints.

Flash memory shadow paging scheme for portable computers: design and performance evaluation. Devido a essas desvantagens, as tecnologias tradicionais de banco de dados não são fáceis de aplicar diretamente em bancos de dados de memória flash em dispositivos portáteis. Um sistema de gerenciamento de banco de dados baseado em mídia de memória flash deve explorar as vantagens dos recursos da memória flash enquanto supera suas restrições.

Esquema de paginação sombra de memória flash para computadores portáteis: projeto e avaliação de desempenho.

In: Revista de Pesquisa e Prática em Tecnologia da Informação, vol. 39, n.º 3, ago. 2007 (adaptado).

❑ QUESTIONÁRIO: De acordo com o texto acima, é correto afirmar que

52. flash memory has become a major database storage in building portable information devices because of its nonvolatile, shock-resistant, power-economic nature, and fast access time for read operations. A memória flash tornou-se um importante armazenamento de banco de dados na construção de dispositivos de informação portáteis devido à sua natureza não volátil, resistente a choques, econômica em termos de energia e rápido tempo de acesso para operações de leitura. (CERTO)

53. despite being hundreds of times faster than a hard disk in read operations, flash memory is now one of the best choices for portable information systems. Apesar de ser centenas de vezes mais rápida que um disco rígido nas operações de leitura, a memória flash é hoje uma das melhores escolhas para sistemas de informação portáteis. (ERRADO)

54. due to advances in portable computing and Internet service technologies, applying traditional database technologies to flash memory databases on portable devices poses no difficulties. Devido aos avanços nas tecnologias de computação portátil e de serviços de Internet, a aplicação de tecnologias tradicionais de bancos de dados a bancos de dados de memória flash em dispositivos portáteis não apresenta dificuldades. (CERTO)

55. as a result of the life of its memory blocks, flash memory is the most popular storage media for information management in portable computing systems. Como resultado da vida útil de seus blocos de memória, a memória flash é o meio de armazenamento mais popular para gerenciamento de informações em sistemas de computação portáteis. (CERTO)

UnB–2001–CESPE–VESTIBULAR–2º SEMESTRE–COLLEGE ENTRANCE EXAMINATION, ANSWERS & LEXICAL APPROACH.

www.inglesparaconcursos.blog.br

❑ PROVA DE LÍNGUA INGLESA:

• UNIVERSIDADE DE BRASÍLIA-VESTIBULAR-2001-2º SEMESTRE-05/07/2001.

❑ ESTRUTURA-PROVA:

• 15 TFQs (True False Questions).
• Texto (1) – | http://detnews.com |
• Texto (2) – | socserv.mcmaster.ca |

❑ TEXTO 1: questions 1 through 6.

“Up until 100 years ago, the average patient benefited very little from a visit to the average doctor”, says The Oxford Textbook of Medicine. And it is true that at the beginning of last century the link between germs and disease had only just been established. The average doctor had no way of taking a person’s blood pressure and would have had little idea of its significance anyway. Vaccination was regarded with skepticism, there were no antibiotics, transfusion was unknown and many surgeons still operated ungowned and ungloved in a room crowded with casual pipe-smoking observers.

Things have changed. Now medicine can substantially alter the outcome of most diseases, and the number of conditions people regard as untreatable is diminishing year by year.

Already the impact of new communications technology has been colossal. In recent years the great advances in heart attack survival, for example, have been largely due to the ability to coordinate massive international trials and compare the subtle differences in survival due to different treatments. 

Canvassing specialists’ opinions is becoming easier. In a few years’ time, it might be possible to arrange a video conference from the family doctor’s consulting room, with a specialist anywhere on the globe, together with scan results, X-rays, lab results and a case summary automatically translated into the specialist’s native language and digitally transmitted over the phone.

But all the flashy new developments in medical engineering will pale to insignificance compared with the contribution to 21st century medicine of the anticipated advances in genetics. It is less than 50 years since the basic pattern of the DNA molecule was outlined by Crick and Watson. Ten years from now, the medical world will know every detail of its entire structure. Eventually doctors and scientists will know the chemical sequence, encoded by DNA, for every molecular component of the human body. Genetic therapies will not be limited to the manufacture of new drugs. People will have ways of inserting genes into cells that are malfunctioning.

GLOSSARY

trial: an act or a process of testing the ability, quality, performance of somebody, something, especially before a final decision is reached about them/it.

canvass: to find out what people think about a particular issue or product by asking them.

scan: to obtain an image of a person’s body or part of it on a computer after taking an X-ray or using ultrasound techniques.

Internet: <http://detnews.com/menu/stories>. Access on April 3rd 2001 (with adaptations).

01 – (UnB/VESTIBULAR/2001-2ºSEMESTRE)

In text I, the sentence “Up until 100 years ago, the average patient benefited very little from a visit to the average doctor” (l.1-2) means that

1 going to the doctor’s has been useless for the past 100 years.

2 more than 100 years ago, if people were sick they would best benefit by going to see a doctor.

3 very little did average doctors benefit from average patients in the past 100 years.

4 before the 20th century, doctors could usually do very little for many of their patients.

02 – (UnB/VESTIBULAR/2001-2ºSEMESTRE)

According to text I,

1 genetics will probably make a significant contribution to 21st century medicine.

2 vaccination was welcomed by everyone in the early 1900s.

3 today’s standard of hygiene has always been present in medicine.

4 the spread of medicine advances has nothing to do with the new communications technology.

03 – (UnB/VESTIBULAR/2001-2ºSEMESTRE)

Using text I and biology as background information, judge the following items.

1 DNA stands for deoxyribonucleic acid, the basic constituent of the gene.

2 DNA, which codifies protein synthesis, is related to the chemical in the cells of animals and plants.

3 The chemical sequence encoded by DNA will remain a mystery.

4 The only outcome of genetic therapy is the manufacture of new drugs.

04 – (UnB/VESTIBULAR/2001-2ºSEMESTRE)

In text I,

1 “at the beginning” (R.3) can be correctly replaced by in the beginning.

2 “its” (R.7) refers to a “person’s blood pressure” (R.6).

3 the prefix un- as in “unknown” (R.8), “ungowned” (R.9) and “ungloved” (R.9) indicates the opposite of.

4 “will” (R.28) can be correctly replaced by might.

05 – (UnB/VESTIBULAR/2001-2ºSEMESTRE)

In text I, the phrase “the family doctor’s consulting room” (l.22) is the same as

1 the consulting room of the family doctor.

2 the doctor’s family’s consulting room.

3 the family’s consulting room for the doctor.

4 the consulting doctor’s family room.

06 – (UnB/VESTIBULAR/2001-2ºSEMESTRE)

Judge if each item below could be an appropriate title for text

 I.

1 Traditional medical treatment is far superior than modern advances

2 Hygiene measures improve people’s health

3 The evolution of medical treatment

4 The power of traditional medicine

❑ TEXTO 2: questions 7 through 13

During the year 2000, almost all traditional American publishers launched a segment of electronic books, the “ebooks”, for the production of digital versions of their printed 4 books. As a counterpart — and in time to catch Christmas shoppers — a new generation of digital reading devices has reached the marketplace, including interesting and innovating 7 functions such as: instant dictionary, making notes in margins, marking and transferring texts and so on. Even though forecasts for e-book sales in 2001 are of 10 over 3 million copies, there are restrictions — such as the number of titles available, definition of software standards (now divided between Adobe and Microsoft), security against 13 duplication and the product’s present price — that will delay the transformation of e-books into our main reading source for at least 10 years more. Nevertheless, the revolution we are 16 witnessing does not refer only to the way we read, but also, and mainly, how information is distributed. On downloading a book from the Internet, we are in fact engaged in an action that 19 reflects a new relationship between reader and writer. This relationship had its first major revolution in ancient Egypt, when the invention of papyrus allowed for the 22 transportation of information registered on pyramid walls to other readers. This process of copying by hand persisted for over 5,000 years, until Gutenberg, by inventing the printing 25 press, generated the second major revolution in writing. By multiplying the number of readers and democratizing access to knowledge — 100 years after the advent of print, there were 28 over 50 million literate people in Europe — the printing press permitted all scientific progress during the following centuries. The Internet is becoming writing’s third major 31 revolution, with a basic difference: while papyrus and print have enabled and democratized the reader’s access to knowledge, the Internet is democratizing the access to readers 34 by the writer himself. The possibility of each person creating and publishing their work on the Internet — be it a book, a song, a thesis, a journal or even a simple essay, allowing 37 access to an endless universe of people, represents a transformation not only for writers and readers, but also for the whole editorial market. Editors who used to be concerned wit h 40 the content and the presentation of the final product will start focusing exclusively on content. And thus, the natural order of printing and distributing will become distributing and, 43 afterwards, if necessary, printing. José Luiz Rossi. Classe A, 2000, p. 28 (with adaptations).

07 – (UnB/VESTIBULAR/2001-2ºSEMESTRE)

According to text II, judge the following items.

1 Very few traditional American publishers have introduced the e-books.

2 E-books can be used together with a digital reading device.

3 However appealing e-books and digital reading devices seem, our main reading source will still be the printed book for some more time.

4 More than 3 million copies of e-books are expected to be sold this year.

5 At present, e-books are expensive.

08 – (UnB/VESTIBULAR/2001-2ºSEMESTRE)

According to text II, judge the items below.

1 Software standards for e-books are nowadays divided between two groups.

2 The relationship between readers and writers has been changing.

3 Papyrus made information available to everyone.

4 It can be deduced from text II that papyrus is an African discovery.

5 It can be inferred from text II that hieroglyphs were first printed before being sent to other people.

09 – (UnB/VESTIBULAR/2001-2ºSEMESTRE)

From text II, it can be concluded that Gutenberg’s invention was a great contribution because

1 more people had access to knowledge.

2 writers had a better opportunity to disseminate their ideas.

3 illiteracy started to decline.

4 the use for papyrus was discovered.

5 scientific progress was made possible.

10 – (UnB/VESTIBULAR/2001-2ºSEMESTRE)

Considering the issues discussed in text II, judge the following items.

1 Even with the advent of the printing press, access to knowledge remained limited to very few people for over 4,000 years.

2 The invention of e-books can be considered as revolutionary as the invention of the printing press.

3 Written material has undergone three main revolutions over the history of humankind.

4 Compared to the USA, Brazil may take a longer time to have ebooks used nationwide.

11 – (UnB/VESTIBULAR/2001-2ºSEMESTRE)

Judge if each item below could be an appropriate title for text II.

1 Rise and fall of e-books

2 Egyptian inventions

3 Modern times, modern options

4 E-books: new relationship between readers and writers

5 The Internet: the third revolution in written material

12 – (UnB/VESTIBULAR/2001-2ºSEMESTRE)

In text II, the sentence “Editors who used to be concerned with the content and the presentation of the final product will start focusing exclusively on content” (R.39-41) means that

1 whereas content was an important issue for book printing, it is not so any longer.

2 the presentation of a book is a major focus of attention now. 3 in the near future editors will no longer be concerned with the presentation of the final product, but only with its content.

4 editors’ focus will shift from presentation and content to content only.

13 – (UnB/VESTIBULAR/2001-2ºSEMESTRE)

he ideas contained in text II lead to the conclusion that the future of e-books

1 has been predicted to be a failure.

2 looks promising.

3 is in the hands of the government.

4 depends on their cost.

14 – (UnB/VESTIBULAR/2001-2ºSEMESTRE)

Judge whether each item below correctly completes the following clause. If there had been e-books a decade ago,

1 their final price could have been lower nowadays.

2 everybody will use them.

3 people had bought them.

4 they would have been more popular nowadays.

15 – (UnB/VESTIBULAR/2001-2ºSEMESTRE)

Over the years, mankind has achieved significant progress in several areas, including interpersonal relations, although there is still a lot to be accomplished. Considering this fact, look at the picture below of a married couple.

According to the text and picture above, judge the following items.

1 The husband never gives orders at home.

2 The wife usually avoids traditional housework.

3 The husband is eager to help his wife.

4 The man is going to close the door.

UnB–2002–CESPE–VESTIBULAR–2º SEMESTRE

www.inglesparaconcursos.blog.br

❑ PROVA DE LÍNGUA INGLESA:

• UNIVERSIDADE DE BRASÍLIA-VESTIBULAR-2002-2º SEMESTRE-05/07/2002.

❑ ESTRUTURA-PROVA:

• 30 TFQs (True False Questions).
• Texto (1) – | The mark of greatness |
• Texto (2) – | Global overview |
• Texto (3) – | Dalai Lama |
• Texto (4) – | Tirinha | Mafalda |

❑ TEXTO 1:

Quino. Mafalda. Bogotá, Colombia: La Oveja Negra, 1980 (with adaptations).

❑ TRADUÇÃO - TEXTO 1:

The mark of greatness

A marca da grandeza

I think it is possible that later generations, if they were asked to choose, regardless of nationality, one man above all others as having been the greatest in the first half of the twentieth century, might select a name which today may perhaps be received with surprise: it is that of Gandhi.

Penso que é possível que as gerações posteriores, se lhes fosse pedido que escolhessem, independentemente da nacionalidade, um homem acima de todos os outros como tendo sido o maior da primeira metade do século XX, escolhessem um nome que hoje talvez possa ser recebido com surpresa: é o de Gandhi.

Consider the vastness of the scale on which Gandhi worked  — a country containing nearly a fifth of the human race, with reactions affecting all Asia. Consider the loftiness of his aim — to raise the self-respect of the people; to establish their liberties, to lift them out of poverty and ignorance; to emancipate the women; to rescue the outcasts1.

Consideremos a vastidão da escala em que Gandhi trabalhou – um país que contém quase um quinto da raça humana, com reações que afetaram toda a Ásia. Considere a grandiosidade do seu objetivo – aumentar o respeito próprio do povo; estabelecer as suas liberdades, tirá-los da pobreza e da ignorância; emancipar as mulheres; para resgatar os excluídos1.

Remember that he was resolute throughout in seeking his ends without violence — without armed revolution or wars; his weapon, self-sacrifice. Sum this all up, and then search for any other man of our age more worthy than he of the honour and reverence of future generations.

Lembre-se de que ele esteve sempre decidido a procurar os seus fins sem violência – sem revoluções armadas ou guerras; sua arma, o auto-sacrifício. Resuma tudo isso e procure qualquer outro homem de nossa época mais digno do que ele da honra e reverência das gerações futuras.

Mary Tavares Azevedo e Cydhelia Denys Santiago. Inglês: segundo grau, textos e testes, 1976, p. 97.

*outcast – a person who is driven away from home, friends or society, or who has no place in society.

(...)

01 – (UnB/CESPE-2° VESTIBULAR-2002)

According to text I,

1 the author thinks that later generations will not remember Gandhi.

2 Gandhi was one of the greatest personalities of the years 1900-1950.

3 Gandhi’s country has close to 50% of the human race.

4 the extent of Gandhi’s work would be felt all over Asia.

5 Gandhi’s work has never been recognized.

 Gabarito  ECEC :

According to text I,

 Item 1  Errado :

the author thinks that later generations will not remember Gandhi.

(o autor pensa que as gerações posteriores não se lembrarão de Gandhi.)

 Item 2  Correto :

Gandhi was one of the greatest personalities of the years 1900-1950.

(Gandhi foi uma das maiores personalidades dos anos 1900-1950.)

➧Item (2) alinhada com ideia contextual:

"[...] I think it is possible that later generations, if they were asked to choose, regardless of nationality, one man above all others as having been the greatest in the first half of the twentieth century, might select a name which today may perhaps be received with surprise: it is that of Gandhi."

(Acho que é possível que as gerações posteriores, se lhes pedissem para escolher, independentemente da nacionalidade, um homem acima de todos os outros como tendo sido o maior na primeira metade do século XX, selecionem um nome que hoje talvez possa ser recebido com surpresa: é a de Gandhi.)

 Item 3  Errado :

Gandhi’s country has close to 50% of the human race.

(O país de Gandhi tem cerca de 50% da raça humana.)

➧Item (3) alinhada com ideia contextual:

"[...] Consider the vastness of the scale on which Gandhi worked  — a country containing nearly a fifth of the human race, with reactions affecting all Asia."

(Considere a vastidão da escala em que Gandhi trabalhou - um país contendo quase um quinto da raça humana, com reações afetando toda a Ásia.)

 Item 4  Correto :

the extent of Gandhi’s work would be felt all over Asia.

(a extensão do trabalho de Gandhi seria sentida em toda a Ásia.)

➧Item (4) alinhada com ideia contextual:

"[...] Consider the vastness of the scale on which Gandhi worked  — a country containing nearly a fifth of the human race, with reactions affecting all Asia."

(Considere a vastidão da escala em que Gandhi trabalhou - um país contendo quase um quinto da raça humana, com reações afetando toda a Ásia.)"

 Item 5  Errado :

Gandhi’s work has never been recognized.

02 – (UnB/CESPE-2° VESTIBULAR-2002)

From text I, it can be inferred that Gandhi

1 was driven by the thought of justice.

2 must have been in favor of women’s right to work.

3 believed in the slogan the ends justify the means.

4 was against equal rights for men and women.

 Gabarito  CCEE :

From text I, it can be inferred that Gandhi...

Do texto I, pode-se inferir que Gandhi ...

 Item 1  Correto :

was driven by the thought of justice.

(foi impulsionado pelo pensamento de justiça.)

 Item 2  Correto :

must have been in favor of women’s right to work.

(deve ter sido a favor do direito das mulheres ao trabalho.)

 Item 3  Errado :

believed in the slogan the ends justify the means.

(acreditou no slogan os fins justificam os meios.)

 Item 4  Errado :

was against equal rights for men and women.

(era contra a igualdade de direitos para homens e mulheres.)

03 – (UnB/CESPE-2° VESTIBULAR-2002)

In each item below, judge if the fragment from text I indicates that Gandhi was a compassionate man.

1 “one man above all” (l.2)

2 “to raise the self-respect of the people” (l.9)

3 “seeking his ends without violence” (l.12-13)

4 “armed revolution or wars” (l.13)

 Gabarito  ECCE :

In each item below, judge if the fragment from text I indicates that Gandhi was a compassionate man.

(Em cada item abaixo, julgue se o fragmento do texto I indica que Gandhi era um homem compassivo.)

 Item 1  Errado :

“one man above all” (l.2)

(um homem acima de tudo)

 Item 2  Correto :

“to raise the self-respect of the people” (l.9)

(aumentar o respeito próprio das pessoas)

 Item 3  Correto :

“seeking his ends without violence” (l.12-13)

(buscando seus fins sem violência)

 Item 4  Errado :

“armed revolution or wars” (l.13)

(revolução armada ou guerras)

04 – (UnB/CESPE-2° VESTIBULAR-2002)

In accordance with text I, Gandhi

1 believed everybody should be respected and have a place in society.

2 succeeded in making Israel and Palestine close followers of his philosophy.

3 sacrificed his own people.

4 adopted a firm position against violence.

5 worked in several countries in Asia.

 Gabarito  CEECE :

In accordance with text I, Gandhi...

De acordo com o texto I, Gandhi...

 Item 1  Correto :

believed everybody should be respected and have a place in society.

(acreditava que todos deveriam ser respeitados e ter um lugar na sociedade.)

 Item 2  Errado :

succeeded in making Israel and Palestine close followers of his philosophy.

(conseguiu fazer de Israel e da Palestina seguidores próximos de sua filosofia.)

 Item 3  Errado :

sacrificed his own people.

(sacrificou seu próprio povo.)

 Item 4  Correto :

adopted a firm position against violence.

(adotou uma posição firme contra a violência.)

 Item 5  Errado :

worked in several countries in Asia.

(trabalhou em vários países da Ásia.)

05 – (UnB/CESPE-2° VESTIBULAR-2002)

In text I, the sentence “Remember that he was resolute throughout in seeking his ends without violence — without armed revolution or wars; his weapon, self-sacrifice” (l.11-14) means that

1 although he believed in achieving his goals regardless of what may have happened, he would kill himself if it were necessary.

2 at no moment did he change his mind about not using violence to struggle for his ideals; instead, he would sacrifice himself as a form of pressure.

3 because he didn’t have an army to support him, his only weapon also failed.

4 he was determined from beginning to end to discard violence and to give up things he liked to help others, or for a good purpose.

 Gabarito  ECEC :

In text I, the sentence “Remember that he was resolute throughout in seeking his ends without violence — without armed revolution or wars; his weapon, self-sacrifice” (l.11-14) means that...

No texto I, a frase “Lembre-se de que ele sempre esteve decidido a buscar seus fins sem violência - sem revolução armada ou guerras; sem sua arma, sem auto-sacrifício ” significa que....

 Item 1  Errado :

although he believed in achieving his goals regardless of what may have happened, he would kill himself if it were necessary.

(embora acreditasse em alcançar seus objetivos independentemente do que pudesse ter acontecido, ele se mataria se fosse necessário.)

 Item 2  Correto :

at no moment did he change his mind about not using violence to struggle for his ideals; instead, he would sacrifice himself as a form of pressure.

(em nenhum momento ele mudou de ideia sobre não usar a violência para lutar por seus ideais; em vez disso, ele se sacrificaria como uma forma de pressão.)

 Item 3  Errado :

because he didn’t have an army to support him, his only weapon also failed.

(porque ele não tinha um exército para apoiá-lo, sua única arma também falhou.)

 Item 4  Correto :

he was determined from beginning to end to discard violence and to give up things he liked to help others, or for a good purpose.

(ele estava determinado do início ao fim a descartar a violência e a desistir de coisas que gostava para ajudar os outros, ou por um bom propósito.)

06 – (UnB/CESPE-2° VESTIBULAR-2002)

In text I,

1 “later” (l.1) indicates place.

2 “that” (l.5) refers to “surprise” (l.5).

3 “to raise” (l.9) is the opposite of to lower.

4 “Sum this all up” (l.14) means Add this all up.

 Gabarito  EECE :

In text I,

 Item 1  Errado :

“later” (l.1) indicates place.

 Item 2  Errado :

“that” (l.5) refers to “surprise” (l.5).

 Item 3  Correto :

“to raise” (l.9) is the opposite of to lower.

 Item 4  Errado :

“Sum this all up” (l.14) means Add this all up.

07 – (UnB/CESPE-2° VESTIBULAR-2002)

He who knows what he wants has already walked a long way in order to achieve it.

Harold Sherman (with adaptations).

(...)

The above quotation means that

1 becoming aware of what we want always takes a long time.

2 people who know what they want take longer to accomplish things.

3 those who know what they want may be at a disadvantage.

4 one that knows what one wants is closer to reaching one’s objective.

5 the goal seems less distant to people who know what they want.

 Gabarito  EEECC :

The above quotation means that

1 becoming aware of what we want always takes a long time.

2 people who know what they want take longer to accomplish things.

3 those who know what they want may be at a disadvantage.

4 one that knows what one wants is closer to reaching one’s objective.

5 the goal seems less distant to people who know what they want.

❑ TRADUÇÃO - TEXTO 2:

Global overview

Visão geral global

Nearly half of the world’s population (47 per cent) lives in urban areas, a figure which is expected to grow by per cent per year during 2000-15 (United Nations Population Division 2001a).

Quase metade da população mundial (47 por cento) vive em áreas urbanas, um número que deverá crescer por cento ao ano durante 2000-15 (Divisão de População das Nações Unidas 2001a).

The accumulation of people, their consumption patterns, travel behaviour and their urban economic activities have a large impact on the environment in terms of resource consumption and waste discharges.

A acumulação de pessoas, os seus padrões de consumo, o comportamento de viagem e as suas atividades econômicas urbanas têm um grande impacto no ambiente em termos de consumo de recursos e descargas de resíduos.

However, cities also offer opportunities to manage a growing population in a sustainable way.

No entanto, as cidades também oferecem oportunidades para gerir uma população crescente de forma sustentável.

Time nature takes to absorb litter lying on the ground or sand

Tempo que a natureza leva para absorver o lixo que está no chão ou na areia

newspapers 2 – 6 weeks (jornais 2 – 6 semanas)

paper containers 1 – 4 months (recipientes de papel 1 – 4 meses)

fruit peel, napkins 3 months (casca de fruta, guardanapos 3 meses)

cigarette stubs, matches 2 years (pontas de cigarro, fósforos de 2 anos)

chewing gum 5 years (goma de mascar 5 anos)

nylon 30 years (náilon 30 anos)

aluminum cans, plastic bottles 100 years (latas de alumínio, garrafas plásticas 100 anos)

glass containers 1 million years (recipientes de vidro 1 milhão de anos)

08 – (UnB/CESPE-2° VESTIBULAR-2002)

Considering text II, judge the items below.

1 The picture shows a situation which is not found in any Brazilian city.

2 The shacks shown in the picture are made only of objects that take a million years to be absorbed by nature.

3 The people shown in the picture live under poor conditions due to uncontrolled urbanization.

4 The picture suggests that there is still a lot to be improved in the world.

 Gabarito  EECC :

Considering text II, judge the items below.

1 The picture shows a situation which is not found in any Brazilian city.

2 The shacks shown in the picture are made only of objects that take a million years to be absorbed by nature.

3 The people shown in the picture live under poor conditions due to uncontrolled urbanization.

4 The picture suggests that there is still a lot to be improved in the world.

09 – (UnB/CESPE-2° VESTIBULAR-2002)

According to text II, judge the following items.

1 More than 2.5 billion people live in urban areas.

2 In line 2, the word “figure” refers to the preceeding picture.

3 Crowded cities affect the environment especially in terms of resource consumption and littering.

4 The verb “to manage” (l.8) can be correctly substituted for to deal with.

 Gabarito  CECC :

According to text II, judge the following items.

1 More than 2.5 billion people live in urban areas.

2 In line 2, the word “figure” refers to the preceeding picture.

3 Crowded cities affect the environment especially in terms of resource consumption and littering.

4 The verb “to manage” (l.8) can be correctly substituted for to deal with.

10 – (UnB/CESPE-2° VESTIBULAR-2002)

Based on the chart in text II, it is correct to say that

1 of all the objects listed, glass containers are the least harmful to the environment.

2 chewing gum is absorbed six times faster than nylon.

3 aluminum cans take a century to be absorbed by nature.

4 paper containers may take as long as fruit peel to be absorbed.

 Gabarito  ECCC :

Based on the chart in text II, it is correct to say that

1 of all the objects listed, glass containers are the least harmful to the environment.

2 chewing gum is absorbed six times faster than nylon.

3 aluminum cans take a century to be absorbed by nature.

4 paper containers may take as long as fruit peel to be absorbed.

11 – (UnB/CESPE-2° VESTIBULAR-2002)

In relation to the material presented in the chart in text II,

1 aluminum, a silver-colored light metalloid element, is used especially for making cooking equipment and aircraft parts.

2 nylon is an extremely strong synthetic fiber used for rope, for brushes etc.

3 paper is a thick material made from the leaves of trees and is used especially for writing, printing or drawing on.

4 plastic is a natural substance that can be shaped when soft into many different forms and has many different uses.

 Gabarito  ECEE :

1 aluminum, a silver-colored light metalloid element, is used especially for making cooking equipment and aircraft parts.

2 nylon is an extremely strong synthetic fiber used for rope, for brushes etc.

3 paper is a thick material made from the leaves of trees and is used especially for writing, printing or drawing on.

4 plastic is a natural substance that can be shaped when soft into many different forms and has many different uses.

❑ TEXTO 3: questions 12 and 13.

To make the world better means to make human beings better. Compassion makes us understand that all men are equal; that gives us an inner drive. If we only think about ourselves, our mind becomes limited. We can become happier, raise happier families, and likewise, communities, countries, a better world.

S. S. Dalai Lama (with adaptations).

12 – (UnB/CESPE-2° VESTIBULAR-2002)

Based on text III, it can be concluded that

1 the better the human beings, the better the world.

2 lack of compassion can make men better creatures.

3 happiness is an outcome of compassionate actions.

4 compassion will never build up a better world.

 Gabarito  CECE :

Based on text III, it can be concluded that

1 the better the human beings, the better the world.

2 lack of compassion can make men better creatures.

3 happiness is an outcome of compassionate actions.

4 compassion will never build up a better world.

13 – (UnB/CESPE-2° VESTIBULAR-2002)

In each item below, judge whether the sentence is an appropriate title for text III.

1 Compassion: the basic step

2 World population’s basic needs

3 Searching for a better world

4 Endangered world

 Gabarito  CECE :

In each item below, judge whether the sentence is an appropriate title for text III.

1 Compassion: the basic step

2 World population’s basic needs

3 Searching for a better world

4 Endangered world

❑ TEXTO 4:

Quino. Mafalda. Bogotá, Colombia: La Oveja Negra, 1980 (with adaptations)

14 – (UnB/CESPE-2° VESTIBULAR-2002)

In the comic strip above, the girl who starts the dialogue

1 is concerned with the social exclusion problem.

2 is very surprised at the very high levels of children unemployment.

3 does not discuss the causes of criminality.

4 shows clearly her skills to help poor people.

 👍  Comentários e Gabarito   CECE  

TÓPICO - INFORMAÇÃO CONTEXTUAL & EXPRESSÃO IDIOMÁTICA :

➧ TRADUÇÃO DO CARTOON:

- 1º QUADRINHO:

➭ The headline in today's newspaper was very depressing: 43 million children work under very bad conditions throughout the world.

➭ A manchete do jornal de hoje foi muito deprimente: 43 milhões de crianças trabalham em péssimas condições em todo o mundo. 

- 2º QUADRINHO:

➭ Can you believe it? And thid information comes from International Labour Organization. 43 million children work in order to survive.

➭ Você acredita nisso? E essa informação vem da Organização Internacional do Trabalho. 43 milhões de crianças trabalham para sobreviver.

- 3º QUADRINHO:

➭ So what? Are we to be blamed? NO! The only thing we can do is to be sorry and say: HOW AWFUL!

➭ E daí? Devemos ser culpados? NÃO! A única coisa que podemos fazer é nos desculpar e dizer: QUE HORRÍVEL!

- 4º QUADRINHO:

➭ HOW AWFUL!

➭ QUE HORRÍVEL!

- 5º QUADRINHO:

➭ Ok. You should say it too. HOW AWFUL, then we can forget about it and play!

➭ Está bem. Você deveria dizer isso também. QUE HORRÍVEL, então podemos esquecer isso e brincar!

➧ RESPOSTAS:

In the comic strip above, the girl who starts the dialogue

Na história em quadrinhos acima, a garota que inicia o diálogo ...

1 is concerned with the social exclusion problem. – preocupa-se com o problema da exclusão social. (CORRETO)

2 is very surprised at the very high levels of children unemployment. – está muito surpreendido com os níveis muito elevados de desemprego infantil. (ERRADO)

3 does not discuss the causes of criminality. – não discute as causas da criminalidade. (CORRETO)

4 shows clearly her skills to help poor people. – mostra claramente suas habilidades para ajudar os pobres. (ERRADO)

15 – (UnB/CESPE-2° VESTIBULAR-2002)

Don’t waste your precious time asking: “why isn’t the world a better place?” but rather: “what can I do to turn it better?”. There is always an answer to this question.

Leo Buscaglia. O caminho do touro (with adaptations).

It can be deduced from the above quotation that

1 the world could be better if everybody tried to make it better.

2 time is precious only for those who ask why the world is not a better place to live in.

3 the world would turn out to be better if you just keep wondering why it is not.

4 if you are interested in making the world better, you will find a way.

 Gabarito  CEEC :

It can be deduced from the above quotation that

1 the world could be better if everybody tried to make it better.

2 time is precious only for those who ask why the world is not a better place to live in.

3 the world would turn out to be better if you just keep wondering why it is not.

4 if you are interested in making the world better, you will find a way.