- Texto | Why the world’s best footballers are cheaper than they seem | www.economist.com |
- 15 MCQs (Multiple Choice Questions) | Five-Option Question |
Por que os melhores jogadores de futebol do mundo são mais baratos do que parecem?
August 12, 2017
[1º PARÁGRAFO]
Para os clubes de futebol, agosto costuma ser o mês mais caro, quando fazem grandes ofertas pelos jogadores uns dos outros.
Este ano foi particularmente pródigo[generoso].
On August 3rd Paris SaintGermain (PSG), a French team, signed Neymar da Silva
Santos Júnior, a Brazilian forward, from Barcelona for €222m
($264m), more than twice the prior record price for a footballer.
Em 3 de agosto, o Paris Saint-Germain (PSG), time francês, contratou Neymar da Silva Santos Júnior, atacante brasileiro, do Barcelona por 222 milhões de euros (264 milhões de dólares), mais que o dobro do preço recorde anterior para um jogador de futebol.
[2º PARÁGRAFO]
With three weeks of the transfer “window” left, teams in Europe’s “big five” leagues — the top divisions in England, Spain, Germany, Italy and France — have paid €3.2bn, just short of the record of €3.4bn set last year.
Faltando três semanas para o fim da “janela” de transferência, as equipas das “cinco grandes” ligas europeias – as principais divisões de Inglaterra, Espanha, Alemanha, Itália e França – pagaram 3,2 mil milhões de euros, pouco abaixo do recorde de 3,4 mil milhões de euros estabelecido. ano passado.
The €179m splurgedby Manchester City, an English club, on defenders outstrips
47 countries’ defence budgets. Arsène Wenger, a veteran
manager of Arsenal, a London team, and an economics
graduate, describes the modern transfer market as “beyond
calculation and beyond rationality”
Os 179 milhões de euros gastos pelo Manchester City, um clube inglês, em defesas ultrapassam os orçamentos de defesa de 47 países. Arsène Wenger, técnico veterano do Arsenal, time de Londres e formado em economia, descreve o mercado de transferências moderno como “além do cálculo e da racionalidade”.
Neymar, as he is known, will cost PSG’s owners, a branch of Qatar’s sovereign-wealth fund, about €500m over fiveyears.
Neymar, como é conhecido, custará aos proprietários do PSG, uma filial do fundo soberano do Catar, cerca de 500 milhões de euros em cinco anos.
In the betting markets, his arrival has boosted PSG’s
implied chances of winning the Champions League, Europe’s
most coveted club competition — but only from around 5.5%
to about 9%.
Nos mercados de apostas, a sua chegada aumentou as chances implícitas do PSG de vencer a Liga dos Campeões, a competição de clubes mais cobiçada da Europa – mas apenas de cerca de 5,5% para cerca de 9%.
And prize money and ticket sales alone struggle
to generate enough revenue to recoup such an outlay.
E os prêmios em dinheiro e as vendas de bilhetes, por si só, lutam para gerar receitas suficientes para recuperar tal despesa.
[4º PARÁGRAFO]
That does not make Neymar a bad investment.
Isso não faz de Neymar um mau investimento.
The goalshe scores may matter less than the gloss he lends to theclub’s brand and the sponsors he will lure.
Os gols que ele marca podem importar menos do que o brilho que ele dá à marca do clube e aos patrocinadores que vai atrai.
He earns more
from endorsements than any footballer except Cristiano
Ronaldo and Lionel Messi.
Ele ganha mais com patrocínios do que qualquer jogador de futebol, exceto Cristiano Ronaldo e Lionel Messi.
Some 59% of PSG’s revenue of
€520m last year was commercial (that is, other than ticket
sales and broadcasting fees), more than any other club in thebig five leagues.
Cerca de 59% da receita de 520 milhões de euros do PSG no ano passado foi comercial (isto é, excluindo a venda de bilhetes e taxas de transmissão), mais do que qualquer outro clube das cinco grandes ligas.
Neymar has more followers on Instagram,
a social network, than does Nike, his main sponsor and
the provider of PSG’s kit, for which privilege it pays €24m
a year.
Neymar tem mais seguidores no Instagram, uma rede social, do que a Nike, seu principal patrocinador e fornecedor do kit do PSG, privilégio pelo qual paga 24 milhões de euros por ano.
A popularidade de Neymar ajudará o PSG quando o acordo for renegociado.
Nike has already agreed to pay Barcelona
€155m a season from 2018.
A Nike já concordou em pagar ao Barcelona 155 milhões de euros por temporada a partir de 2018.
[5º PARÁGRAFO]
PSG’s owners are confident of breaking even, though they could afford a loss.
Os proprietários do PSG estão confiantes de que conseguirão empatar, embora possam arcar com uma perda.
Qatar has been spending €420m a
week preparing for the 2022 World Cup, and the signing of
Neymar is a message that the otherwise embattled country
remains strong and rich.
O Catar tem gasto 420 milhões de euros por semana na preparação para a Copa do Mundo de 2022, e a contratação de Neymar é uma mensagem de que o país, que de outra forma estaria em apuros, continua forte e rico.
The danger is to PSG, since under
“financial fair play” rules, teams are punished if they fail to limit
their losses.
O perigo é para o PSG, uma vez que pelas regras do “fair play financeiro”, as equipas são punidas se não conseguirem limitar as suas perdas.
In 2014 the club was fined for violating these.
Em 2014, o clube foi multado por violar estas regras.
Outra falha no equilíbrio das contas pode significar uma suspensão da Liga dos Campeões.
[5º PARÁGRAFO]
Such spending caps irk billionaire owners, but they have helped prevent the inflation of a transfer-fee bubble.
Esses limites de gastos irritam os proprietários bilionários, mas ajudaram a evitar a inflação de uma bolha de taxas de transferência.
The rapid
rise is a result of European football’s expanding fan base.
A rápida ascensão é resultado da expansão da base de torcedores do futebol europeu.
In
the English Premier League, football’s richest, average net
spending on players per club has stayed roughly constant,
hovering at around 15% of revenue since the 1990s, according
to the 21st Club, a football consultancy.
Na Premier League inglesa, o gasto líquido médio dos jogadores mais ricos do futebol por clube manteve-se praticamente constante, oscilando em torno de 15% da receita desde a década de 1990, de acordo com a 21st Club, uma consultoria de futebol.
[7º PARÁGRAFO]
As long as clubs’ revenues keep growing, the transfer boom is likely to persist.
Enquanto as receitas dos clubes continuarem a crescer, o boom de transferências deverá persistir.
Broadcasting revenue, the game’s
first big injection of cash in the 1990s, has become, in the
internet era, the weakest link.
As receitas de radiodifusão, a primeira grande injeção de dinheiro do jogo na década de 1990, tornaram-se, na era da Internet, o elo mais fraco.
British television audiences for
live games have dipped as some fans opt for illegal streaming
sites or free highlights.
O público [os telespectadores] da televisão britânica para jogos ao vivo, caiu à medida que alguns fãs optam por sites de streaming ilegais ou destaques gratuitos.
Zach Fuller, a media analyst, reckons
that signing a sponsorship magnet like Neymar is a hedge
against volatility in that market.
Zach Fuller, analista de mídia, avalia que contratar um ímã de patrocínio como Neymar é uma proteção contra a volatilidade nesse mercado.
[8º PARÁGRAFO]
Audiences are more robust elsewhere: around 100m Chinese viewers tune into the biggest games.
O público é mais robusto em outros lugares: cerca de 100 milhões de telespectadores chineses assistem aos maiores jogos.
Manchester
United are the most popular team on Chinese social media,
despite qualifying for the Champions League only twice in thepast four seasons.
O Manchester United é o time mais popular nas redes sociais chinesas, apesar de ter se classificado para a Liga dos Campeões apenas duas vezes nas últimas quatro temporadas.
They have overtaken Real Madrid, who
have won the trophy three times in the same period, as the
world’s most prosperous club.
Ultrapassaram o Real Madrid, que conquistou o troféu três vezes no mesmo período, como o clube mais próspero do mundo.
If Neymar unlocks new markets
as well as defences, then PSG _______ a winner.
Se Neymar desbloquear novos mercados e também defesas, então o PSG _______ será o vencedor.
76 – The title – Why the world’s best footballers are cheaper than
they seem – is reflected by the following fragment of the text:
(A) This year has been particularly lavish. (paragraph 1)
(B) …the modern transfer market as “beyond calculation and beyond rationality”. (paragraph 2)
(C) The goals he scores may matter less than the gloss he lends to the club’s brand and the sponsors he will lure. (paragraph 4)
(D) In the English Premier League, football’s richest, average net spending on players per club has stayed roughly constant, hovering at around 15% of revenue since the 1990s. (paragraph 6)
(E) Manchester United are the most popular team on Chinese social media, despite qualifying for the Champions League only twice in the past four seasons. (paragraph 8)
(A) This year has been particularly lavish. (paragraph 1)
(B) …the modern transfer market as “beyond calculation and beyond rationality”. (paragraph 2)
(C) The goals he scores may matter less than the gloss he lends to the club’s brand and the sponsors he will lure. (paragraph 4)
(D) In the English Premier League, football’s richest, average net spending on players per club has stayed roughly constant, hovering at around 15% of revenue since the 1990s. (paragraph 6)
(E) Manchester United are the most popular team on Chinese social media, despite qualifying for the Champions League only twice in the past four seasons. (paragraph 8)
• Gabarito C
The title – Why the world’s best footballers are cheaper than they seem – is reflected by the following fragment of the text:
O título - Por que os melhores jogadores de futebol do mundo são mais baratos do que parecem - é refletido no seguinte fragmento do texto:
(A) This year has been particularly lavish. (paragraph 1)
• Este ano foi particularmente pródigo.
(B) …the modern transfer market as “beyond calculation and beyond rationality”. (paragraph 2)
• ... o mercado de transferência moderno como “além do cálculo e além da racionalidade".
(C) The goals he scores may matter less than the gloss he lends to the club’s brand and the sponsors he will lure. (paragraph 4)
• Os gols , que ele marca, podem ter menos importância do que o brilho que ele empresta à marca do clube e aos patrocinadores que ele vai atrair. (parágrafo 4)
(D) In the English Premier League, football’s richest, average net spending on players per club has stayed roughly constant, hovering at around 15% of revenue since the 1990s. (paragraph 6)
• Na Premier League inglesa, a mais rica do futebol, o gasto médio líquido com jogadores por clube permaneceu quase constante, oscilando em cerca de 15% da receita desde os anos 1990.
(E) Manchester United are the most popular team on Chinese social media, despite qualifying for the Champions League only twice in the past four seasons. (paragraph 8)
• O Manchester United é o time mais popular nas redes sociais chinesas, apesar de se classificar para a Liga dos Campeões apenas duas vezes nas últimas quatro temporadas.
77 – According to the first and second paragraphs,
(A) the top five football leagues in Europe have paid record transfer fees in 2017.
(B) Manchester City defence budget equals to just 47 other teams.
(C) PSG displays the best player of all European football teams.
(D) not everyone agrees with the path transfer market has taken.
(E) although Barcelona has got a massive amount of money for Neymar, it was a bad business.
(B) Manchester City defence budget equals to just 47 other teams.
(C) PSG displays the best player of all European football teams.
(D) not everyone agrees with the path transfer market has taken.
(E) although Barcelona has got a massive amount of money for Neymar, it was a bad business.
• Gabarito D
According to the first and second paragraphs,
De acordo com o 1º e 2º parágrafos,
(A) the top five football leagues in Europe have paid record
transfer fees in 2017.
• as cinco principais ligas de futebol da Europa pagaram taxas de transferência recordes em 2017.
(B) Manchester City defence budget equals to just 47 other
teams.
• O orçamento de defesa do Manchester City é igual a apenas 47 outras equipes.
(C) PSG displays the best player of all European football teams.
• O PSG exibe o melhor jogador de todos os times de futebol europeus.
(D) not everyone agrees with the path transfer market has taken.
• nem todo mundo concorda com o caminho que o mercado de transferência tomou.
(E) although Barcelona has got a massive amount of money
for Neymar, it was a bad business.
• embora o Barcelona tenha uma enorme quantidade de dinheiro para Neymar, foi um péssimo negócio.
78 – The excerpt from the first paragraph – …the prior record price
for a footballer. – is stated in the table “Transfer pricing” as the
amount paid for
(A) Paul Pogba.
(B) Gonzalo Higuaín.
(C) Zinedine Zidane.
(D) Cristiano Ronaldo.
(E) Neymar.
(B) Gonzalo Higuaín.
(C) Zinedine Zidane.
(D) Cristiano Ronaldo.
(E) Neymar.
• Gabarito A
The excerpt from the first paragraph – …the prior record price for a footballer. – is stated in the table “Transfer pricing” as the amount paid for
O trecho do primeiro parágrafo -… o preço recorde anterior para um jogador de futebol. - é indicado na tabela "Preços de transferência" como o montante pago por...
(A) Paul Pogba.
• Montante pago: €105m.
(B) Gonzalo Higuaín.
(C) Zinedine Zidane.
(D) Cristiano Ronaldo.
(E) Neymar.
(B) Gonzalo Higuaín.
(C) Zinedine Zidane.
(D) Cristiano Ronaldo.
(E) Neymar.
79 – The fragment from the third paragraph – …from around 5.5% to about 9%.– refers to
(A) the cost to PSG’s owners.
(B) boosted PSG’s implied chances of winning the Champions League.
(C) betting markets.
(D) prize money and ticket sales.
(E) €500m over five years.
• Gabarito B
The fragment from the third paragraph – …from around 5.5% to about 9%.– refers to
O fragmento do terceiro parágrafo - de cerca de 5,5% para cerca de 9%. - refere-se a
(A) the cost to PSG’s owners.
(B) boosted PSG’s implied chances of winning the Champions League.
- "[...] In the betting markets, his arrival has boosted PSG’s implied chances of winning the Champions League, Europe’s most coveted club competition — but only from around 5.5% to about 9%.
- Nos mercados de apostas, sua chegada aumentou as chances implícitas do PSG de vencer a Liga dos Campeões, a competição de clubes mais cobiçada da Europa - mas apenas de cerca de 5,5% para cerca de 9%.
(C) betting markets.
(D) prize money and ticket sales.
(E) €500m over five years.
80 – According to the fourth paragraph, Neymar is not a bad investment to PSG because
(A) he scores spectacular goals even if they are not so many.
(B) he soon will overtake Cristiano Ronaldo and Lionel Messi in terms of endorsements.
(C) ticket sales will skyrocket due to his superior performance.
(D) his association to Nike creates a dynamic social networking.
(E) more than half of PSG’s revenues are commercial and Neymar will add a lot to them.
• Gabarito E
According to the fourth paragraph, Neymar is not a bad investment to PSG because
De acordo com o 4º parágrafo, Neymar não é um mau investimento para o PSG porque
(A) he scores spectacular goals even if they are not so many.
marca golos espetaculares, mesmo que não sejam tantos.
(B) he soon will overtake Cristiano Ronaldo and Lionel Messi in terms of endorsements.
ultrapassará em breve Cristiano Ronaldo e Lionel Messi em termos de patrocínios.
(C) ticket sales will skyrocket due to his superior performance.
as vendas de bilhetes dispararão devido ao seu desempenho superior.
(D) his association to Nike creates a dynamic social networking.
a sua associação com a Nike cria uma rede social dinâmica.
(E) more than half of PSG’s revenues are commercial and Neymar will add a lot to them.
mais da metade das receitas do PSG são comerciais e Neymar vai agregar muito a elas.
81 – The excerpt from the fourth paragraph –… that is, other than ticket sales and broadcasting fees…– provides
(A) an example.
(B) an explanation.
(C) a generalization.
(D) a result.
(E) an emphasis.
• Gabarito B
The excerpt from the fourth paragraph –… that is, other than ticket sales and broadcasting fees…– provides
O trecho do 4º parágrafo –… that is, other than ticket sales and broadcasting fees…– (isto é, além da venda de ingressos e taxas de transmissão ...) fornece
(A) an example.
• um exemplo.
(B) an explanation.
• uma explicação.
• "that is" é expressão introdutora de explicação.
(C) a generalization.
• uma generalização.
(D) a result.
• um resultado.
(E) an emphasis.
• uma ênfase.
82 – The idea expressed in the excerpt from the fifth paragraph – PSG’s owners are confident of breaking even, though they could afford a loss. – is the following:
(A) Although PSG’s owners might lose, they believe they will neither win nor lose.
(B) PSG’s owners made a bet since they think they will win a huge profit.
(C) Losing is out of question because PSG’s owners know what they are doing.
(D) However lucky and wealthy they are, PSG’s owners should lose money.
(E) Breaking even is most likely for PSG’s owners because there is no chance for losing.
• Gabarito A
The idea expressed in the excerpt from the fifth paragraph – PSG’s owners are confident of breaking even, though they could afford a loss. – is the following:
A ideia expressa no trecho do quinto parágrafo - os proprietários do PSG estão confiantes de que vão equilibrar as contas, embora eles possam suportar uma perda. - é o seguinte:
(A) Although PSG’s owners might lose, they believe they will neither win nor lose.
• Embora os proprietários do PSG possam perder, eles acreditam que nem vão ganhar nem perder.
(B) PSG’s owners made a bet since they think they will win a huge profit.
• Os proprietários do PSG fizeram uma aposta porque acham que terão um lucro enorme.
(C) Losing is out of question because PSG’s owners know what they are doing.
• Perder está fora de questão porque os proprietários do PSG sabem o que estão fazendo.
(D) However lucky and wealthy they are, PSG’s owners should lose money.
• Por mais sortudos e ricos que sejam, os proprietários do PSG devem perder dinheiro.
(E) Breaking even is most likely for PSG’s owners because there is no chance for losing.
• O empate é mais provável para os proprietários do PSG porque não há chance de perder.
83 – In the fragment from the fifth paragraph – …and the signing of Neymar is a message that the otherwise embattled country remains strong and rich… –, the word in bold, in this context, means
(A) in similar circumstances.
(B) under the same conditions.
(C) furthermore.
(D) up till now.
(E) in diverse respects.
• Gabarito E
In the fragment from the fifth paragraph – …and the signing of Neymar is a message that the otherwise embattled country remains strong and rich… –, the word in bold, in this context, means
No fragmento do 5º parágrafo - …and the signing of Neymar is a message that the otherwise embattled country remains strong and rich… - (a assinatura de Neymar é uma mensagem de que o país em conflito , de outra forma, continua forte e rico), a palavra em negrito, neste contexto, significa
(A) in similar circumstances.
• em circunstâncias semelhantes.
(B) under the same conditions.
• nas mesmas condições.
(C) furthermore.
• além disso.
(D) up till now.
• até agora.
(E) in diverse respects.
• em diversos aspectos.
• O advérbio "otherwise"(em outros aspectos) e a expressão "in diverse respects" transmitem a mesma ideia.
84 – According to the fifth paragraph,
(A) PSG have already been fined in 2014 and ought to be fined again for the second time.
(B) PSG have reduced investments because Qatar, their owner, is in financial trouble.
(C) in 2014, PSG had to renegotiate its debts due to previous overspending.
(D) if PSG do not respect the financial rules for the second time, they will be excluded from the Champions League.
(E) PSG are confident that the past debts will be largely covered this year.
(A) PSG have already been fined in 2014 and ought to be fined again for the second time.
(B) PSG have reduced investments because Qatar, their owner, is in financial trouble.
(C) in 2014, PSG had to renegotiate its debts due to previous overspending.
(D) if PSG do not respect the financial rules for the second time, they will be excluded from the Champions League.
(E) PSG are confident that the past debts will be largely covered this year.
• Gabarito D
According to the fifth paragraph,
De acordo com o 5º parágrafo,
(A) PSG have already been fined in 2014 and ought to be fined again for the second time.
• O PSG já foi autuado em 2014 e deve ser multado novamente.
(B) PSG have reduced investments because Qatar, their owner, is in financial trouble.
• O PSG reduziu os investimentos porque o Catar, seu proprietário, está com problemas financeiros.
(C) in 2014, PSG had to renegotiate its debts due to previous overspending.
• em 2014, o PSG teve que renegociar suas dívidas devido a gastos anteriores.
(D) if PSG do not respect the financial rules for the second time, they will be excluded from the Champions League.
• se o PSG não respeitar as regras financeiras pela segunda vez, será excluído da Liga dos Campeões.
(E) PSG are confident that the past debts will be largely covered this year.
• O PSG está confiante de que as dívidas anteriores serão amplamente cobertas neste ano.
85 – According to the seventh paragraph, broadcasting audiences have shifted to
(A) TV.
(B) live games.
(C) the internet.
(D) radio highlights.
(E) sports blogs.
• Gabarito C
According to the seventh paragraph, broadcasting audiences have shifted to
De acordo com o 7º parágrafo, os públicos de transmissão mudaram para
(A) TV.
(B) live games.
(C) the internet.
(D) radio highlights.
(E) sports blogs.
(B) live games.
(C) the internet.
(D) radio highlights.
(E) sports blogs.
86 – In the excerpt from the seventh paragraph – …television audiences for live games have dipped as some fans opt for… –, the word in bold can be replaced, without meaning change, by
(A) since.
(B) so.
(C) like.
(D) if.
(E) unless.
• Gabarito A
In the excerpt from the seventh paragraph – …television audiences for live games have dipped as some fans opt for… –, the word in bold can be replaced, without meaning change, by
No trecho do 7º parágrafo – …television audiences for live games have dipped as some fans opt for… –(o público da televisão para jogos ao vivo caiu visto que alguns fãs optaram por) -, a palavra em negrito pode ser substituída, sem mudança de significado, por
(A) since.
• visto que, já que, porque.
• "as" e "since" são intercambiáveis, quando transmitem a ideia de "porque, visto que, já que".
(B) so.
• portanto.
(C) like.
• tal como.
(D) if.
• se.
(E) unless.
• a não ser que.
87 – In the excerpt from the seventh paragraph – …signing a sponsorship magnet like Neymar is a hedge against volatility in that market. –, the expression in bold means
(A) open gate.
(B) incentive.
(C) danger.
(D) protection.
(E) speculation.
• Gabarito D
In the excerpt from the seventh paragraph – …signing a sponsorship magnet like Neymar is a hedge against volatility in that market. –, the expression in bold means
No trecho do 7º parágrafo – …signing a sponsorship magnet like Neymar is a hedge against volatility in that market. –(assinar um ímã de patrocínio como o Neymar é uma proteção contra a volatilidade desse mercado.), a expressão em negrito significa
(A) open gate.
• portão aberto.
(B) incentive.
• incentivo.
(C) danger.
• perigo.
(D) protection.
• proteção.
(E) speculation.
• especulação.
88 – In the fragment from the eighth paragraph – …despite qualifying for the Champions League only twice… –, the word in bold bears an idea of
(A) comparison.
(B) contrast.
(C) agreement.
(D) purpose.
(E) exception.
• Gabarito B
In the fragment from the eighth paragraph – …despite qualifying for the Champions League only twice… –, the word in bold bears an idea of
No fragmento do 8º parágrafo -… apesar de ter se classificado para a Champions League apenas duas vezes… -, a palavra em negrito traz uma ideia de
(A) comparison.
(B) contrast.
(C) agreement.
(D) purpose.
(E) exception.
(B) contrast.
(C) agreement.
(D) purpose.
(E) exception.
89 – In the excerpt from the eighth paragraph – If Neymar unlocks new markets as well as defences… – the word in bold can be correctly replaced, without meaning change, by
(A) wishfully.
(B) whether or not.
(C) provided that.
(D) rather.
(E) anyway.
• Gabarito C
In the excerpt from the eighth paragraph – If Neymar unlocks new markets as well as defences… – the word in bold can be correctly replaced, without meaning change, by
No trecho do 8º parágrafo – If Neymar unlocks new markets as well as defences… – (Se o Neymar desbloquear novos mercados além de defesas) - a palavra em negrito pode ser substituída corretamente, sem mudança de significado, por
(A) wishfully.
(B) whether or not.
(C) provided that.
• desde que, contanto que, na condição de que.
(D) rather.
(E) anyway.
90 – Mark the alternative that fills in the gap in the eighth paragraph correctly.
(A) ought to back.
(B) needing to back.
(C) is willing to back.
(D) is used to backing.
(E) may have backed.
• Gabarito E
Mark the alternative that fills in the gap in the eighth paragraph correctly.
Marque a alternativa que preenche a lacuna no 8º parágrafo corretamente.
(A) ought to back.
(B) needing to back.
(C) is willing to back.
(D) is used to backing.
(E) may have backed.
(B) needing to back.
(C) is willing to back.
(D) is used to backing.
(E) may have backed.
- If Neymar unlocks new markets as well as defences, then PSG may have backed a winner.
- Se Neymar desbloquear novos mercados e também defesas, o PSG pode ter apoiado em um vencedor.
