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On the origin
of species by means of natural selection, or the preservation of favoured races
in the struggle for life
CHARLES DARWIN, M.A.
Fellow of the Royal, Geological, Linnæan, etc. societies; Author of Journal of researches during H. M. S. Beagle's Voyage round the world. London: John Murray, Albemarle Street, 1859.
Introduction
__01__ on board
H.M.S. 'Beagle,' as naturalist, I was much __ 02__ with certain facts in the
distribution of the inhabitants of South America, and in the geological
relations of the present to the past inhabitants of that continent. These facts
seemed to me to __ 03__ some light on the origin of species–that mystery of
mysteries, as it has been called by one of our greatest philosophers. __ 04__
my return home, it occurred to me, in 1837, that something might perhaps be
made out on this question by patiently accumulating and reflecting on all sorts
of facts which could possibly have any bearing on it. After five years' work I
allowed myself to speculate on the subject, and drew up some short notes; these
I enlarged in 1844 into a __ 05__ of the conclusions, which __ 06__ seemed to
me probable: from that period to the present day I __07__ the same object. I
hope that I may be excused for entering on these personal details, as I give
them to show that I have not been __ 08__ in coming to a decision.
My work is now
nearly finished; but __09__ it will take me two or three more years to
complete it, and as my health is far from strong, __10__ to publish this
Abstract.
[...]
Extraído de DARWIN, Charles Robert.
On the Origin of Species.
Disponível em:
<http://www.vliz.be/docs/Zeecijfers/Origin_of_Species.pdf>.
Acesso em: 02/08/2019.
01 – (IME-2019/2020)
(A) Ahead
(B) Meanwhile
(C) Despite
(D) When
(E) Nevertheless
02 – (IME-2019/2020)
(A) passionless
(B) struck
(C) impassive
(D) stoical
(E) discouraged
03 – (IME-2019/2020)
(A) yield
(B) hold
(C) throw
(D) evoke
(E) convey
04 – (IME-2019/2020)
(A) Over
(B) For
(C) Inbound
(D) Due to
(E) On
05 – (IME-2019/2020)
(A) gag
(B) sketch
(C) clipping
(D) growth
(E) mist
06 – (IME-2019/2020)
(A) then
(B) seldom
(C) so
(D) now
(E) yet
07 – (IME-2019/2020)
(A) have
totally revoked
(B) have chased
round since
(C) steadied
the ever
(D) have
steadily pursued
(E) have gradually given up
08 – (IME-2019/2020)
(A) hasty
(B) wise
(C) cautious
(D) wary
(E) sharp
09 – (IME-2019)
(A) thus
(B) in spite of
(C) as
(D) even
(E) thanks to
10 – (IME-2019)
(A) I was split
(B) I was
detached
(C) I have been
careless
(D) I have been
(E) I have been urged
➧ INSTRUÇÃO: Para as questões 11 a 14, responda de acordo com o texto a seguir .
Half a century ago, the
moon landing showed us the fragility of our planet, and that nothing was
impossible.
Dr Dame SUE ION, DBE FREng
FRS
Chair
of the UK Nuclear Innovation Research Advisory Board and chair of the judging
panel for the MacRobert Award for engineering innovation.
Fifty years ago, the Apollo
11 space mission took its place in global history.
I remember watching the
Apollo 11 moon landing. It was an amazing achievement, enabled by a
brilliant team of engineers, scientists and technicians at Nasa. I was still at
school, and we were utterly awed by the engineering and ingenuity that
made it happen. [...]
Today, half a century
later, it’s important to remember how crucial the inspiration of that
one small step was to a new generation of engineers around the world – it
would underpin so many of the innovations we take for granted today.
Here in the UK, a "new
Britain" was being forged in the "white heat" of technology.
The MacRobert Award for Engineering Innovation was presented for the first
time in 1969. Established by the MacRobert Trust, the medal features a man
leaping for the moon to commemorate the lunar landing, and the £50,000
prize recognises those that meet three key criteria – commercial
success, societal benefit, and true innovation.
In a year that saw
Americans on the moon, __33__. They announced joint winners: a team from
Freeman, Fox and Partners for the aerodynamic deck design of the Severn
Bridge – later used for long-span bridges all over the world – and a team from
Rolls-Royce for the Pegasus engine that powered the Harrier, the world’s
first vertical take-off and landing aircraft.
Since 1969, the global
influence of winning British innovations has been maintained, with a host
of world firsts, including the CT scanner in 1972, the first bionic hand in
2008 and Raspberry Pi, the world’s most affordable computer, in 2017.”[…]
Adaptado de The Indepedent.
Disponível em: <https:www.independent.co.uk/
voices/apollo-11-moon-landinganniversary-
macrobert-award-british-innovation-a9012426.html>.
Acesso em: 14/08/2019.
11 – (IME-2019/2020)
Choose the correct option.
(A) The ability
to think of clever new ways of doing something made the author feel admiration
and respect.
(B) The
"white heat" of technology prevented Britain from sending astronauts
to the moon.
(C) Many
youngsters chose engineering solely due to having watched astronauts land on
the moon.
(D) The moon
landing gave support to take old equipment for granted.
(E) Landing on the moon was a small step if we compare it to today's achievements by winners of the MacRobert Award medals.
12 – (IME-2019/2020)
An equivalent meaning for the word "meet" in the sentence:
"[...] the £50,000 prize recognises those that meet three key criteria [...]"
is found in:
(A) He was
about to meet this type of problem for the first time.
(B) The line
where the sky seems to meet the Earth is the horizon.
(C) They had to
meet with their advisers to think of a new plan.
(D) She will
try to meet some requirements to be able to work there.
(E) His company is going to meet all the expenses of this trip.
13 – (IME-2019/2020)
Choose the appropriate continuation for
"In a year that saw Americans on the moon", _______.
(A) the
government leaders had to set up a committee to establish new criteria for the
medal.
(B) the British
could not think of anything else but planet Earth.
(C) all
countries started the arms race people would witness in decades to come as a
threat to world peace.
(D) British
citizens thought of a new concept for invention but came up with ideas not so
new.
(E) the judges had a tough decision as to who should win that first award for British innovation.
14 – (IME-2019/2020)
The meaning of the word "host" in the sentence
"the global influence of winning British innovations has been maintained, with a host of world firsts"
is
(A) parade.
(B) guest.
(C) plethora.
(D) separation.
(E) void.
➧ INSTRUÇÃO: Para as questões 15 a 17, responda de acordo com o texto a seguir.
CHAPTER 2
SCIENCE AND
HOPE
[...]
I was a child in a time of
hope. I wanted to be a scientist from my earliest school days.
The crystallizing moment came when I first caught on that the stars are
mighty suns, when it first dawned on me how staggeringly far away they
must be to appear as mere points of light in the sky. I'm not sure I even
knew the meaning of the word 'science' then, but I wanted somehow to
immerse myself in all that grandeur. I was gripped by the splendour of the
Universe, transfixed by the prospect of understanding how things really
work, of helping to uncover deep mysteries, of exploring new worlds -
maybe even literally. It has been my good fortune to have had that dream in
part fulfilled. For me, the romance of science remains as appealing and
new as it was on that day, more than half a century ago, when I was shown
the wonders of the 1939 World's Fair.
Popularizing science -
trying to make its methods and findings accessible to non-scientists
- then follows naturally and immediately. Not explaining science seems to
me perverse. When you're in love, you want to tell the world. This book is
a personal statement, reflecting my lifelong love affair with science.
But there's another reason:
science is more than a body of knowledge; it is a way of thinking.
[...]
Adaptado de
SAGAN, Carl.
The Demon-Haunted World.
Science as a Candle in the Dark.
Headline Book
Publishing, 1997.
Disponível em:
<http://www.metaphysicspirit.com/
books/The%20Demon-Haunted%20World.pdf>.
Acesso em:22/07/2019.
15 – (IME-2019/2020)
Choose the option that could replace the expression "crystallizing moment" in the sentence
"The crystallizing moment came when I first caught on that the stars are mighty suns"
without changing its meaning.
(A) achievement
(B) milestone
(C) sprawl
(D) edge
(E) serve
16 – (IME-2019/2020)
It can be inferred from the text that
(A) despite the
author's lack of knowledge on science, he was certain that the stars were mere
points of light in the sky.
(B) the author
wanted to disclose mysteries.(to uncover deep mysteries)
(C) the author’s
intention was to let the Universe loose.
(D) the
possibility of figuring out how things worked has stopped him dead.
(E) the author wished he could explore alternate universes.
17 – (IME-2019/2020)
It can be inferred from the text that
(A) the book is
a consequence of achieving the author’s dream of going to the 1939 World's
Fair.
(B) common
people might think the author’s scientific explanations are deviant due to his
emotional touch regarding Science.
(C) the
author’s feelings for a subject made him put effort to make it intelligible by
common people.
(D) the author
feels he was unlucky.
(E) the author believes it is ilogical everybody should grasp scientific concepts.
➧ INSTRUÇÃO: Para as questões 18 a 20, responda de acordo com o texto a seguir.
How much can we know?
The reach of the scientific
method is constrained by the limitations of our tools and the
intrinsic impenetrability of some of nature's deepest questions.
“What we observe is not
nature in itself but nature exposed to our method of questioning,” wrote
German physicist Werner Heisenberg, who was the first to fathom the uncertainty
inherent in quantum physics. To those who think of science as a direct
path to the truth about the world, this quote must be surprising, perhaps
even upsetting.
People will quickly
counterstrike with something like: Why do airplanes fly or antibiotics work? Why
are we able to build machines that process information with such amazing
efficiency? Surely, such inventions and so many others are based on laws of
nature that function independently of us. There is order in the universe, and
science gradually uncovers this order.
No question about it: There
is order in the universe, and much of science is about finding patterns of
behavior—from quarks to mammals to galaxies—that we translate into general
laws. We strip away unnecessary complications and focus on what is
essential, the core properties of the system we are studying. We then
build a descriptive narrative of how the system behaves, which, in the
best cases, is also predictive.
Often overlooked in the
excitement of research is that the methodology of science
requires interaction with the system we are studying. We observe its
behavior, measure its properties, and build mathematical or conceptual
models to understand it better. We can see only so far into the nature of
things, and our ever shifting scientific worldview reflects this fundamental
limitation on how we perceive reality.
Just think of biology
before and after the microscope or gene sequencing, or of astronomy before
and after the telescope, or of particle physics before and after colliders or
fast electronics. Now, as in the 17th century, the theories we build and
the worldviews we construct change as our tools of exploration transform.
This trend is the trademark of science.
Sometimes people take this
statement about the limitation of scientific knowledge as being defeatist:
“If we can’t get to the bottom of things, why bother?” This kind of response is
misplaced. There is nothing defeatist in understanding the limitations of
the scientific approach to knowledge. Science remains our best methodology
to build consensus about the workings of nature. What should change is a
sense of scientific triumphalism—the belief that no question is beyond the
reach of scientific discourse.
[...]
Adaptado de GLEISER,
Marcelo. How Much Can We Know?
Nature, International
Journal of Science. Disponível em:
<https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-018-05100-5>.
Acesso em: 14/08/2019.
18 – (IME-2019/2020)
Choose the correct option.
(A) Science is
our ability for questioning.
(B) Our questioning method depends on Nature.
(C) It is possible to capture the essence of Nature.
(D) Our scientific theories are contingent on us as observers.
(E) Our
perception is enough to understand nature exposure.
19 – (IME-2019/2020)
According to the following passage from the text:
"Just think of biology before and after the microscope or gene sequencing, or of astronomy before and after the telescope, or of particle physics before and after colliders or fast electronics."
, choose the correct option.
(A) During
every research process, we'll always need tools that extend beyond our
sensorial reach.
(B) Scientific
ideas can change when better devices are created and used.
(C) Humans see
reality with no boundaries, and this is the way science is built.
(D) Theories
last even if our tools of exploration improve.
(E) Both modern gear and human knowledge are optional in science.
20 – (IME-2019/2020)
Choose the correct option.
(A) No one
gives up hope when thinking about the limitations of the scientific approach.
(B) Within the
non-research community, there are people that rarely get upset when they
realize scientific knowledge has limitations.
(C) The idea
that science has a complete answer for every question leads to a sense of
defeat that bothers people.
(D) If we
reinforce our belief that knowledge produced by science will prevail, we will
be considered defeatist.
(E) The way people conduct scientific research is still the most satisfactory one for general acceptance.