Mostrando postagens com marcador 2º SEMESTRE. Mostrar todas as postagens
Mostrando postagens com marcador 2º SEMESTRE. Mostrar todas as postagens

sábado, 6 de setembro de 2025

PUC/Minas – 2024 – Língua Inglesa – Medicina – Vestibular 2º Semestre – Betim, Contagem e Poços de Caldas

 

1️⃣ TEXTO – Can Population Decline Solve Global Environmental Challenges? https://earth.org |
📌ESTILO  5 Multiple Choice Questions Four-Option Question |

 TEXTORead the following text and choose the option which best completes each question according to the text.
Can Population Decline Solve Global Environmental Challenges?
📌 Possíveis traduções:
🔹“A queda populacional pode resolver os desafios ambientais globais?” (Queda populacional → comum em português jornalístico, mas pode soar um pouco brusco, como se fosse um colapso repentino.)
🔹“O declínio populacional pode solucionar os desafios ambientais mundiais?” (Declínio populacional → termo mais acadêmico/científico, transmite melhor a ideia de processo demográfico contínuo.)
🔹“A redução da população pode resolver os desafios ambientais do planeta?”(Redução da população → claro e acessível para leitores gerais, sem jargão técnico.)
🔹“A diminuição populacional pode dar solução aos desafios ambientais globais?”(Diminuição populacional → também compreensível, mas menos usual em textos científicos.)
🔹“O decréscimo populacional pode enfrentar os desafios ambientais globais?”(Decréscimo populacional → formal, mas um pouco arcaico no uso cotidiano.)

Projections by the United Nations indicate that dozens of countries around the world will face population decline in the near future. Europe is already experiencing this phenomenon, while Latin America and Asia are expected to follow suit in the 2050s. 

Among the top-20 countries currently undergoing rapid population decline, all except two – Japan and Cuba – are located in Europe and most are high-income countries. Predictions indicate that around the end of the current century, nearly all countries in the world will witness fertility rates dipping below the threshold of 2.1 needed to maintain population stability. 

Governments of countries with low fertility rates are worried and see this decline as an economic crisis. Some environmentalists, however, suggest that declining populations in high-income countries is a positive trend, since it likely leads to lower carbon emissions. 

Yet, when taking a closer look at the correlation between demographic shifts and carbon emissions, one can conclude that population decline in high-income countries is not a sufficient solution to stop global warming. 

Historically, overpopulation has been linked to global warming, and fundamentally, a reduced global population translates to lower demand for resources such as water and energy, ultimately alleviating pressures on ecosystems. When considering this, one could argue that global population decline is a positive trend. 

However, emissions are intrinsically linked to income levels, outweighing the influence of population size. Individuals in wealthy countries emit 50 times more than people living in the poorest countries, with 10% of people globally generating nearly half of global consumption-related emissions. 

For instance, China, the world’s second-most populous nation, ranks as the world’s largest emitter of CO2, responsible for a third of global GHG emissions. 

However, its emissions per capita (8.05 tonnes) are substantially lower than those of the world’s second-largest emitter, the US (14.86 tonnes) and the fifth-largest emitter Japan (8.57 tonnes). 

In contrast, Syria and South Sudan, the two countries with the highest population growth, emit merely 1.27 tonnes and 0.15 tonnes per capita, respectively. 

The picture that emerges is clear: while low-income countries experience swift population growth alongside low emissions, high-income nations remain substantial emitters despite consistently declining population rates. 

Hence, instead of shifting blame to developing nations, high-income countries should be the ones to be held accountable for their contribution to global warming. 

These nations should find out how they can stop the endless cycle of consumption growth and reinvent their economies to become more circular and sustainable. 
🔗(From: https://earth.org. Access: 04/02/2024. Adapted.) 
46 – What is the central idea of the text? 
(A) Developing nations must be considered responsible for climate change. 
(B) High-income nations should make an effort to redesign their economies. 
(C) Population decrease will solve global environmental challenges soon. 
(D) There is a decline of population rates in all nations around the world.
💡 GABARITO  🄱  
What is the central idea of the text? 
Qual é a ideia central do texto?
(A) ❌Developing nations must be considered responsible for climate change.
🔹Incorreta → Os países em desenvolvimento devem ser considerados responsáveis ​​pelas mudanças climáticas.
 📌 Errada, pois o texto defende o contrário.
🔹"[...] Instead of shifting blame to developing nations, high-income countries should be the ones to be held accountable"
🔹"Em vez de transferir a culpa para as nações em desenvolvimento, os países de alta renda é que deveriam ser responsabilizados."
📌Expressões importantes:
🔹Instead of shifting blame → em vez de transferir a culpa (expressão idiomática que indica deslocar a responsabilidade para outros).
🔹Developing nations → nações em desenvolvimento (termo técnico em geopolítica/economia).
🔹High-income countries → países de alta renda (classificação econômica internacional).
🔹To be held accountable → ser responsabilizado (expressão formal muito usada em debates políticos e sociais).
👉 A ideia central da frase é criticar a transferência de responsabilidade dos países ricos para os países em desenvolvimento, defendendo que os primeiros assumam sua parcela de culpa.

(B) ✅High-income nations should make an effort to redesign their economies. 
🔹Correta → Os países de alta renda devem se esforçar para redesenhar suas economias.
📌 Alternativa (B) alinhada com o trecho:
🔹"[...] These nations should find out how they can stop the endless cycle of consumption growth and reinvent their economies to become more circular and sustainable."(Essas nações devem descobrir como podem interromper o ciclo interminável de crescimento do consumo e reinventar suas economias para torná-las mais circulares e sustentáveis.)
📌Expressões importantes:
🔹Find out how → descobrir como (expressão comum que indica buscar soluções ou estratégias).
🔹Endless cycle → ciclo interminável (ideia de repetição contínua e sem fim).
🔹Consumption growth → crescimento do consumo (conceito econômico central).
🔹Reinvent their economies → reinventar suas economias (metáfora que sugere mudança estrutural profunda).
🔹Circular and sustainable → circulares e sustentáveis (referência à economia circular e à sustentabilidade).
👉 A ideia central é estimular uma transformação econômica nos países, rompendo com o modelo de consumo desenfreado e migrando para um modelo sustentável.
(C) ❌Population decrease will solve global environmental challenges soon.
🔹Incorreta → A redução populacional resolverá em breve os desafios ambientais globais.
 📌Errada, pois o texto diz que a queda populacional sozinha não é suficiente.
🔹"[...] population decline in high-income countries is not a sufficient solution to stop global warming."(A diminuição populacional nos países de alta renda não é uma solução suficiente para deter o aquecimento global.)
📌Expressões importantes:
🔹Population decline → diminuição populacional (ou redução populacional / queda demográfica).
🔹High-income countries → países de alta renda (classificação socioeconômica).
🔹Not a sufficient solution → não é uma solução suficiente (ênfase em insuficiência).
🔹To stop global warming → deter o aquecimento global (ou conter o aquecimento global).
👉 A ideia central é que a simples queda demográfica nos países ricos não basta para resolver o problema do aquecimento global.
(D) ❌There is a decline of population rates in all nations around the world.
🔹Incorreta → Há um declínio nas taxas populacionais em todas as nações do mundo.
📌O texto diz que isso será verdade no futuro, mas ainda não é realidade em todos os países, conforme o trecho:
🔹"[...] Predictions indicate that around the end of the current century, nearly all countries in the world will witness fertility rates dipping below [...] 2.1."(As previsões indicam que, por volta do final do século atual, quase todos os países do mundo verão suas taxas de fertilidade caírem abaixo de 2,1.)
📌Expressões importantes:
🔹Predictions indicate → as previsões indicam (ou as projeções apontam → mais formal).
🔹Around the end of the current century → por volta do final do século atual.
🔹Nearly all countries in the world → quase todos os países do mundo.
🔹Will witness → verão / presenciarão (no sentido de observar ou experimentar).
🔹Fertility rates dipping below 2.1 → taxas de fertilidade caírem abaixo de 2,1 (referência direta ao nível de reposição populacional).
👉 A ideia central é que até o final deste século, a maioria dos países enfrentará taxas de fertilidade abaixo do nível de reposição populacional.

47 – According to the text, which of the following statements is correct? 
(A) Among the top-20 countries presently experiencing fast population decrease, all are high-income countries. 
(B) China’s emissions per capita are significantly higher than the emissions of the United States. 
(C) Emissions are essentially connected to income levels, outweighing the influence of population size.
(D) The two countries with the highest population growth generate almost half of global consumption-related emissions. 
💡 GABARITO  🄲  
According to the text, which of the following statements is correct? 
De acordo com o texto, qual das seguintes afirmações está correta?
(A) ❌Among the top-20 countries presently experiencing fast population decrease, all are high-income countries.
🔹Incorreta → Entre os 20 principais países que atualmente apresentam rápido declínio populacional, todos são países de alta renda. 
(B) ❌China’s emissions per capita are significantly higher than the emissions of the United States.
🔹Incorreta → As emissões per capita da China são significativamente maiores do que as emissões dos Estados Unidos. 
(C) Emissions are essentially connected to income levels, outweighing the influence of population size.
🔹Correta → As emissões estão essencialmente relacionadas aos níveis de renda, superando a influência do tamanho da população.
(D) ❌The two countries with the highest population growth generate almost half of global consumption-related emissions. 
🔹Incorreta → Os dois países com o maior crescimento populacional geram quase metade das emissões globais relacionadas ao consumo.

48 – What does the use of the word will in “… dozens of countries around the world will face population decline in the near future” indicate? 
(A) A certainty. 
(B) A possibility. 
(C) A requirement. 
(D) A suggestion. 
💡 GABARITO  🄰  
What does the use of the word will in “… dozens of countries around the world will face population decline in the near future” indicate? 
(A) A certainty. 
(B) ❌A possibility. 
(C) ❌A requirement. 
(D) ❌A suggestion. ~

49 – The use of the word yet in “Yet, when taking a closer look at the correlation between demographic shifts and carbon emissions one can conclude that...” conveys an idea of 
(A) Cause. 
(B) Comparison. 
(C) Conclusion. 
(D) Contrast. 
💡 GABARITO  🄳  
The use of the word yet in “Yet, when taking a closer look at the correlation between demographic shifts and carbon emissions one can conclude that...” conveys an idea of 
(A) ❌Cause. 
(B) ❌Comparison. 
(C) ❌Conclusion. 
(D) Contrast. 

50 – The word this in “When considering this, one could argue that global population decline is a positive trend.” refers to the fact that 
(A) A lowered global population reduces pressures on ecosystems. 
(B) China is the second-most populous nation of the world so far. 
(C) Governments of countries with low fertility rates are alarmed. 
(D) High emissions have no connection with lower income levels.
💡 GABARITO  🄰  
The word this in “When considering this, one could argue that global population decline is a positive trend.” refers to the fact that
A palavra isto em “Considerando isso, pode-se argumentar que o declínio da população global é uma tendência positiva.” refere-se ao fato de que 
(A) ✅A lowered global population reduces pressures on ecosystems.
🔹Correta → Uma população global reduzida reduz as pressões sobre os ecossistemas. 
(B) ❌China is the second-most populous nation of the world so far.
🔹Incorreta → A China é a segunda nação mais populosa do mundo até o momento. 
(C) ❌Governments of countries with low fertility rates are alarmed.
🔹Incorreta → Governos de países com baixas taxas de fertilidade estão alarmados. 
(D) ❌High emissions have no connection with lower income levels.
🔹Incorreta → Altas emissões não têm relação com níveis de renda mais baixos.

sexta-feira, 5 de setembro de 2025

PUC/Minas – 2025 – Língua Inglesa – Medicina – Vestibular 2º Semestre – Betim, Contagem e Poços de Caldas

1️⃣ TEXTO – The benefits of positive solitude https://theconversation.com |
📌ESTILO  5 Multiple Choice Questions Four-Option Question |
 TEXTORead the following text and choose the option which best completes each question according to the text. 
The benefits of positive solitude 
🔄 Possíveis traduções:
🔹“Os benefícios da solidão positiva.” (tradução literal)
🔹Os benefícios da solitude positiva.” (usando solitude como termo técnico, comum em psicologia)
🔹“Os benefícios de estar só de forma positiva.” (tradução explicativa, menos técnica, mais acessível)
🔹“Os benefícios de uma solidão construtiva.” (tradução interpretativa, dando um tom mais natural em português)
🔹“Os benefícios do recolhimento positivo.” (variante mais literária/poética)
📌 Em contextos acadêmicos de psicologia, às vezes, prefere-se “solitude” em português, para diferenciar de solidão (que carrega conotação negativa).

Over the past few years, experts have been sounding the alarm over how much time Americans spend alone. Statistics show that they are choosing to be solitary for more of their waking hours than ever before. Increasing numbers of people are dining alone and travelling solo and rates of living alone have nearly doubled in the past 50 years. These trends coincided with the surgeon general’s 2023 declaration of a loneliness epidemic. Loneliness and isolation are indeed social problems that warrant serious attention, especially since chronic states of loneliness can be linked with depression and a shortened lifespan. 

According to Virginia Thomas, an American psychologist who has spent the past decade researching why people like to be alone, there is another side to this story. For some people, the shift toward aloneness represents a desire for what some researchers call “positive solitude”, a state that is associated with well-being, not loneliness despite the collective anxiety about being alone which she believes stems from our culture’s view of solitude. In this type of thinking, the desire to be alone is seen as unnatural and unhealthy, something to be pitied or feared rather than valued or encouraged. 

A study published in February 2025 found that U.S. news headlines are 10 times more likely to frame being alone negatively than positively. This type of prejudice shapes people’s beliefs, with studies showing that adults and children alike have clear judgments about when it is and when it is not acceptable for people to be alone. This makes sense since American culture holds up extroversion as the basis for what is normal. Even though not all Americans are extroverts, we have been conditioned to cultivate that trait. Preferring to be alone carries stigma. 

Still, the desire for solitude is not pathological, and it is not just for introverts. Nor does it automatically mean social isolation and a lonely life. In fact, the data does not fully support current fears of a loneliness epidemic, something scholars and journalists have recently admitted. In other words, although Americans are indeed spending more time alone than previous generations did, it is not clear that they are actually getting lonelier. Moreover, despite our fears for the elders, research shows that older adults are happier in solitude than the loneliness narrative would lead us to believe.

However, solitude’s benefits do not automatically appear whenever we take a break from the social world. They arrive when we are truly alone – when we intentionally carve out the time and space to connect with ourselves. Just as connection with others is essential for our wellbeing, so is connection with ourselves. 
🔗(From: https://theconversation.com. Access: 04/10/2025. Adapted.)
46 – The use of the word can in “chronic states of loneliness can be linked with depression and a shortened lifespan” in paragraph 1 indicates 
(A) a certainty. 
(B) a necessity. 
(C) a permission. 
(D) a possibility
💡 GABARITO  🄳   
📝ANÁLISE DA FRASE
🔹“chronic states of loneliness can be linked with depression and a shortened lifespan”.
🔹“Estados crônicos de solidão podem estar ligados à depressão e a uma vida útil encurtada.”
ou, “Estados crônicos de solidão podem estar associados à depressão e a uma vida mais curta.”
🔑 Expressões destacadas:
🔹chronic states of loneliness → estados crônicos de solidão (condição persistente e de longa duração).
🔹"can be linked with" → podem estar ligados a / podem estar associados a (expressão típica em textos científicos).
🔹depression → depressão (tradução direta, termo clínico).
🔹a shortened lifespan → uma vida encurtada / uma vida mais curta (metáfora biomédica para expectativa de vida reduzida).
👉 Essa frase é típica de estudos de saúde mental, mostrando a ligação entre fatores emocionais e consequências físicas.
📝ANÁLISE DAS ALTERNATIVAS
A utilização da palavra CAN em “chronic states of loneliness can be linked with depression and a shortened lifespan” no parágrafo 1 indica
(A) ❌a certainty. 
(B) ❌a necessity. 
(C) ❌a permission. 
(D) ✅a possibility
🔹Correto. A frase quer dizer que é possível que estados crônicos de solidão levem à depressão ou redução da expectativa de vida.

47 – The word which in “… which she believes...” in paragraph 2 refers to: 
(A) A state that is associated with well-being. 
(B) American culture’s new view of solitude. 
(C) The collective anxiety about being alone. 
(D) The present shift toward aloneness. 
💡 GABARITO  🄲  
📝ANÁLISE DA FRASE
🔹"[...] despite the collective anxiety about being alone which she believes stems from our culture’s view of solitude."
🔹“apesar da ansiedade coletiva em relação a ficar sozinho, que ela acredita derivar da forma como nossa cultura enxerga a solidão.
🔑 Expressões destacadas:
🔹despite → apesar de (marca oposição/contraste).
🔹collective anxiety → ansiedade coletiva (sentimento compartilhado pela sociedade).
🔹about being alone → em relação a ficar sozinho (ou quanto a estar só).
🔹which she believes stems from → que ela acredita derivar de (ou que, segundo ela, tem origem em).
🔹our culture’s view of solitude → a forma como nossa cultura enxerga a solidão (visão cultural, geralmente negativa).
👉 Essa frase traz um tom sociológico/psicológico, mostrando a relação entre cultura e percepção da solidão.
📝O PRONOME RELATIVO "WHICH"
🔹O pronome relativo "which" refere-se ao antecedente imediato, que é “the collective anxiety about being alone”. Ou seja, ela acredita que essa ansiedade coletiva vem da forma como a cultura enxerga a solidão.
📝ANÁLISE ALTERNATIVAS
🔹O pronome relativo "which" refere-se ao
(A) A state that is associated with well-being. 
(B) American culture’s new view of solitude. 
(C) The collective anxiety about being alone. 
(D) The present shift toward aloneness.

48 – By reading the text it is possible to infer that: 
(A) Someone who has preference for solitude will undoubtedly have a very solitary existence. 
(B) The advantages of solitude are not guaranteed simply by distancing ourselves from society. 
(C) The number of people living by themselves has not changed much in the past 50 years. 
(D) Unlike children, adults have clear opinions about when it is normal for people to be alone. 
💡 GABARITO  🄱  
By reading the text it is possible to infer that:
Lendo o texto, é possível inferir que: 
(A) ❌who has preference for solitude will undoubtedly have a very solitary existence.
🔹Incorreta → Alguém que tem preferência pela solidão, sem dúvida, terá uma existência muito solitária. 
(B) The advantages of solitude are not guaranteed simply by distancing ourselves from society.
🔹Correta → As vantagens da solidão não são garantidas simplesmente pelo distanciamento da sociedade. 
(C) The number of people living by themselves has not changed much in the past 50 years. 
🔹Incorreta → O número de pessoas que vivem sozinhas não mudou muito nos últimos 50 anos.
(D) Unlike children, adults have clear opinions about when it is normal for people to be alone.
🔹Incorreta → Ao contrário das crianças, os adultos têm opiniões claras sobre quando é normal as pessoas ficarem sozinhas.

49 – The use of the word moreover in the following sentence in paragraph 4 “Moreover, despite our fears for the elders, research shows that older adults are happier in solitude than the loneliness narrative would lead us to believe.” conveys an idea of 
(A) addition. 
(B) comparison. 
(C) contrast. 
(D) reason.
💡 GABARITO  🄰  
📝ANÁLISE DA FRASE
🔹"[...] Moreover, despite our fears for the elders, research shows that older adults are happier in solitude than the loneliness narrative would lead us to believe." 
🔹“Além disso, apesar de nossos receios em relação aos idosos, pesquisas mostram que os adultos mais velhos são mais felizes na solidão do que a narrativa da solidão nos levaria a acreditar.”
🔑 Expressões destacadas:
🔹Moreover → Além disso (conector para adicionar ideia).
🔹despite our fears for the elders → apesar de nossos receios em relação aos idosos (elders = termo afetivo; older adults = termo mais técnico).
🔹research shows → pesquisas mostram (expressão padrão em textos científicos).
older adults → adultos mais velhos (termo usado em estudos de saúde pública/psicologia, mais neutro que idosos).
🔹happier in solitude → mais felizes na solidão (contrapõe solidão como escolha positiva).
the loneliness narrative → a narrativa da solidão (construção social/discursiva que associa solidão a algo negativo).
🔹would lead us to believe → nos levaria a acreditar (expressão idiomática para expectativas enganadoras).
👉 A frase confronta a visão cultural negativa da solidão, mostrando que, segundo pesquisas, a experiência da velhice pode ser mais positiva do que o estereótipo sugere.
🔑 MOREVER:
📌 Significado básico
🔹Moreover = “Além disso”(mais usado) / “Ademais”(mais formal) / “Além do mais”(mais coloquial).
🔹É um conector aditivo usado principalmente em textos formais (acadêmicos, jornalísticos, ensaísticos).
🔹Ele adiciona uma nova informação que reforça ou amplia a ideia anterior.
📊 Nível de formalidade
🔹Moreover → formal / acadêmico
🔹In addition → formal, mas um pouco mais neutro
🔹Also → informal, comum em conversas
🔹What’s more → mais coloquial, usado em linguagem falada.
📝ANÁLISE DAS ALTERNATIVAS
O uso da palavra MOREOVER transmite uma ideia de
(A) ✅addition. 
(B) ❌comparison. 
(C) ❌contrast. 
(D) ❌reason.

50 – What is the main idea of the text?
(A) American culture consider extroversion unacceptable.
(B) Americans are getting lonelier and more depressed.
(C) Some people may feel good when they are alone.
(D) The surgeon general declared a loneliness epidemic in the US. 
💡 GABARITO  🄲  
What is the main idea of the text?
Qual é a ideia principal do texto?
(A) American culture consider extroversion unacceptable.
🔹Incorreta → A cultura americana considera a extroversão inaceitável.
📝 Justificativa/Explicação: O texto diz que a cultura americana valoriza extroversão, não que a considera inaceitável:
🔹"[...] American culture holds up extroversion as the basis for what is normal."(A cultura americana exalta a extroversão como base do que é considerado normal.)
🔑 Expressões destacadas:
🔹American culture → A cultura americana (sujeito da frase).
🔹holds up → aqui não é “segurar”, mas sim exaltar / sustentar / enaltecer / valorizar como modelo.
🔹extroversion → extroversão (traço de personalidade associado a sociabilidade e abertura).
🔹as the basis for what is normal → como base do que é considerado normal (indica padrão cultural).
(B) Americans are getting lonelier and more depressed.
🔹Incorreta → Os americanos estão ficando mais solitários e deprimidos.
📝 Justificativa/ExplicaçãoO texto questiona se os americanos estão mesmo ficando mais solitários, observe o uso da expressão "it is not clear that":
🔹"[...] In other words, although Americans are indeed spending more time alone than previous generations did, it is not clear that they are actually getting lonelier."(Em outras palavras, embora os americanos de fato estejam passando mais tempo sozinhos do que as gerações anteriores, não está claro se eles estão realmente se tornando mais solitários.)
🔑 Expressões destacadas:
🔹In other words → Em outras palavras (conector explicativo).
🔹although → embora (marca contraste).
are indeed spending → de fato estejam passando (ênfase em “indeed”).
🔹more time alone → mais tempo sozinhos.
🔹than previous generations did → do que as gerações anteriores (o did retoma o verbo “passar”).
🔹"it is not clear that" → “não está claro que”,  “não se sabe ao certo se”, “não é evidente que”, “não há certeza de que”. Expressão usada para indicar incerteza ou falta de evidência sobre algo.
🔹they are actually getting lonelier → eles estão realmente se tornando mais solitários.
(C) Some people may feel good when they are alone.
🔹Correta → Algumas pessoas podem sentir-se bem quando elas estão sozinhas.
📝 Justificativa/ExplicaçãoEssa é a mensagem central do texto: mostrar que estar só nem sempre é ruim, e pode até ser positivo:
🔹"[...] For some people, the shift toward aloneness represents a desire for what some researchers call 'positive solitude'"(Para algumas pessoas, a mudança em direção ao estar só representa um desejo pelo que alguns pesquisadores chamam de ‘solidão positiva’.)
🔑 Expressões destacadas:
🔹For some people → Para algumas pessoas (introdução de grupo específico).
🔹the shift toward aloneness → a mudança em direção ao estar só (ou a mudança rumo à solidão; aloneness é diferente de loneliness, mais neutro, sem carga negativa).
🔹represents a desire for → representa um desejo por (expressão comum em textos analíticos).
🔹what some researchers call → o que alguns pesquisadores chamam de.
🔹positive solitude → solidão positiva (termo técnico).
👉 A frase mostra a ideia de que ficar só não é sempre visto como algo negativo, podendo ser uma busca consciente por benefícios ligados ao isolamento voluntário.
(D) The surgeon general declared a loneliness epidemic in the US.
🔹Incorreta → O diretor de saúde pública  declarou uma epidemia de solidão nos EUA.
📝 Justificativa/ExplicaçãoO texto menciona a declaração da epidemia, mas esse é um dado contextual, não o foco do texto:
🔹"[...] These trends coincided with the surgeon general’s 2023 declaration of a loneliness epidemic." (Essas tendências coincidiram com a declaração feita em 2023 pelo diretor de saúde pública dos EUA, que falou em uma epidemia de solidão.)
🔑 Expressões destacadas:
These trends → Essas tendências (refere-se ao contexto anterior do texto).
coincided with → coincidiram com (indica simultaneidade, pode variar para ocorreram junto com).
the surgeon general → o cirurgião-geral (nos EUA, é o chefe de saúde pública, cargo oficial).
2023 declaration → declaração de 2023.
a loneliness epidemic → uma epidemia de solidão (expressão metafórica para descrever o fenômeno social).
👉 Observação cultural: Surgeon General nos EUA é uma autoridade de saúde, equivalente a uma mistura de “ministro da saúde” e “porta-voz oficial de saúde pública”.
Por isso, em português jornalístico, às vezes se traduz como “diretor de saúde pública dos EUA” para dar clareza.

domingo, 20 de setembro de 2020

UnB–2001–CESPE–VESTIBULAR–2º SEMESTRE–COLLEGE ENTRANCE EXAMINATION, ANSWERS & LEXICAL APPROACH.

www.inglesparaconcursos.blog.br

❑ PROVA DE LÍNGUA INGLESA:

  • UNIVERSIDADE DE BRASÍLIA-VESTIBULAR-2001-2º SEMESTRE-05/07/2001.

❑ ESTRUTURA-PROVA:
  • 15 TFQs (True False Questions).
  • Texto (1) – | http://detnews.com |
  • Texto (2) – | socserv.mcmaster.ca |


 TEXTO 1questions 1 through 6.

“Up until 100 years ago, the average patient benefited very little from a visit to the average doctor”, says The Oxford Textbook of Medicine. And it is true that at the beginning of last century the link between germs and disease had only just been established. The average doctor had no way of taking a person’s blood pressure and would have had little idea of its significance anyway. Vaccination was regarded with skepticism, there were no antibiotics, transfusion was unknown and many surgeons still operated ungowned and ungloved in a room crowded with casual pipe-smoking observers.

Things have changed. Now medicine can substantially alter the outcome of most diseases, and the number of conditions people regard as untreatable is diminishing year by year.

Already the impact of new communications technology has been colossal. In recent years the great advances in heart attack survival, for example, have been largely due to the ability to coordinate massive international trials and compare the subtle differences in survival due to different treatments. 

Canvassing specialists’ opinions is becoming easier. In a few years’ time, it might be possible to arrange a video conference from the family doctor’s consulting room, with a specialist anywhere on the globe, together with scan results, X-rays, lab results and a case summary automatically translated into the specialist’s native language and digitally transmitted over the phone.

But all the flashy new developments in medical engineering will pale to insignificance compared with the contribution to 21st century medicine of the anticipated advances in genetics. It is less than 50 years since the basic pattern of the DNA molecule was outlined by Crick and Watson. Ten years from now, the medical world will know every detail of its entire structure. Eventually doctors and scientists will know the chemical sequence, encoded by DNA, for every molecular component of the human body. Genetic therapies will not be limited to the manufacture of new drugs. People will have ways of inserting genes into cells that are malfunctioning.

GLOSSARY
trial: an act or a process of testing the ability, quality, performance of somebody, something, especially before a final decision is reached about them/it.
canvass: to find out what people think about a particular issue or product by asking them.
scan: to obtain an image of a person’s body or part of it on a computer after taking an X-ray or using ultrasound techniques.
Internet: <http://detnews.com/menu/stories>. Access on April 3rd 2001 (with adaptations).

01 – (UnB/VESTIBULAR/2001-2ºSEMESTRE)

In text I, the sentence “Up until 100 years ago, the average patient benefited very little from a visit to the average doctor” (l.1-2) means that

1 going to the doctor’s has been useless for the past 100 years.
2 more than 100 years ago, if people were sick they would best benefit by going to see a doctor.
3 very little did average doctors benefit from average patients in the past 100 years.
4 before the 20th century, doctors could usually do very little for many of their patients.

02 – (UnB/VESTIBULAR/2001-2ºSEMESTRE)

According to text I,

1 genetics will probably make a significant contribution to 21st century medicine.
2 vaccination was welcomed by everyone in the early 1900s.
3 today’s standard of hygiene has always been present in medicine.
4 the spread of medicine advances has nothing to do with the new communications technology.

03 – (UnB/VESTIBULAR/2001-2ºSEMESTRE)

Using text I and biology as background information, judge the following items.

1 DNA stands for deoxyribonucleic acid, the basic constituent of the gene.
2 DNA, which codifies protein synthesis, is related to the chemical in the cells of animals and plants.
3 The chemical sequence encoded by DNA will remain a mystery.
4 The only outcome of genetic therapy is the manufacture of new drugs.

04 – (UnB/VESTIBULAR/2001-2ºSEMESTRE)

In text I,

1 “at the beginning” (R.3) can be correctly replaced by in the beginning.
2 “its” (R.7) refers to a “person’s blood pressure” (R.6).
3 the prefix un- as in “unknown” (R.8), “ungowned” (R.9) and “ungloved” (R.9) indicates the opposite of.
4 “will” (R.28) can be correctly replaced by might.

05 – (UnB/VESTIBULAR/2001-2ºSEMESTRE)

In text I, the phrase “the family doctor’s consulting room” (l.22) is the same as

1 the consulting room of the family doctor.
2 the doctor’s family’s consulting room.
3 the family’s consulting room for the doctor.
4 the consulting doctor’s family room.

06 – (UnB/VESTIBULAR/2001-2ºSEMESTRE)

Judge if each item below could be an appropriate title for text
 I.

1 Traditional medical treatment is far superior than modern advances
2 Hygiene measures improve people’s health
3 The evolution of medical treatment
4 The power of traditional medicine

 TEXTO 2questions 7 through 13

During the year 2000, almost all traditional American publishers launched a segment of electronic books, the “ebooks”, for the production of digital versions of their printed 4 books. As a counterpart — and in time to catch Christmas shoppers — a new generation of digital reading devices has reached the marketplace, including interesting and innovating 7 functions such as: instant dictionary, making notes in margins, marking and transferring texts and so on. Even though forecasts for e-book sales in 2001 are of 10 over 3 million copies, there are restrictions — such as the number of titles available, definition of software standards (now divided between Adobe and Microsoft), security against 13 duplication and the product’s present price — that will delay the transformation of e-books into our main reading source for at least 10 years more. Nevertheless, the revolution we are 16 witnessing does not refer only to the way we read, but also, and mainly, how information is distributed. On downloading a book from the Internet, we are in fact engaged in an action that 19 reflects a new relationship between reader and writer. This relationship had its first major revolution in ancient Egypt, when the invention of papyrus allowed for the 22 transportation of information registered on pyramid walls to other readers. This process of copying by hand persisted for over 5,000 years, until Gutenberg, by inventing the printing 25 press, generated the second major revolution in writing. By multiplying the number of readers and democratizing access to knowledge — 100 years after the advent of print, there were 28 over 50 million literate people in Europe — the printing press permitted all scientific progress during the following centuries. The Internet is becoming writing’s third major 31 revolution, with a basic difference: while papyrus and print have enabled and democratized the reader’s access to knowledge, the Internet is democratizing the access to readers 34 by the writer himself. The possibility of each person creating and publishing their work on the Internet — be it a book, a song, a thesis, a journal or even a simple essay, allowing 37 access to an endless universe of people, represents a transformation not only for writers and readers, but also for the whole editorial market. Editors who used to be concerned wit h 40 the content and the presentation of the final product will start focusing exclusively on content. And thus, the natural order of printing and distributing will become distributing and, 43 afterwards, if necessary, printing. José Luiz Rossi. Classe A, 2000, p. 28 (with adaptations).

07 – (UnB/VESTIBULAR/2001-2ºSEMESTRE)

According to text II, judge the following items.

1 Very few traditional American publishers have introduced the e-books.
2 E-books can be used together with a digital reading device.
3 However appealing e-books and digital reading devices seem, our main reading source will still be the printed book for some more time.
4 More than 3 million copies of e-books are expected to be sold this year.
5 At present, e-books are expensive.

08 – (UnB/VESTIBULAR/2001-2ºSEMESTRE)

According to text II, judge the items below.

1 Software standards for e-books are nowadays divided between two groups.
2 The relationship between readers and writers has been changing.
3 Papyrus made information available to everyone.
4 It can be deduced from text II that papyrus is an African discovery.
5 It can be inferred from text II that hieroglyphs were first printed before being sent to other people.

09 – (UnB/VESTIBULAR/2001-2ºSEMESTRE)

From text II, it can be concluded that Gutenberg’s invention was a great contribution because

1 more people had access to knowledge.
2 writers had a better opportunity to disseminate their ideas.
3 illiteracy started to decline.
4 the use for papyrus was discovered.
5 scientific progress was made possible.

10 – (UnB/VESTIBULAR/2001-2ºSEMESTRE)

Considering the issues discussed in text II, judge the following items.

1 Even with the advent of the printing press, access to knowledge remained limited to very few people for over 4,000 years.
2 The invention of e-books can be considered as revolutionary as the invention of the printing press.
3 Written material has undergone three main revolutions over the history of humankind.
4 Compared to the USA, Brazil may take a longer time to have ebooks used nationwide.

11 – (UnB/VESTIBULAR/2001-2ºSEMESTRE)

Judge if each item below could be an appropriate title for text II.

1 Rise and fall of e-books
2 Egyptian inventions
3 Modern times, modern options
4 E-books: new relationship between readers and writers
5 The Internet: the third revolution in written material

12 – (UnB/VESTIBULAR/2001-2ºSEMESTRE)

In text II, the sentence “Editors who used to be concerned with the content and the presentation of the final product will start focusing exclusively on content” (R.39-41) means that

1 whereas content was an important issue for book printing, it is not so any longer.
2 the presentation of a book is a major focus of attention now. 3 in the near future editors will no longer be concerned with the presentation of the final product, but only with its content.
4 editors’ focus will shift from presentation and content to content only.

13 – (UnB/VESTIBULAR/2001-2ºSEMESTRE)

he ideas contained in text II lead to the conclusion that the future of e-books

1 has been predicted to be a failure.
2 looks promising.
3 is in the hands of the government.
4 depends on their cost.

14 – (UnB/VESTIBULAR/2001-2ºSEMESTRE)

Judge whether each item below correctly completes the following clause. If there had been e-books a decade ago,

1 their final price could have been lower nowadays.
2 everybody will use them.
3 people had bought them.
4 they would have been more popular nowadays.

15 – (UnB/VESTIBULAR/2001-2ºSEMESTRE)

Over the years, mankind has achieved significant progress in several areas, including interpersonal relations, although there is still a lot to be accomplished. Considering this fact, look at the picture below of a married couple.

According to the text and picture above, judge the following items.

1 The husband never gives orders at home.
2 The wife usually avoids traditional housework.
3 The husband is eager to help his wife.
4 The man is going to close the door.