Mostrando postagens com marcador SEMESTRE. Mostrar todas as postagens
Mostrando postagens com marcador SEMESTRE. Mostrar todas as postagens

segunda-feira, 8 de julho de 2013

UnB–VESTIBULAR–2013.1–UNIVERSIDADE DE BRASÍLIA–COLLEGE ENTRANCE EXAMINATION, ANSWERS & LEXICAL APPROACH.

www.inglesparaconcursos.blog.br

❑ PROVA DE LÍNGUA INGLESA:
 UNIVERSIDADE DE BRASÍLIA-VESTIBULAR-2013.1-1º SEMESTRE-12/01/2013.
❑ ESTRUTURA-PROVA:
 28 True False Questions.
 02 MCQs (Multiple Choice Questions) / 4 Options Each Question.


 PROVA:
 GABARITO:
 TRADUÇÃO - TEXTO 1:
(...)
New York City’s Mayor, Michael Bloomberg, is about to add a whole lot of greenery to the concrete jungle.
O prefeito da cidade de Nova York, Michael Bloomberg, está prestes a adicionar muito verde à selva de concreto.
He just announced a campaign to install green roofs, sidewalks and porous parking lots in order to capture excess rainwater and runoff.
Ele acaba de anunciar uma campanha para instalar telhados verdes, calçadas e estacionamentos porosos para captar o excesso de água da chuva e escoamento superficial.
The idea comes as part of Bloomberg’s PlaNYC goal of making 90% of New York City’s waterways suitable for recreation — right now excess sewer and rain runoff is making them unsuited for fun.
A ideia faz parte do objetivo PlaNYC da Bloomberg de tornar 90% das hidrovias da cidade de Nova York adequadas para recreação - no momento, o excesso de esgoto e o escoamento da chuva os tornam inadequados para diversão.
The proposed green surfaces would eliminate 40% of the existing runoff into the waterways and save taxpayers $ 2.4 billion dollars over the next 20 years.
As superfícies verdes propostas eliminariam 40% do escoamento existente para os cursos de água e economizariam US$ 2,4 bilhões para os contribuintes nos próximos 20 anos.
One of the problems the city must get around is its antiquated water system, which was built 150 years ago when the concept of pollution wasn’t at the forefront of engineers’ minds.
Um dos problemas que a cidade precisa contornar é seu antiquado sistema de abastecimento de água, construído há 150 anos, quando o conceito de poluição ainda não estava na cabeça dos engenheiros.
Currently the system works fine, until it rains, when runoff and sewage are spewed into rivers, canals and the harbor.
Atualmente o sistema funciona bem, até que chova, quando o escoamento e o esgoto são lançados nos rios, canais e no porto.
The proposed green roofs, sidewalks, and parking lots would be equipped to soak up at least an inch of rain — sometimes more — and would seriously reduce the need for costly water system infrastructure that is needed to stop the sewage from spewing all over New York City’s waterways.
Os telhados, calçadas e estacionamentos verdes propostos seriam equipados para absorver pelo menos uma polegada de chuva - às vezes mais - e reduziriam seriamente a necessidade de infraestrutura cara de sistema de água que é necessária para impedir que o esgoto seja espalhado por toda Nova York. Hidrovias da cidade.
Currently the city’s plan is to ramp up the technological infrastructure of the water system and use costly equipment to stop the spewing.
Atualmente, o plano da cidade é aumentar a infraestrutura tecnológica do sistema de água e usar equipamentos caros para interromper às descargas.
This plan would cost $ 6.8 billion; however, Bloomberg’s initiative could accomplish the same goal at a fraction of the cost.
Esse plano custaria US$ 6,8 bilhões; no entanto, a iniciativa da Bloomberg poderia alcançar o mesmo objetivo por uma fração do custo.
Not only would the green roofs be less expensive but they’d save taxpayers money by keeping their water bills low — more infrastructure, more cost to the taxpayers.
Os telhados verdes não seriam apenas mais baratos, mas também economizariam o dinheiro dos contribuintes, mantendo suas contas de água baixas – mais infraestrutura, mais custo para os contribuintes.
This is all part of Bloomberg’s ambitious PlaNYC goals of cutting the city’s emissions and cleaning its air and waterways.
Tudo isso faz parte das ambiciosas metas PlaNYC da Bloomberg de reduzir as emissões da cidade e limpar o ar e as vias navegáveis.
As with many of the PlaNYC initiatives, Bloomberg has just announced the strategy — details of how many green roofs and where they will be placed will come at a later date.
Tal como acontece com muitas das iniciativas do PlaNYC, Bloomberg acabou de anunciar a estratégia - os pormenores sobre o número de telhados verdes e o local onde serão colocados serão divulgados mais tarde.
Brit Liggett. NYC Mayor Bloomberg Announces Green
Roof Initiative. Internet:<www.inhabitat.com>.
(...)

Judge the following items according to the text above
.


1 The pollution of rivers is not a concern in New York City if it is not raining.

2 The green roofs initiative is an attempt to fix an outdated system.

3 PlaNYC was designed to address different environmental problems.

4 The first place to benefit from the green roofs initiative will be Manhattan.

5 Mayor Bloomberg’s green roof initiative consists of building more parks in New York City.

6 Without green roofs, New York City’s taxpayers spend US$ 2.4 billion a year.

7 The word “runoff” is a synonym for wastewater.

8 In New York City, the same system carries both rainwater and wastewater.

9 The current water system in New York City cannot be fixed to reduce pollution.

 TRADUÇÃO - TEXTO 2:
(...)
Visitors and Londoners will later this week have their first chance to join the big city bike rental revolution.
Visitantes e londrinos terão no final desta semana sua primeira chance de se juntar à revolução do aluguel de bicicletas nas grandes cidades.
Following in the path of Montreal, Paris, and Cardiff, London mayor Boris Johnson is to unveil the Barclays Cycle Hire scheme this Friday, and Londoners and visitors will have access to almost-free bike hire in 30-minute bursts.
Seguindo o caminho de Montreal, Paris e Cardiff, o prefeito de Londres, Boris Johnson, apresentará o esquema Barclays Cycle Hire nesta sexta-feira, e os londrinos e visitantes terão acesso ao aluguel quase gratuito de bicicletas em rajadas de 30 minutos.
Over the past few weeks new docking stations have been appearing across central London in readiness for the 6,000 bikes that will be available for rent.
Nas últimas semanas, novas estações de ancoragem apareceram no centro de Londres, prontas para as 6.000 bicicletas que estarão disponíveis para aluguel.
The scheme is modelled on the Bixi  project that has become a big success in the Canadian city of Montreal, and even uses similar bikes.
O esquema segue o modelo do projeto Bixi, que se tornou um grande sucesso na cidade canadense de Montreal, e usa até bicicletas semelhantes.
Once you’ve paid a £1 a day access charge, the first half an hour’s rental is free, and you can make as many 30-minute trips in the day as you like without paying a penny more.
Depois de pagar uma taxa de acesso de £ 1 por dia, a primeira meia hora de aluguel é gratuita e você pode fazer quantas viagens de 30 minutos por dia quiser sem pagar um centavo a mais.
From this Friday, and for the first month, it will only  be open to those who become members by registering online and agreeing to pay £3 for a smartcard.
A partir desta sexta-feira, e durante o primeiro mês, estará aberto apenas para quem se tornar membro, registando-se online e concordando em pagar £3 por um smartcard.
After that period the scheme will be opened to everyone.
Após esse período, o esquema será aberto a todos.
Once fully up and running,  spontaneous users will be able to go to one of the capital’s 400 docking stations, enter their credit or debit card details, select a bike and ride off.
Quando estiver em pleno funcionamento, o usuário espontâneo poderá se dirigir a uma das 400 docas da capital, inserir os dados do cartão de crédito ou débito, escolher uma bicicleta e partir.
When they have finished that journey, they deposit the bike at the nearest docking station.
Quando terminam essa viagem, depositam a bicicleta na estação de ancoragem mais próxima.
You can repeat this as many times as you like during the day – or in the period for which you have paid to access the bikes.
Você pode repetir quantas vezes quiser durante o dia – ou no período que pagou para acessar as bikes.
Transport for London, which is behind the scheme, says it is aimed at those in the capital who need to make short, repeated journeys, rather than longer rentals.
A Transport for London, que está por trás do esquema, diz que é voltada para aqueles na capital que precisam fazer viagens curtas e repetidas, em vez de aluguéis mais longos.
Potential users need to be aware that if they return their bike after their access time has expired, they face a punitive £150 late return charge.
Os usuários em potencial precisam estar cientes de que, se devolverem a bicicleta depois que o tempo de acesso expirar, eles enfrentarão uma taxa punitiva de devolução atrasada de £ 150.
If the bike goes missing, or is damaged by the hirer – or  vandals – the hirer will have to pay up to £300 to cover the loss. Punctures are considered wear and tear.
Se a bicicleta desaparecer ou for danificada pelo locatário - ou vândalos - o locatário terá que pagar até £ 300 para cobrir a perda. As perfurações são consideradas desgaste.
Miles Brignall. London joins the bike rental revolution.
In: The Guardian. Internet: <www.guardian.co.uk>
(...)
Judge the items that follow according to the text above.

10 Users have to pay for damage to the bike even if they have not caused it themselves.

11 The expression “wear and tear” (R.32) means unacceptable.
 👍  Comentários e Gabarito  Errada 
TÓPICO - EXPRESSÃO ADJETIVA IDIOMÁTICA - WEAR AND TEAR
:
 If the bike goes missing, or is damaged by the hirer – or  vandals – the hirer will have to pay up to £300 to cover the loss. Punctures are considered wear and tear. - Se a bicicleta desaparecer ou for danificada pelo locatário - ou vândalos - o locatário terá que pagar até £ 300 para cobrir a perda. As perfurações são consideradas desgastes.
 A expressão "wear and tear" significa "DESGASTE" e não "unacceptable" (inaceitável). 
 WEAR AND TEAR (damage, deterioration) – DESGASTE, DEPRECIAÇÃO, resultante do uso e exposição normais.

12 London’s bike rental program is better than Montreal’s.

13 The first 30 minutes of bike rental on a day are free. Then users have to pay a little more for each time they rent a bike again.

14 Those who plan to rent bikes for a whole month should pay £3.

15 Users will pay for the rent of the bike at the moment they will use it.

16 If users return a damaged bike after their access time has expired, they will pay at least £450.

17 Users do not have to leave the bike at the same station from which they rented it.

18 In the third paragraph, in the phrase “says it is aimed at those” (R.26), the pronoun “it” refers to “Transport for London” (R.25).

 TRADUÇÃO - TEXTO 3:
Mexico City once had the world’s worst air, with skies so poisonous that birds dropped dead in flight.
A Cidade do México já teve o pior ar do mundo, com céus tão venenosos que os pássaros caíram mortos durante o vôo.
Today, efforts to clean the smog are showing visible progress, revealing stunning views of snow-capped volcanoes — and offering a model for the developing world. International experts are praising the country’s progress.
Atualmente, os esforços para limpar a poluição estão mostrando um progresso visível, revelando vistas deslumbrantes de vulcões cobertos de neve – e oferecendo um modelo para o mundo em desenvolvimento. Especialistas internacionais elogiam o progresso do país.
Many say its determined efforts to control auto emissions and other environmental effects of rapid urbanization offer practical lessons to cities in China, India and other fast-growing countries.
Muitos dizem que seus esforços determinados para controlar as emissões de automóveis e outros efeitos ambientais da rápida urbanização oferecem lições práticas para cidades na China, Índia e outros países de rápido crescimento.
Mexican officials have attacked the root causes of pollution that plagues many large urban centers with spiraling growth.
As autoridades mexicanas atacaram as causas profundas da poluição que assola muitos grandes centros urbanos com crescimento vertiginoso.
They plan to further reduce vehicle emissions, which are the city’s greatest source of pollution.
Eles planejam reduzir ainda mais as emissões dos veículos, que são a maior fonte de poluição da cidade.
Pemex, the state oil monopoly, plans to build a US$9.3 billion plant to produce low-sulfur fuel.
A Pemex, monopólio estatal do petróleo, planeja construir uma usina de US$ 9,3 bilhões para produzir combustível com baixo teor de enxofre.
Mexico City Mayor Marcelo Ebrard is expanding the low-emissions Metrobus system, which has eliminated 80,000 tons of carbon monoxide annually since 2005.
O prefeito da Cidade do México, Marcelo Ebrard, está expandindo o sistema Metrobus de baixas emissões, que eliminou 80.000 toneladas de monóxido de carbono anualmente desde 2005.
Officials plan to add hybrid buses. A suburban train system is to replace hundreds of thousands of vehicles.
As autoridades planejam adicionar ônibus híbridos. Um sistema de trens suburbanos substituirá centenas de milhares de veículos.
The potential payoff for such efforts is now in sight: Mexico City does not even rank among the top polluted cities worldwide.
A recompensa potencial para tais esforços está agora à vista: a Cidade do México nem mesmo está entre as cidades mais poluídas do mundo.
Mexico City appears to have cut most of its pollutants at least by half, while recent studies show a number of cities in China and India recording higher levels of the most serious pollutants.
A Cidade do México parece ter cortado a maioria de seus poluentes pelo menos pela metade, enquanto estudos recentes mostram várias cidades na China e na Índia registrando níveis mais altos dos poluentes mais graves.
In 1992, the United Nations declared Mexico City the most polluted on the planet. High ozone levels were thought to cause 1,000 deaths and 35,000 hospitalizations a year.
Em 1992, as Nações Unidas declararam a Cidade do México a mais poluída do planeta. Acredita-se que os altos níveis de ozônio causem 1.000 mortes e 35.000 hospitalizações por ano.
Mexico was forced to act. It replaced the city’s sootbelching old cars, removed lead from gasoline, embraced natural gas, expanded public transportation, and relocated refineries and factories.
O México foi forçado a agir. Substituiu os velhos carros fumegantes da cidade, removeu o chumbo da gasolina, adotou o gás natural, expandiu o transporte público e realocou refinarias e fábricas.
Change was gradual, but the pace has quickened in recent years. The presence of lead in the air has dropped by 90 percent since 1990.
A mudança foi gradual, mas o ritmo acelerou nos últimos anos. A presença de chumbo no ar caiu 90% desde 1990.
Suspended particles – pieces of dust, soot or chemicals that lodge in lungs and cause asthma, emphysema or cancer – have been cut by 70 percent.
Partículas suspensas – pedaços de poeira, fuligem ou produtos químicos que se alojam nos pulmões e causam asma, enfisema ou câncer – foram reduzidos em 70%.
Carbon monoxide and other pollutants also have been drastically reduced.
O monóxido de carbono e outros poluentes também foram drasticamente reduzidos.
Anne-Marie O'Connor.
Mexico City drastically reduced air pollutants since the 1990s.
In: The Washington Post. Internet: <www.washingtonpost.com>.
(...)

Judge the items from 19 through 27 
based on to the text above.

19 Before pollution reduction policies were introduced, a part of Mexico’s natural landscape could not be seen.

20 Mexico City has learned from experiences in China and India to implement its pollution reduction policies.

21 In the first paragraph, the pronoun “They” in “They plan to further reduce vehicle emissions” (R.11-12) refers to “large urban centers with spiraling growth” (R.10-11).

22 One of the solutions found to the pollution problem was the improvement of public transportation.

23 In the last paragraph, the verb "lodge" (R.34) conveys the same meaning as the verb damage.

24 The words "poisonous"(R.2), "smog" (R.3), "low-sulfur fuel" (R.14) and "soot" (R.34) convey the idea of "pollutant".

25 In order to address the pollution problem, both the quality and type of the fuel used in Mexico City were changed.

26 Mexico City was able to reduce the emission of some pollutants by more than 50%.

27 Factories and refineries were built farther from the city to help solve the pollution problem.

 TRADUÇÃO - TEXTO 4:
Internet: <www.grinningplanet.com>.

➭ "Burying my head in the sand over climate change is much easier now that half the world's turned to desert."
➭ Enfiar a cabeça na areia por causa das mudanças climáticas é muito mais fácil agora do que metade do mundo que se transformou em deserto.

From the analysis of the cartoon above, it is correct to say that

A partir da análise do cartum acima, é correto dizer que
28 the cartoon suggests that the character refuses to accept the actual desertification of our planet. – o cartoon sugere que o personagem se recusa a aceitar a desertificação real do nosso planeta. (ERRADA)
29 the preposition “over” can correctly be replaced with above. – a preposição “over” pode ser corretamente substituída por above. (ERRADA)

 TRADUÇÃO - TEXTO 5:


Internet: <www.theomahaproject.org>.
➭ "Some day, sin, all this will be your problem."
➭ Algum dia, filho, tudo isso será problema seu.

30 – (CESPE/UnB-2013/1 - VESTIBULAR 1º SEMESTRE)
From the analysis of the cartoon above, it is possible to conclude that
(A) the characters’ faces have suffered from genetic mutation due to pollution.
(B) it will be the son’s responsibility to correct his father’s mistakes.
(C) the father has been working on a bet
ter future for his son.
(D) the son is helping the father to build a better future.
 👍   Comentários e Gabarito    B  
TÓPICO - ELEMENTOS VERBAIS E NÃO VERBAIS, INFERÊNCIA:
From the analysis of the cartoon above, it is possible to conclude that
A partir da análise da charge acima, é possível concluir que
(A) the characters’ faces have suffered from genetic mutation due to pollution. – os rostos dos personagens sofreram mutação genética devido à poluição.
(B) it will be the son’s responsibility to correct his father’s mistakes. – será responsabilidade do filho corrigir os erros do pai.
(C) the father has been working on a better future for his son. – o pai tem trabalhado em um futuro melhor para seu filho.
(D) the son is helping the father to build a better future. – 
o filho está ajudando o pai a construir um futuro melhor.

sábado, 8 de dezembro de 2012

CESPE/UnB – 2011 – 1º VESTIBULAR – LÍNGUA INGLESA – UNIVERSIDADE DE BRASÍLIA – PROVA COM GABARITO & TEXTOS TRADUZIDOS.

❑ PROVA DE LÍNGUA INGLESACESPE/UnB-2011-1º VESTIBULAR-22/12/2010.

http://www.cespe.unb.br/vestibular/
❑ ESTRUTURA-PROVA:
 29 True False Questions.
 01 Multiple Choice Questions / 4 Options Each Question.
 Text (1) – | Against Death Penalty | Le dernier jour d’un condamné |
 Text (2) – | FIFA Fair Play | www.fifa.com |
 Text (3) – | Punishment Important in Plant-Pollinator Relationship | www.sciencedaily.com |
 Text (4) – | Cartoon |
 PROVA:
 TRADUÇÃO - TEXTO 1:
Against Death Penalty
Contra a Pena de Morte
Those who judge and condemn, say that capital punishment is necessary.
Aqueles que julgam e condenam dizem que a pena capital é necessária.
Firstly, because it is necessary to remove from the social community a member who has already injured it, and might injure it even more. If that is all, a life sentence would suffice.
Em primeiro lugar, porque é preciso retirar da comunidade social um membro que já a prejudicou, e pode prejudicá-la ainda mais.
If that is all, a life sentence would suffice.
Se isso é tudo, uma sentença de prisão perpétua seria suficiente.
What is the use of bringing death? You may argue that one might escape from jail — keep better watch, then! Let there be no executioner where the jailer suffices.
Qual é a utilidade de trazer a morte? Você pode argumentar que alguém pode escapar da prisão - fique mais atento, então! Que não haja carrasco onde basta o carcereiro.
One might also say society must avenge itself, society must punish.
Pode-se dizer também que a sociedade deve se vingar, a sociedade deve punir.
Neither one nor the other: vengeance is an individual act, and punishment belongs to God.
Nem um nem outro: a vingança é um ato individual e o castigo pertence a Deus.
Society is between the two; punishment is above it, vengeance is beneath it.
A sociedade está entre os dois; o castigo está acima dela, a vingança está abaixo dela.
Nothing so great or so small should be in its sphere.
Nada tão grande ou tão pequeno deve estar em sua esfera.
Society should not punish in order to avenge itself; it should correct, in order to improve!
A sociedade não deve punir para se vingar; deve corrigir, para melhorar!
The third and last reason remains, the theory of examples.
A terceira e última razão permanece, a teoria dos exemplos.
It is imperative to set examples.
É imperativo dar exemplos.
By the sight of the fate inflicted on criminals, we must shock those who might otherwise be tempted to imitate them!
Ao ver o destino infligido aos criminosos, devemos chocar aqueles que, de outra forma, poderiam ser tentados a imitá-los!
Well; above all, we deny the power of the example.
Bem; acima de tudo, negamos o poder do exemplo.
We deny that the spectacle of torment produces the desired effect.
Negamos que o espetáculo do tormento produza o efeito desejado.
Rather than edifying the common people, it demoralizes them and blunts in them all sensibility.
Em vez de edificar as pessoas comuns, desmoraliza-as e embota-lhes toda a sensibilidade.
Victor Hugo. Le dernier jour d’un condamné, Paris,
Eugène Renduel, 1832. pp XXII e XXIII (adapted).
(...)
According to the text above, judge the following items.
1 The pronoun “It” in “It is imperative to set examples” (l.17) refers to the phrase “theory of examples” (l.16-17).
2 Historically, capital punishment has been unanimously held as legitimate and effective.
3 The text presents the risk of inmates escaping from prison as a strong argument against the death penalty.
4 The author argues against the 3 main reasons given by supporters of the death penalty.
5 According to the author, society has no right to condemn a criminal to death because punishment is within God’s sphere.
6 The formula which best expresses the author’s position as to the function of human justice is correct, in order to improve (R.15).
7 In “executioner” (l.7) and “jailer” (l.8), both words present the suffix “-er”, which also appears in teacher, and which conveys the idea of someone who performs such an activity or has such an occupation.
8 The word “Those” in the first line of the first paragraph is used as an element of style. If it were to be deleted, accurate grammar would still be preserved.
9 According to the author, the spectacle of public execution is the most efficient method of stopping potential criminals from committing crimes.
👉 Questão-Item  1-Errada :
The pronoun “It” in “It is imperative to set examples” (l.17) refers to the phrase “theory of examples” (l.16-17).
• EXPLANATION:
1) No texto:
 The third and last reason remains, the theory of examples. It is imperative to set examples.
• A terceira e última razão permanece, a teoria dos exemplos. - Ela(a teoria dos exemplos) é imperativo dar exemplos.
2) O pronome "it" refere-se à frase "teoria dos exemplos".
👉 Questão-Item  2-Errada :
Historically, capital punishment has been unanimously held as legitimate and effective.
• EXPLANATION:
- O item (2) sugere que historicamente, a pena de morte é unanimemente considerada legítima e eficaz.
- O título do texto 'Against Death Penalty' já elimina a afirmativa de que a pena de morte é unanimemente considerada legítima e eficaz.
👉 Questão-Item  3-Errada :
The text presents the risk of inmates escaping from prison as a strong argument against the death penalty.
• EXPLANATION:
- O item (3) sugere que o texto apresenta o risco de os presidiários fugirem da prisão como um forte argumento contra a pena de morte.
- O que não condiz com a proposta do texto
- O texto sugere para o risco de os presidiários fugirem da prisão - que se mantenha uma vigilância melhor, então. 
👉 Questão-Item  4-Correta :
The author argues against the 3 main reasons given by supporters of the death penalty.
• EXPLANATION:
- O item (4) sugere que o autor argumenta contra as 3 principais razões apresentadas pelos defensores da pena de morte.
- O que está de acordo com o texto. Segundo o autor, a sociedade não tem o direito de condenar um criminoso à morte porque ele pode escapar ou porque o castigo está na esfera de Deus ou porque tem que dar exemplo.
- 'keep better watch, then!'
- 'Society should not punish in order to avenge itself; it should correct, in order to improve!'
- 'Rather than edifying the common people, it demoralizes them and blunts in them all sensibility.'
👉 Questão-Item  5-Correta :
According to the author, society has no right to condemn a criminal to death because punishment is within God’s sphere.
• EXPLANATION:
- O item (5) sugere que segundo o autor, a sociedade não tem o direito de condenar um criminoso à morte porque o castigo está na esfera de Deus.
- Verdade, pois segundo o autor 'Society should not punish in order to avenge itself; it should correct, in order to improve!'.
👉 Questão-Item  6-Correta :
The formula which best expresses the author’s position as to the function of human justice is correct, in order to improve (l.15).
O item (6) sugere que a fórmula que melhor expressa a posição do autor quanto à função da justiça humana é a correta, a fim de melhorar.
- Verdade, no final do texto, o autor afirma 'Society should not punish in order to avenge itself; it should correct, in order to improve!'. 
👉 Questão-Item  7-Correta :
In “executioner” (l.7) and “jailer” (l.8), both words present the suffix “-er”, which also appears in teacher, and which conveys the idea of someone who performs such an activity or has such an occupation.
• EXPLANATION:
- Em "executioner"(carrasco) e "jailer"(carcereiro), ambas as palavras apresentam o sufixo “-er”, que também aparece em "teacher"(professor).
- O sufixo “-er” transmite a ideia de quem exerce tal atividade ou a possui uma ocupação.
👉 Questão-Item  8-Errada :
The word “Those” in the first line of the first paragraph is used as an element of style. If it were to be deleted, accurate grammar would still be preserved.
• EXPLANATION:
- 'THOSE'(aqueles) é um pronome demonstrativo e contextualmente foi utilizado para se referir 'as pessoas'
. Se fosse excluído, a sentença ficaria sem sentido.
This, that, these and those are demonstratives. We use this, that, these and those to point to people and things. This and that are singular. These and those are plural. We use them as determiners and pronouns.(Cambride Dictionary) 
👉 Questão-Item  9-Errada :
According to the author, the spectacle of public execution is the most efficient method of stopping potential criminals from committing crimes.
• EXPLANATION:
O item (5) sugere que segundo o autor, o espetáculo da execução pública é o método mais eficiente de impedir que criminosos em potencial cometam crimes.
- O que não condiz com o texto.
- A posição do autor quanto à função da justiça humana é a de corrigir, a fim de melhorar.

 TRADUÇÃO - TEXTO 2:
FIFA Fair Play
FIFA Fair Play
The generic concept of fair play is a fundamental part of the game of football.
O conceito genérico de fair play é uma parte fundamental do jogo de futebol.
It represents the positive benefits of playing by the rules, using common sense and respecting fellow players, referees, opponents and fans.
Representa os benefícios positivos de jogar de acordo com as regras, usando o bom senso e respeitando os outros jogadores, árbitros, adversários e torcedores.
The Fair Play Campaign was conceived largely as an indirect result of the 1986 FIFA World Cup™ in Mexico, when the handball goal by Diego Maradona stimulated the admirable reaction of the England coach, Sir Bobby Robson.
A Campanha Fair Play foi concebida em grande parte como um resultado indireto da Copa do Mundo da FIFA™ de 1986 no México, quando o gol de handebol de Diego Maradona estimulou a admirável reação do técnico da Inglaterra, Sir Bobby Robson.
Since then, the campaign has had the unconditional support of former FIFA President João Havelange and his successor, current President Joseph S. Blatter.
Desde então, a campanha conta com o apoio incondicional do ex-presidente da FIFA João Havelange e de seu sucessor, o atual presidente Joseph S. Blatter.
To give fair play more visibility, FIFA created a programme that turned the generic notion into a simple design and an easy to understand code of conduct that could be recognized and respected by players and fans alike. Fair Play has a fundamental role in sport and there is a need to apply it to all sporting activities, especially children’s. Children need strong values to grow up with, and football, being a team sport, makes them realize how essential discipline, respect, team spirit and fair play are for the game and for life.
Internet: <www.fifa.com> (adapted)
(...)
According to the text above, judge the items below.

10 The clause “To give fair play more visibility” (l.12) expresses the cause of what follows it.
11 In “Since then, the campaign has had the unconditional support of” (l.9-10), the choice of verb tense conveys the idea that the situation was true in the past and still is in the present.
12 If one were to invert the order of the words in “handball goal” (l.7), the meaning of the phrase would remain the same.
13 There is a direct relation between the Fair Play Code and the social code: Playing without causing harm to others.
14 Team sports contribute to children’s social development.
15 Fair Play can be summarized as respect for others and for the rules of the game.
16 Sir Bobby Robson expressed his admiration for Maradona’s handball goal.
17 One can infer from the text that FIFA has had only two presidents from the time the Fair Play campaign was created to when the text was written.
18 Read the following paragraph.
     Do not be afraid to stand up to anybody who you are sure is trying to make others cheat or engage in other unacceptable behavior. It is better to expose them and have them removed before they can do any damage. It is equally dishonest to go along with a wrongful act. Do not just say no. Tell the authorities about those misguided persons who are trying to spoil our sport before they can persuade somebody else to commit an illegal act.
The sentence Denounce those who attempt to discredit our sport is a suitable title for the paragraph above.
👉 Questão-Item  10-Errada :
The clause “To give fair play more visibility” (l.12) expresses the cause of what follows it.
(
A oração “Para dar mais visibilidade ao fair play” expressa a causa do que a segue.)
"[...] To give fair play more visibility, FIFA created a programme that turned the generic notion into a simple design and an easy to understand code of conduct that could be recognized and respected by players and fans alike."
(Para dar mais visibilidade ao fair play, a FIFA criou um programa que transformou a noção genérica em um design simples e um código de conduta fácil de entender, que poderia ser reconhecido e respeitado por jogadores e fãs.)
👉 Questão-Item  11-Correta :
In “Since then, the campaign has had the unconditional support of” (l.9-10), the choice of verb tense conveys the idea that the situation was true in the past and still is in the present.
(Em “Desde então, a campanha teve o apoio incondicional de” , a escolha do tempo verbal transmite a ideia de que a situação era verdadeira no passado e ainda é no presente.)
➧FRAGMENTO CONTEXTUAL: O tempo verbal é o PRESENT PERFECT que transmite a ideia de que a situação era verdadeira no passado e ainda é no presente:
"[...] Since then, the campaign has had the unconditional support of former FIFA President João Havelange and his successor, current President Joseph S. Blatter."
(Desde então, a campanha conta com o apoio incondicional do ex-presidente da FIFA, João Havelange, e de seu sucessor, o atual presidente Joseph S. Blatter.)
👉 Questão-Item  12-Errada :
If one were to invert the order of the words in “handball goal” (l.7), the meaning of the phrase would remain the same.
(Se invertêssemos a ordem das palavras em “handball goal”, o significado da frase permaneceria o mesmo.)
➧FRAGMENTO CONTEXTUAL:
"[...] The Fair Play Campaign was conceived largely as an indirect result of the 1986 FIFA World Cup™ in Mexico, when the handball goal by Diego Maradona stimulated the admirable reaction of the England coach, Sir Bobby Robson."
(A Campanha Fair Play foi concebida em grande parte como resultado indireto da Copa do Mundo da FIFA ™ de 1986 no México, quando o gol de handebol de Diego Maradona estimulou a admirável reação do técnico da Inglaterra, Sir Bobby Robson.)
➧ A expressão “handball goal”(gol de handball indevido num jogo de futebol) transmite ideia diferente de "goal handball".
👉 Questão-Item  13-Correta :
There is a direct relation between the Fair Play Code and the social code: Playing without causing harm to others.
(
Existe uma relação direta entre o Código de Fair Play e o código social: Jogar sem causar danos a terceiros.)
👉 Questão-Item  14-Correta :
Team sports contribute to children’s social development.
(
Os esportes coletivos contribuem para o desenvolvimento social das crianças.)
👉 Questão-Item  15-Correta :
Fair Play can be summarized as respect for others and for the rules of the game.
(O Fair Play pode ser resumido como respeito pelos outros e pelas regras do jogo.)
👉 Questão-Item  16-Errada :
Sir Bobby Robson expressed his admiration for Maradona’s handball goal.
(
Sir Bobby Robson expressou sua admiração pelo gol de handebol de Maradona.)
👉 Questão-Item  17-Correta :
One can infer from the text that FIFA has had only two presidents from the time the Fair Play campaign was created to when the text was written.
(
Pode-se inferir do texto que a FIFA teve apenas dois presidentes desde o momento em que a campanha de Fair Play foi criada até a época em que o texto foi escrito.)
👉 Questão-Item  18-Correta :
Do not be afraid to stand up to anybody who you are sure is trying to make others cheat or engage in other unacceptable behavior. It is better to expose them and have them removed before they can do any damage. It is equally dishonest to go along with a wrongful act. Do not just say no. Tell the authorities about those misguided persons who are trying to spoil our sport before they can persuade somebody else to commit an illegal act.
(Não tenha medo de enfrentar alguém que você tem certeza de que está tentando fazer os outros trapacearem ou se envolver em outro comportamento inaceitável. É melhor expô-los e removê-los antes que possam causar qualquer dano. É igualmente desonesto aceitar um ato ilícito. Não diga simplesmente não. Conte às autoridades sobre essas pessoas equivocadas que estão tentando estragar nosso esporte, antes que possam persuadir outra pessoa a cometer um ato ilegal.)
The sentence Denounce those who attempt to discredit our sport is a suitable title for the paragraph above.
(
A frase Denuncie aqueles que tentam desacreditar nosso esporte é um título adequado para o parágrafo acima.)
• TEXTO 3:
(...)
Punishment Important in Plant-Pollinator Relationship
1
Figs and the wasps that pollinate them present one of biologists’ favorite examples of a beneficial relationship between two different species. In exchange for the pollination service provided by the wasp, the fig fruit provides room and board for the wasp’s developing young. However, wasps do not always pollinate the fig. Fig trees “punish” these “cheaters” by dropping unpollinated fruit, killing the wasp’s offspring inside, report researchers working at the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute.
2
Their results, published in the Proceedings of the Royal Society, show that sanctions against cheaters  may be critical to maintain the relationship.
3
“Relationships require give and take. We want to know what forces maintain this 80-million-year-old arrangement between figs and their wasp pollinators.” said lead author, Charlotte Jandér, who conducted the study as a Smithsonian pre-doctoral fellow. “What prevents the wasps from reaping the benefits of the relationship without paying the costs?”
4
Some wasp species passively carry pollen that sticks to their bodies. Others actively collect pollen in special pouches. Jandér evaluated the ability of six different fig tree-fig wasp species pairs to regulate cheating. She introduced either a single pollen-free wasp, or a wasp carrying pollen, into a mesh bag containing an unpollinated fig. The wasps entered the figs to lay their eggs. Jandér found that trees often dropped unpollinated figs before young wasps could mature.
5
“This is really about the all-too-human theme of crime and punishment. We found that in actively pollinated fig species — when wasps expend time and energy to collect and deposit pollen — wasps that did not provide the basic service of pollination were sanctioned. However, in passively pollinated species — when the wasps do not need to make an effort to pollinate — sanctions were absent,” said Allen Herre, Smithonian Tropical Research Institute staff scientist. “Although we still need to clearly understand the costs associated with applying sanctions, it seems like they were only present where needed.” 
6
“Sanctions seem to be a necessary force in keeping this, and other, mutually-beneficial relationships, on track,” said Jandér. “In our study, we saw less cheating when sanctions were stronger. Similar results have 25 been found among human societies and in social insects. It is very appealing to think that the same general principles could help maintain cooperation both within and between species.”
Internet: <www.sciencedaily.com> (adapted).
(...)
According to the text, judge the items below.
19 The ecological relation between the wasp and the fig tree which is referred to in the text can be described as mutualism and reduces the genetic variability in fig tree populations.
20 Even though the fig tree and the wasp belong to different natural kingdoms, they cooperate in each other’s reproductive cycle.
21 The relation between fig trees and wasps bears similarities with that between members of society and its laws.
22 The central theme of the text is the need for each of the parties involved in a given relationship to perform its role.
23 The harshness of the punishment does not interfere in how often the participants follow the rules.
24 Even though the wasps that establish a pollinator relationship with fig trees belong to different species, they utilize the same method of pollination.
25 In the first paragraph, “developing young” (R.3) and “offspring” (R.4) refer basically to the same idea.
26 Jander’s study investigated six species overall.
27 The absence of contractions, such as in “wasps do not always pollinate the fig” (R.3-4), is one of the features which characterize this text as colloquial.
28 There is not much the fig tree can do against wasps if they do not perform their role as pollinators.
29 Among the animals that contribute substantially to the dispersion of the fruit of the fig tree, one can list a bat that can only be found in the Pantanal of south-western Brazil, and a bird that inhabits the plains of Patagonia, in southern Argentina.
👉 Questão-Item  19-Errada :
The ecological relation between the wasp and the fig tree which is referred to in the text can be described as mutualism and reduces the genetic variability in fig tree populations.
(
A relação ecológica entre a vespa e a figueira, referida no texto, pode ser descrita como mutualismo e reduz a variabilidade genética nas populações de figueira.)
👉 Questão-Item  20-Correta :
Even though the fig tree and the wasp belong to different natural kingdoms, they cooperate in each other’s reproductive cycle.
(
Mesmo que a figueira e a vespa pertençam a reinos naturais diferentes, elas cooperam no ciclo reprodutivo uma da outra.)
👉 Questão-Item  21-Correta :
The relation between fig trees and wasps bears similarities with that between members of society and its laws.
(
A relação entre figueiras e vespas tem semelhanças com a que existe entre membros da sociedade e suas leis.)
👉 Questão-Item  22-Correta :
The central theme of the text is the need for each of the parties involved in a given relationship to perform its role.
(
O tema central do texto é a necessidade de cada uma das partes envolvidas em uma determinada relação cumprir seu papel.)
👉 Questão-Item  23-Errada :
The harshness of the punishment does not interfere in how often the participants follow the rules.
(
The harshness of the punishment does not interfere in how often the participants follow the rules.)
👉 Questão-Item  24-Errada :
Even though the wasps that establish a pollinator relationship with fig trees belong to different species, they utilize the same method of pollination.
(
Embora as vespas que estabelecem uma relação polinizadora com as figueiras pertençam a espécies diferentes, elas utilizam o mesmo método de polinização.)
👉 Questão-Item  25-Correta :
In the first paragraph, “developing young” (l.3) and “offspring” (l.4) refer basically to the same idea.
(
No primeiro parágrafo, “desenvolvimento jovem” e “descendência” referem-se basicamente à mesma ideia..)
👉 Questão-Item  26-Errada :
Jander’s study investigated six species overall.
(
O estudo de Jander investigou seis espécies no geral.)
👉 Questão-Item  27-Errada :
The absence of contractions, such as in “wasps do not always pollinate the fig” (l.3-4), is one of the features which characterize this text as colloquial.
(
A ausência de contrações, como em “nem sempre as vespas polinizam o figo”, é um dos traços que caracterizam este texto como coloquial.)
👉 Questão-Item  28-Errada :
There is not much the fig tree can do against wasps if they do not perform their role as pollinators.
(
Não há muito que a figueira possa fazer contra as vespas se elas não desempenharem seu papel de polinizadores.)
👉 Questão-Item  29-Errada :
Among the animals that contribute substantially to the dispersion of the fruit of the fig tree, one can list a bat that can only be found in the Pantanal of south-western Brazil, and a bird that inhabits the plains of Patagonia, in southern Argentina.
(
Entre os animais que contribuem substancialmente para a dispersão do fruto da figueira, pode-se citar um morcego que só pode ser encontrado no Pantanal, no sudoeste do Brasil, e uma ave que habita as planícies da Patagônia, no sul da Argentina.)

👉 Questão  30 :
What is the teacher saying to the pupil?
Choose the most appropriate sentence in accordance with the picture.
(A) Think about what you’ve done.
(B) Don’t forget to do your homework.
(C) Go stand outside the classroom.
(D) Any volunteers to go to the board?
• ANSWER (A)
LOJA