É uma das maiores coisas da arte egípcia que todas as estátuas, pinturas e formas arquitetônicas pareçam se encaixar como se obedecessem a uma lei.
We call such a law, which all creations of a people seem to obey, a “style”.
Chamamos tal lei, à qual todas as criações de um povo parecem obedecer, de “estilo”.
As regras que regem toda a arte egípcia conferem a cada trabalho individual o efeito de equilíbrio e harmonia austera.
O estilo egípcio compreendia um conjunto de leis muito rígidas, que todo artista tinha que aprender desde a mais tenra juventude.
As estátuas sentadas tinham que ter as mãos nos joelhos;
men had to be painted with darker skin than women;
os homens tiveram que ser pintados com uma pele mais escura que a das mulheres;
a aparência de cada deus foi estritamente estabelecida.
Every artist also had to learn the art of beautiful script.
Todo artista também teve que aprender a arte da bela escrita.
He had to cut the images and symbols of the hieroglyphs clearly and accurately in stone.
Ele teve que cortar as imagens e símbolos dos hieróglifos em pedra de forma clara e precisa.
But once he had mastered all these rules he had finished his apprenticeship.
Mas depois de dominar todas essas regras, ele terminou seu aprendizado.
No one wanted anything different, no one asked him to be “original”.
Ninguém queria nada diferente, ninguém lhe pedia para ser “original”.
On the contrary, he was probably considered the best artist who could make his statues most like the admired monuments of the past.
Pelo contrário, ele foi provavelmente considerado o melhor artista que conseguiu fazer com que suas estátuas se parecessem mais com os monumentos admirados do passado.
So it happened that in the course of three thousand years or more art changed very little.
Aconteceu então que, no decorrer de três mil anos ou mais, a arte mudou muito pouco.
Everything that was considered good and beautiful in the age of the pyramids was held to be just as excellent a thousand years later.
Tudo o que era considerado bom e belo na era das pirâmides foi considerado igualmente excelente mil anos depois.
Granted, new fashions appeared, and new subjects were demanded of the artists, but their mode of representing man and nature remained essentially the same.
É verdade que surgiram novas modas e novos temas foram exigidos dos artistas, mas o seu modo de representar o homem e a natureza permaneceu essencialmente o mesmo.
Only one man ever shook the iron bars of the Egyptian style.
Apenas um homem sacudiu as barras de ferro do estilo egípcio.
He was a king of the Eighteenth Dynasty, Amenophis IV, a heretic.
Ele era um rei da Décima Oitava Dinastia, Amenófis IV, um herege.
He broke with many of the customs hallowed by age-old tradition.
Ele rompeu com muitos dos costumes consagrados pela tradição milenar.
He did not wish to pay homage to the many strangely shaped gods of his people.
Ele não queria prestar homenagem aos muitos deuses de formato estranho de seu povo.
For him only one god was supreme, Aten, whom he worshipped and whom he had represented in the shape of the sun-disk sending down its rays, each one endowed with a hand.
Para ele, apenas um deus era supremo, Aton, a quem ele adorava e que representava na forma do disco solar enviando seus raios, cada um dotado de uma mão.
He called himself Akhnaten, after his god, and he moved his court out of reach of the priests of the other gods.
Ele se autodenominava Akhnaton, em homenagem ao seu deus, e transferiu sua corte para fora do alcance dos sacerdotes dos outros deuses.
The pictures that he commissioned must have shocked the Egyptians of his day by their novel character.
As imagens que ele encomendou devem ter chocado os egípcios de sua época por seu caráter inovador.
In them none of the solemn and rigid dignity of the earlier Pharaohs was to be found.
Nelas não se encontrava nada da dignidade solene e rígida dos primeiros faraós.
Instead, he had himself depicted lifting his daughter on to his knee, walking with his wife Nefertiti in the garden, leaning on a stick, beneath the blessing sun.
Em vez disso, ele próprio foi retratado levantando a filha sobre os joelhos, caminhando com sua esposa Nefertiti no jardim, apoiado em uma vara, sob o sol abençoado.
Some of his portraits show him as an ugly man; perhaps he wanted the artists to portray him in all his human frailty.
Alguns de seus retratos o mostram como um homem feio; talvez quisesse que os artistas o retratassem em toda a sua fragilidade humana.
Akhnaten’s successor was Tutankhamun, whose tomb with its treasures was discovered in 1922.
O sucessor de Akhnaton foi Tutancâmon, cujo túmulo com seus tesouros foi descoberto em 1922.
Some of these works are still in the modern style of the Aten religion.
Algumas dessas obras ainda estão no estilo moderno da religião de Aton.
The back of the king’s throne shows the king and queen in a homely idyll.
A parte de trás do trono do rei mostra o rei e a rainha num idílio caseiro.
He is sitting on his chair in an attitude which might have appalled the strict conservative – almost lolling, by Egyptian standards.
Ele está sentado na sua cadeira numa atitude que poderia ter horrorizado o conservador estrito – quase inerte, segundo os padrões egípcios.
His wife is no smaller than he is, and gently puts her hand on his shoulder while the Sun-god again is stretching his hands in blessing down to them.
Sua esposa não é menor do que ele e gentilmente coloca a mão em seu ombro enquanto o deus do Sol novamente estende as mãos para abençoá-los.
- Gombrich, E. H. The Story of Art. Phaidon, 16th. Ed. 1995. pp.65-6, with adaptations
1 The fragments “which all creations of a people seem to obey.” (line 4) and which all creations of people seem to obey mean the same and can be used interchangeably.
2 The two instances of “man” in the fragments “their mode of representing man” (line 24) and “Only one man ever shook” (line 26) refer to quite distinct concepts.
3 The two instances of “whom” in “whom he worshipped and whom he had represented” (lines 31 and 32) can, in an informal context, be replaced with who, but “whom” and “who” play very distinct grammar roles in a sentence.
4 “Granted” (line 23) is a word used to acknowledge that something is true, before something about it is said.
• Gabarito ECCC
Regarding the grammatical aspects of the text, mark the following items as right (C) or wrong (E).
1 The fragments “which all creations of a people seem to obey.” (line 4) and which all creations of people seem to obey mean the same and can be used interchangeably.
2 The two instances of “man” in the fragments “their mode of representing man” (line 24) and “Only one man ever shook” (line 26) refer to quite distinct concepts.
3 The two instances of “whom” in “whom he worshipped and whom he had represented” (lines 31 and 32) can, in an informal context, be replaced with who, but “whom” and “who” play very distinct grammar roles in a sentence.
4 “Granted” (line 23) is a word used to acknowledge that something is true, before something about it is said.
41 – Based on the text, mark the following items as right (C) or wrong (E).
1 In the fragment “no one asked him to be ‘original’” (line 16), the underlined word is in inverted commas because originality, as we know it today, did not exist in Egyptian art.
2 The fragment “shook the iron bars of the Egyptian style” (lines 26 and 27) means “to raise the required artistic standards further”.
3 The author seems to suggest that some of Amenophis’ shortcomings are his physical appearance and mobility impairment.
4 For some of his subjects, Amenophis did not carry himself in as kingly a fashion as he should.
• Gabarito CECC
Based on the text, mark the following items as right (C) or wrong (E).
1 In the fragment “no one asked him to be ‘original’” (line 16), the underlined word is in inverted commas because originality, as we know it today, did not exist in Egyptian art.
2 The fragment “shook the iron bars of the Egyptian style” (lines 26 and 27) means “to raise the required artistic standards further”.
3 The author seems to suggest that some of Amenophis’ shortcomings are his physical appearance and mobility impairment.
4 For some of his subjects, Amenophis did not carry himself in as kingly a fashion as he should.
42 – As far as vocabulary is concerned, mark the following items as right (C) or wrong (E).
1 The expression “fall into place” (lines 2 and 3) means “to begin to make sense or to fit together”.
2 The fragment “after his god” (line 34) means “prostrated himself in front of the deity”.
3 The word “novel”, in “novel character” (line 37), means “fictional, not based on real life”.
4 The fragment “a homely idyll” (lines 47 and 48) describes perfect domestic or marital bliss.
• Gabarito CEEC
As far as vocabulary is concerned, mark the following items as right (C) or wrong (E).
