RELIGION AND GENTRIFICATION [Revitalização Urbana]
When Lincoln Temple, a church in the Shaw neighbourhood of Washington, DC, closed this year, it signalled the end of an important chapter in African-American history. Founded in 1869 by a group that included many newly freed slaves, it became a hub [eixo] of the civil-rights movement. In the 1950s
one of its earliest members, Mary Church Terrell, led successful sit-in protests against Washington’s segregated restaurants. In the next decade the church
was used as a marshalling ground for marches. It attracted famous preachers. Roberta Flack sang there. More than a thousand people once attended
Lincoln Temple's Sunday services.
By 2018, after decades of steady decline, that number had dwindled to a dozen – if the pastor was lucky. In September the redbrick Romanesque Revival
church, erected in 1928 to replace an older building, held its last service. Lincoln Temple, part of the United Church of Christ, is not unique. According to
Sacred Spaces Cnservancy, a Christian non-profit that uses city data to count church closures, Shaw has lost around 30% of its churches – most of them
with predominantly black congregations – since 2008. In Capitol Hill it reckons over 40% of religious properties have closed.
One of the reasons behind the disappearance of Washington’s churches is familiar across the West: fewer people are going to church. But as in other
big cities, that change has been exacerbated by the departure of African-American to the suburbs. What began in part as a search for more space and a
better life has been accelerated by gentrification.
4
In 2015 the proportion of black residents in Washington dropped below 50% of the population for the first time in decades. Many of those who left took
their religion with them, as the proliferation of churches in some Maryland suburbs shows. Some tried not to. Jeanne Cooper, who attended Lincoln Temple
for five decades, says many congregants would drive in from the suburbs on Sunday; she did so herself until the church´s last service. But as parking spaces
were swallowed up by development, or claimed by new residents who had lobbied the city for parking restrictions, the journey became too much for many
of its ageing members.
5
Elsewhere in Washington, old churches have been torn down or developed to make apartments blocks. Shaw, where Victorian row houses sit alongside
renovated industrial lofts, has become one of the city´s trendiest neighbourhoods. Demand for land is high. But Mrs Cooper says the church´s management
team, which she leads, hopes to continue renting out the building to groups that serve the area´s poor. “That way, it almost feels as if the church is returning
to its original purpose,” she says.
Adapted from The Economist, December 22nd 2018 –
January 4th 2019.
RELIGION AND GENTRIFICATION
RELIGIÃO E GENTRIFICAÇÃO
When Lincoln Temple, a church in the Shaw neighbourhood of Washington, DC, closed this year, it signalled the end of an important chapter in African-American history. – Quando a Lincoln Temple, uma igreja no bairro de Shaw, em Washington, DC, fechou este ano, sinalizou o fim de um capítulo importante na história afro-americana.
Founded in 1869 by a group that included many newly freed slaves, it became a hub [eixo] of the civil-rights movement. – Fundado em 1869 por um grupo que incluía muitos escravos recém-libertados, tornou-se um centro [eixo] do movimento pelos direitos civis.
In the 1950s one of its earliest members, Mary Church Terrell, led successful sit-in protests against Washington’s segregated restaurants. – Na década de 1950, um dos seus primeiros membros, Mary Church Terrell, liderou protestos bem-sucedidos contra os restaurantes segregados de Washington.
In the next decade the church was used as a marshalling ground for marches. – Na década seguinte, a igreja foi usada como campo de concentração para marchas.
It attracted famous preachers. Roberta Flack sang there. More than a thousand people once attended Lincoln Temple's Sunday services. – Atraiu pregadores famosos. Roberta Flack cantou lá. Mais de mil pessoas já compareceram aos cultos dominicais do Lincoln Temple.
By 2018, after decades of steady decline, that number had dwindled to a dozen – if the pastor was lucky. – Em 2018, após décadas de declínio constante, esse número havia diminuído para uma dúzia – se o pastor tivesse sorte.
In September the redbrick Romanesque Revival church, erected in 1928 to replace an older building, held its last service. – Em setembro, a igreja neo-românica de tijolos vermelhos, erguida em 1928 para substituir um edifício antigo, realizou seu último serviço religioso.
Lincoln Temple, part of the United Church of Christ, is not unique. – O Lincoln Temple, parte da Igreja Unida de Cristo, não é o único.
According to Sacred Spaces Cnservancy, a Christian non-profit that uses city data to count church closures, Shaw has lost around 30% of its churches – most of them with predominantly black congregations – since 2008. – De acordo com a Sacred Spaces Cnservancy, uma organização cristã sem fins lucrativos que usa dados da cidade para contar o fechamento de igrejas, Shaw perdeu cerca de 30% de suas igrejas – a maioria delas com congregações predominantemente negras – desde 2008.
In Capitol Hill it reckons over 40% of religious properties have closed. – No Capitólio estima-se que mais de 40% das propriedades religiosas foram fechadas.
One of the reasons behind the disappearance of Washington’s churches is familiar across the West: fewer people are going to church. – Uma das razões por trás do desaparecimento das igrejas de Washington é conhecida em todo o Ocidente: menos pessoas vão à igreja.
But as in other big cities, that change has been exacerbated by the departure of African-American to the suburbs. – Mas, tal como acontece noutras grandes cidades, essa mudança foi exacerbada pela saída dos afro-americanos para os subúrbios.
What began in part as a search for more space and a better life has been accelerated by gentrification. – O que começou em parte como uma busca por mais espaço e uma vida melhor foi acelerado pela gentrificação.
In 2015 the proportion of black residents in Washington dropped below 50% of the population for the first time in decades. – Em 2015, a proporção de residentes negros em Washington caiu para menos de 50% da população pela primeira vez em décadas.
Many of those who left took their religion with them, as the proliferation of churches in some Maryland suburbs shows. – Muitos dos que partiram levaram consigo a sua religião, como mostra a proliferação de igrejas em alguns subúrbios de Maryland.
Some tried not to. Jeanne Cooper, who attended Lincoln Temple for five decades, says many congregants would drive in from the suburbs on Sunday; she did so herself until the church´s last service. – Alguns tentaram não fazê-lo. Jeanne Cooper, que frequentou o Lincoln Temple por cinco décadas, diz que muitos fiéis vinham dos subúrbios aos domingos; ela mesma fez isso até o último culto da igreja.
But as parking spaces were swallowed up by development, or claimed by new residents who had lobbied the city for parking restrictions, the journey became too much for many of its ageing members. – Mas à medida que os lugares de estacionamento foram engolidos pelo desenvolvimento, ou reivindicados por novos residentes que tinham feito lobby junto da cidade para restrições de estacionamento, a viagem tornou-se demasiado para muitos dos seus membros idosos.
Elsewhere in Washington, old churches have been torn down or developed to make apartments blocks. Shaw, where Victorian row houses sit alongside renovated industrial lofts, has become one of the city´s trendiest neighbourhoods. – Em outras partes de Washington, igrejas antigas foram demolidas ou transformadas em blocos de apartamentos. Shaw, onde casas vitorianas ficam ao lado de lofts industriais renovados, tornou-se um dos bairros mais modernos da cidade.
Demand for land is high. – A demanda por terras é alta.
But Mrs Cooper says the church´s management team, which she leads, hopes to continue renting out the building to groups that serve the area´s poor. – Mas a Sra. Cooper diz que a equipa de gestão da igreja, que ela lidera, espera continuar a alugar o edifício a grupos que servem os pobres da área.
“That way, it almost feels as if the church is returning to its original purpose,” she says.
– “Dessa forma, quase parece que a igreja está voltando ao seu propósito original”, diz ela.
31 – (FGV-2020-VESTIBULAR-1º SEMESTRE-ADM./SOCIAIS/DIREITO )
According to the information in the article, Lincoln Temple
(A) is considered the most beautiful and most significant church
building in the Shaw neighborhood.
(B) is, historically, the most important religious structure for African-Americans in Washington, DC.
(C) was, from its beginning in 1869, an important force for racial
integration, as well as for social and economic equality.
(D) was the first church in Washington, DC, to accept both white and
African-American members.
(E) is a victim, at least in part, of the Western world’s decreasing
interest in religion.
👍 Comentários e Gabarito E :
TÓPICO - IDEIA CONTEXTUAL ou INFORMAÇÃO DENTRO DO TEXTO:
De acordo com as informações do artigo, Lincoln Temple...
*Afirmativa (A): is considered the most beautiful and most significant church building in the Shaw neighborhood.(é considerada a igreja mais bonita e significativa do bairro de Shaw.)
*Afirmativa (B): is, historically, the most important religious structure for AfricanAmericans in Washington, DC.(é, historicamente, a estrutura religiosa mais importante para afro-americanos em Washington, DC.)
*Afirmativa (C): was, from its beginning in 1869, an important force for racial integration, as well as for social and economic equality.(foi, desde seu início em 1869, uma importante força de integração racial, bem como de igualdade social e econômica.)
*Afirmativa (D): was the first church in Washington, DC, to accept both white and African-American members.(foi a primeira igreja em Washington, DC, a aceitar membros brancos e afro-americanos.)
*Afirmativa (E): is a victim, at least in part, of the Western world’s decreasing interest in religion.(é vítima, pelo menos em parte, da diminuição do interesse do mundo ocidental pela religião.)
32 – (FGV-2020-VESTIBULAR-1º SEMESTRE-ADM./SOCIAIS/DIREITO )
With respect to Lincoln Temple, the information in the article most
supports which of the following?
(A) Many African-Americans point to Lincoln Temple as the birthplace
of the modern civil-rights movement.
(B) Beginning in 1928, Lincoln Temple was the first African-American
church in Washington, DC, to present both male and female
pastors.
(C) One Lincoln Temple member was instrumental in getting certain
restaurants in Washington, DC, to stop discriminating against
African-Americans.
(D) During the 1950s and 1960s, Lincoln Temple regularly presented
famous African-American singers and musicians.
(E) Ironically, the closing of the Lincoln Temple is proof that blacks and
whites in Washington, DC, are living together in greater harmony
and equality.
👍 Comentários e Gabarito C :
TÓPICO - IDEIA CONTEXTUAL ou INFORMAÇÃO DENTRO DO TEXTO:
With respect to Lincoln Temple, the information in the article most supports which of the following?
Afirmativa (A): Many African-Americans point to Lincoln Temple as the birthplace of the modern civil-rights movement.(Muitos afro-americanos apontam para Lincoln Temple como o local de nascimento do movimento moderno pelos direitos civis.)
Afirmativa (B): Beginning in 1928, Lincoln Temple was the first African-American church in Washington, DC, to present both male and female pastors.(Começando em 1928, Lincoln Temple foi a primeira igreja afro-americana em Washington, DC, a apresentar pastores e pastoras.)
Afirmativa (C): One Lincoln Temple member was instrumental in getting certain restaurants in Washington, DC, to stop discriminating against African-Americans.(Um membro do Lincoln Temple foi fundamental para que alguns restaurantes em Washington, DC parassem de discriminar os afro-americanos.)
Afirmativa (D): During the 1950s and 1960s, Lincoln Temple regularly presented famous African-American singers and musicians.(Durante as décadas de 1950 e 1960, Lincoln Temple apresentava regularmente cantores e músicos afro-americanos famosos.)
Afirmativa (E): Ironically, the closing of the Lincoln Temple is proof that blacks and whites in Washington, DC, are living together in greater harmony and equality.(Ironicamente, o fechamento do Lincoln Temple é a prova de que negros e brancos em Washington, DC, estão vivendo juntos em maior harmonia e igualdade.)
33 – (FGV-2020-VESTIBULAR-1º SEMESTRE-ADM./SOCIAIS/DIREITO )
In paragraph 2, the phrase “…if the pastor was lucky” most likely
refers to which of the following?
(A) Only certain pastors of the African-American elite were chosen to
give a Sunday service at Lincoln Temple.
(B) Before Lincoln Temple was closed in 2018, a pastor would
sometimes see fewer than 12 people attending his Sunday service.
(C) Even though circumstances eventually forced Lincoln Temple to
close, any pastor who could work there was considered very
fortunate.
(D) Before 2018, any famous pastor might attract more than a
thousand people for a Sunday service at Lincoln Temple.
(E) Few of the pastors who worked at Lincoln Temple were lucky
enough to have been trained in formal Christian seminaries.
👍 Comentários e Gabarito B :
TÓPICO - IDEIA CONTEXTUAL ou INFORMAÇÃO DENTRO DO TEXTO:
In paragraph 2, the phrase “…if the pastor was lucky” most likely refers to which of the following?
*Afirmativa (A): Only certain pastors of the African-American elite were chosen to give a Sunday service at Lincoln Temple.(Apenas alguns pastores da elite afro-americana foram escolhidos para prestar um culto dominical no Lincoln Temple.)
*Afirmativa (B): Before Lincoln Temple was closed in 2018, a pastor would sometimes see fewer than 12 people attending his Sunday service.(Antes de Lincoln Temple ser fechado em 2018, um pastor às vezes via menos de 12 pessoas assistindo ao culto de domingo.)
➧Item (B) alinhado com 2º parágrafo:
"[...] By 2018, after decades of steady decline, that number had dwindled to a dozen – if the pastor was lucky."
(Em 2018, após décadas de declínio constante, esse número havia diminuído para uma dúzia - se o pastor tivesse sorte.)
*Afirmativa (C): Even though circumstances eventually forced Lincoln Temple to close, any pastor who could work there was considered very fortunate.
*Afirmativa (D): Before 2018, any famous pastor might attract more than a thousand people for a Sunday service at Lincoln Temple.
*Afirmativa (E): Few of the pastors who worked at Lincoln Temple were lucky enough to have been trained in formal Christian seminaries.
34 – (FGV-2020-VESTIBULAR-1º SEMESTRE-ADM./SOCIAIS/DIREITO )
The information in the article most supports which of the following
statements?
(A) Since 2008, the religious organization known as the United Church
of Christ has closed approximately 30% of its churches in
Washington’s black neighbourhoods.
(B) Sacred Spaces Conservancy’s main goal is to work with the
government of Washington, DC, in an attempt to save that city’s
remaining African-American churches.
(C) If the congregation of Lincoln Temple had been predominantly
white and middle class, that church might have been less likely to
close.
(D) It is only because Capitol Hill is an impoverished black
neighbourhood that it has lost so many of its churches.
(E) The Lincoln Temple building that closed down was Washington’s
only African-American church in the Romanesque Revival style.
👍 Comentários e Gabarito C :
TÓPICO - IDEIA CONTEXTUAL ou INFORMAÇÃO DENTRO DO TEXTO:
The information in the article most supports which of the following statements?
*Afirmativa (A): Since 2008, the religious organization known as the United Church of Christ has closed approximately 30% of its churches in Washington’s black neighbourhoods.
*Afirmativa (B): Sacred Spaces Conservancy’s main goal is to work with the government of Washington, DC, in an attempt to save that city’s remaining African-American churches.
*Afirmativa (C): If the congregation of Lincoln Temple had been predominantly white and middle class, that church might have been less likely to close.
*Afirmativa (D): It is only because Capitol Hill is an impoverished black neighbourhood that it has lost so many of its churches.
*Afirmativa (E): The Lincoln Temple building that closed down was Washington’s only African-American church in the Romanesque Revival style.
35 – (FGV-2020-VESTIBULAR-1º SEMESTRE-ADM./SOCIAIS/DIREITO )
The article presents all of the following as reasons for the disappearance
of Washington’s African-American churches except
(A) old age prevents many African-Americans from traveling long
distances to attend church services.
(B) African-Americans in Washington, DC, have been looking for better
living conditions.
(C) Parking spaces are hard to find in some areas of Washington, DC.
(D) African-Americans in general have been abandoning Christianity in
favor of other religions.
(E) African-American churches in Washington, DC, often sit on land
that could be used for apparently more lucrative purposes.
👍 Comentários e Gabarito D :
TÓPICO - IDEIA CONTEXTUAL ou INFORMAÇÃO DENTRO DO TEXTO:
The article presents all of the following as reasons for the disappearance of Washington’s African-American churches EXCEPT...
*Afirmativa (A): old age prevents many African-Americans from traveling long distances to attend church services.
*Afirmativa (B): African-Americans in Washington, DC, have been looking for better living conditions.
*Afirmativa (C): Parking spaces are hard to find in some areas of Washington, DC.
*Afirmativa (D): African-Americans in general have been abandoning Christianity in favor of other religions.
*Afirmativa (E): African-American churches in Washington, DC, often sit on land that could be used for apparently more lucrative purposes.
36 – (FGV-2020-VESTIBULAR-1º SEMESTRE-ADM./SOCIAIS/DIREITO )
In paragraph 4, “Some” in the sentence “Some tried not to” most likely
refers to African-Americans who
(A) made an effort to keep worshipping in their old churches even after
they had gone to live outside Washington, DC.
(B) made a united effort to construct replicas of their traditional church
buildings close to their new homes in the suburbs.
(C) were forced to leave Washington, DC, because of gentrification.
(D) successfully resisted the economic forces that were working to
drive them out of Washington, DC.
(E) confronted oppression and racism and thus maintained their hope
for a world with justice and equality for all people.
👍 Comentários e Gabarito A :
TÓPICO - IDEIA CONTEXTUAL ou INFORMAÇÃO DENTRO DO TEXTO:
In paragraph 4, “Some” in the sentence “Some tried not to” most likely refers to African-Americans who
*Afirmativa (A): made an effort to keep worshipping in their old churches even after they had gone to live outside Washington, DC.
*Afirmativa (B): made a united effort to construct replicas of their traditional church buildings close to their new homes in the suburbs.
*Afirmativa (C): were forced to leave Washington, DC, because of gentrification.
*Afirmativa (D): successfully resisted the economic forces that were working to drive them out of Washington, DC.
*Afirmativa (E): confronted oppression and racism and thus maintained their hope for a world with justice and equality for all people.
37 – (FGV-2020-VESTIBULAR-1º SEMESTRE-ADM./SOCIAIS/DIREITO )
You can conclude from the information in the article that all of the
following might have helped to prolong the life of Lincoln Temple
except
(A) if most of the African-Americans who moved out of Washington,
DC, had instead remained in the city.
(B) if the extensive public transportation connecting Washington to its
suburbs were not so expensive and inconvenient.
(C) if Lincoln Temple’s congregation had been younger.
(D) if Washington’s African-Americans didn’t want to live in bigger
homes.
(E) if the government of Washington, DC, paid less attention to certain
demands made by the city’s new residents.
👍 Comentários e Gabarito B :
TÓPICO - IDEIA CONTEXTUAL ou INFORMAÇÃO DENTRO DO TEXTO:
You can conclude from the information in the article that all of the following might have helped to prolong the life of Lincoln Temple EXCEPT...
*Afirmativa (A): if most of the African-Americans who moved out of Washington, DC, had instead remained in the city.
*Afirmativa (B): if the extensive public transportation connecting Washington to its suburbs were not so expensive and inconvenient.
*Afirmativa (C): if Lincoln Temple’s congregation had been younger.
*Afirmativa (D): if Washington’s African-Americans didn’t want to live in bigger homes.
*Afirmativa (E): if the government of Washington, DC, paid less attention to certain demands made by the city’s new residents.
38 – (FGV-2020-VESTIBULAR-1º SEMESTRE-ADM./SOCIAIS/DIREITO )
With respect to Jeanne Cooper, which of the following is most
supported by the information in the article?
(A) For some time, even though she no longer lived in Washington, DC,
she made a point of attending Sunday services at Lincoln Temple.
(B) For half a century, she never missed a Sunday service at Lincoln
Temple.
(C) She believes that it is only a question of time before Lincoln Temple
is torn down to make room for apartment blocks.
(D) She is one of the brave congregants of Lincoln Temple who, during
the 1950s and 1960s, were active in the civil-rights movement in
Washington, DC.
(E) She is certain that if Lincoln Temple continues to help the poor, it
will survive as a popular and financially secure church.
👍 Comentários e Gabarito A :
TÓPICO - IDEIA CONTEXTUAL ou INFORMAÇÃO DENTRO DO TEXTO:
With respect to Jeanne Cooper, which of the following is most supported by the information in the article?
*Afirmativa (A): For some time, even though she no longer lived in Washington, DC, she made a point of attending Sunday services at Lincoln Temple.
*Afirmativa (B): For half a century, she never missed a Sunday service at Lincoln Temple.
*Afirmativa (C): She believes that it is only a question of time before Lincoln Temple is torn down to make room for apartment blocks.
*Afirmativa (D): She is one of the brave congregants of Lincoln Temple who, during the 1950s and 1960s, were active in the civil-rights movement in Washington, DC.
*Afirmativa (E): She is certain that if Lincoln Temple continues to help the poor, it will survive as a popular and financially secure church.
❑ TEXTO 2:
A BROKEN PEACE
By Jasmin Mujanović
1
The Dayton Peace Accords, which formally ended the Bosnian War in 1995, fragmented Bosnia, ensuring that each of the warring ethnic factions –
Serb, Croat, and Bosniak – would be left with a patch of territory to call its own, but with the country being treated as a single entity in the international
arena. This internal fragmentation was itself the product of ethnic cleansing [limpeza étnica] and genocide, the process by which nationalist militias
created neat, mostly homogenous territories, which they hoped could later become essentially autonomous regions. Although the Western diplomats who
negotiated Dayton legitimated these violence-based demarcations of land as the price of peace, they believed that reform could establish Bosnia (also
known as Bosnia and Herzegovina) as a vibrant, diverse, and democratic society, capable of membership in the European Union.
2
Almost a quarter of a century since the end of the Bosnian War, which resulted in the deaths of nearly 100,000 people, the shadow of violence lies over
the upcoming elections [Note: These elections were held in October 2018.] in this small country, which is still severely divided along ethnic lines. The leader
of Bosnia’s main Serb nationalist bloc, Milorad Dodik, backed by the Kremlin, has militarized the police units under his government’s control. He has also
recruited the services of Russian-trained paramilitaries from neighboring Serbia. And Russian militants, recently fighting on the frontlines of the war in
Ukraine, are now routinely hosted in his presidential palace in Banja Luka, the de facto capital of the Serb-dominated Republika Srpska (RS), one of the
two entities that make up Bosnia and Herzegovina (the other is the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, or informally, the Bosniak-Croat Federation).
Dodik makes no secret of his intentions: he wants the RS to secede from Bosnia and Herzegovina, and is willing to use arms to accomplish exactly that if
either the Bosnian state government in Sarajevo or the international community try to stop him.
3
Meanwhile, the leader of the primary Croat nationalist bloc, Dragan Čovič, may do the same. Despite the nominal ethnic divisions between their two
parties, Čovič and Dodik are united in a shared antipathy towards Bosnia and Herzegovina as a territorially integrated state. Each of them wants to revive
the territorial-expansion projects conceived in Belgrade [capital of Serbia] and Zagreb [capital of Croatia] in the 1990s: Dodik wishes for the RS to join
Serbia, while Čovič aspires to resuscitate the “Herzeg-Bosna,” possibly with the idea of attaching it to Croatia. Herzeg-Bosna was Zagreb’s version of the
RS: a self-declared “republic” from which non-Croats were ethnically cleansed, much as non-Serbs were forced out of the RS. The original architects of both
the RS and Herzeg-Bosna have been convicted of dozens of counts of crimes against humanity and war crimes by the International Tribunal for the former
Yugoslavia at the Hague. Yet Dodik and Čovič remain unapologetic in their aim to preserve and revive, respectively, these para-states.
4
Though the largest community in the country, the Bosniaks are fractured by provincial disputes. The Party of Democratic Action (SDA), the bloc cofounded by Bosnia’s first president, Alija Izetbegovič, is now purely a vehicle for the enrichment of the Izetbegovič family and their allies. As a result, the
past year has seen three major splinter groups [grupos de dissidentes] break off, each accusing Bakir Izetbegovič, Alija’s son and the party’s leader, of
rampant corruption and criminality. And for their own part, Bosnia’s leftists and anti-nationalists have managed to split their vote across four different
parties, practically ensuring their own massacre at the polls [urnas].
5
Amid this game of thrones, the Euro-American alliance that once guaranteed Bosnia’s peace is fragmented by its own factional disputes, and
unprepared to intervene in the event of genuine emergency. And beneath it all is a pulsating cacophony of public anger at the country’s corrupt elite, whose
decades of self-dealing have left Bosnia as one of the poorest states in Europe. The country is undeniably already on the brink [beira de precipício], and
October’s elections could easily push it over the edge.
Adapted from Prospect, October 2018.
* [Note: Please remember that the country of Bosnia is also known as Bosnia and Herzegovina.]
❑ TRADUÇÃO - TEXTO 2:
A BROKEN PEACE
UMA PAZ QUEBRADA
The Dayton Peace Accords, which formally ended the Bosnian War in 1995, fragmented Bosnia, ensuring that each of the warring ethnic factions – Serb, Croat, and Bosniak – would be left with a patch of territory to call its own, but with the country being treated as a single entity in the international arena. – Os Acordos de Paz de Dayton, que encerraram formalmente a Guerra da Bósnia em 1995, fragmentaram a Bósnia, garantindo que cada uma das facções étnicas em conflito – sérvios, croatas e bósnios – ficaria com um pedaço de território para chamar de seu, mas com o país sendo tratado como uma entidade única na arena internacional.
This internal fragmentation was itself the product of ethnic cleansing [limpeza étnica] and genocide, the process by which nationalist militias created neat, mostly homogenous territories, which they hoped could later become essentially autonomous regions. – Esta fragmentação interna foi em si o produto da limpeza étnica e do genocídio, o processo através do qual as milícias nacionalistas criaram territórios organizados, maioritariamente homogéneos, que esperavam que pudessem mais tarde tornar-se regiões essencialmente autónomas.
Although the Western diplomats who negotiated Dayton legitimated these violence-based demarcations of land as the price of peace, they believed that reform could establish Bosnia (also known as Bosnia and Herzegovina) as a vibrant, diverse, and democratic society, capable of membership in the European Union. – Embora os diplomatas ocidentais que negociaram Dayton legitimassem estas demarcações de terras baseadas na violência como o preço da paz, eles acreditavam que a reforma poderia estabelecer a Bósnia (também conhecida como Bósnia e Herzegovina) como uma sociedade vibrante, diversificada e democrática, capaz de aderir a a União Europeia
Almost a quarter of a century since the end of the Bosnian War, which resulted in the deaths of nearly 100,000 people, the shadow of violence lies over the upcoming elections [Note: These elections were held in October 2018.] in this small country, which is still severely divided along ethnic lines. – Quase um quarto de século desde o fim da Guerra da Bósnia, que resultou na morte de quase 100.000 pessoas, a sombra da violência paira sobre as próximas eleições [Nota: Estas eleições foram realizadas em Outubro de 2018.] neste pequeno país, que ainda está severamente dividida em termos étnicos.
The leader of Bosnia’s main Serb nationalist bloc, Milorad Dodik, backed by the Kremlin, has militarized the police units under his government’s control. – O líder do principal bloco nacionalista sérvio da Bósnia, Milorad Dodik, apoiado pelo Kremlin, militarizou as unidades policiais sob o controlo do seu governo.
He has also recruited the services of Russian-trained paramilitaries from neighboring Serbia. – Ele também recrutou os serviços de paramilitares treinados na Rússia na vizinha Sérvia.
And Russian militants, recently fighting on the frontlines of the war in Ukraine, are now routinely hosted in his presidential palace in Banja Luka, the de facto capital of the Serb-dominated Republika Srpska (RS), one of the two entities that make up Bosnia and Herzegovina (the other is the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, or informally, the Bosniak-Croat Federation). – E os militantes russos, que lutaram recentemente na linha da frente da guerra na Ucrânia, são agora acolhidos rotineiramente no seu palácio presidencial em Banja Luka, a capital de facto da Republika Srpska (RS), dominada pelos sérvios, uma das duas entidades que compõem Bósnia e Herzegovina (a outra é a Federação da Bósnia e Herzegovina, ou informalmente, a Federação Bósnia-Croata).
Dodik makes no secret of his intentions: he wants the RS to secede from Bosnia and Herzegovina, and is willing to use arms to accomplish exactly that if either the Bosnian state government in Sarajevo or the international community try to stop him. – Dodik não esconde as suas intenções: quer que a RS se separe da Bósnia e Herzegovina e está disposto a usar armas para conseguir exactamente isso, se o governo estatal da Bósnia em Sarajevo ou a comunidade internacional tentarem impedi-lo.
Meanwhile, the leader of the primary Croat nationalist bloc, Dragan Čovič, may do the same. – Entretanto, o líder do principal bloco nacionalista croata, Dragan Čovič, poderá fazer o mesmo.
Despite the nominal ethnic divisions between their two parties, Čovič and Dodik are united in a shared antipathy towards Bosnia and Herzegovina as a territorially integrated state. – Apesar das divisões étnicas nominais entre os seus dois partidos, Čovič e Dodik estão unidos numa antipatia partilhada pela Bósnia e Herzegovina como um Estado territorialmente integrado.
Each of them wants to revive the territorial-expansion projects conceived in Belgrade [capital of Serbia] and Zagreb [capital of Croatia] in the 1990s: – Cada um deles quer reviver os projetos de expansão territorial concebidos em Belgrado [capital da Sérvia] e Zagreb [capital da Croácia] na década de 1990:
Dodik wishes for the RS to join Serbia, while Čovič aspires to resuscitate the “Herzeg-Bosna,” possibly with the idea of attaching it to Croatia. – Dodik deseja que o RS se junte à Sérvia, enquanto Čovič aspira ressuscitar a “Herzeg-Bosna”, possivelmente com a ideia de anexá-la à Croácia.
Herzeg-Bosna was Zagreb’s version of the RS: a self-declared “republic” from which non-Croats were ethnically cleansed, much as non-Serbs were forced out of the RS. – Herzeg-Bosna era a versão de Zagreb do RS: uma autoproclamada “república” da qual os não-croatas eram etnicamente limpos, tal como os não-sérvios eram forçados a sair do RS.
The original architects of both the RS and Herzeg-Bosna have been convicted of dozens of counts of crimes against humanity and war crimes by the International Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia at the Hague. – Os arquitectos originais tanto do RS como de Herzeg-Bosna foram condenados por dezenas de acusações de crimes contra a humanidade e crimes de guerra pelo Tribunal Internacional para a ex-Jugoslávia em Haia.
Yet Dodik and Čovič remain unapologetic in their aim to preserve and revive, respectively, these para-states. – No entanto, Dodik e Čovič continuam sem remorso no seu objectivo de preservar e reavivar, respectivamente, estes para-Estados.
Though the largest community in the country, the Bosniaks are fractured by provincial disputes. – Embora sejam a maior comunidade do país, os bósnios estão divididos por disputas provinciais.
The Party of Democratic Action (SDA), the bloc cofounded by Bosnia’s first president, Alija Izetbegovič, is now purely a vehicle for the enrichment of the Izetbegovič family and their allies. – O Partido da Acção Democrática (SDA), o bloco co-fundado pelo primeiro presidente da Bósnia, Alija Izetbegovič, é agora puramente um veículo para o enriquecimento da família Izetbegovič e dos seus aliados.
As a result, the past year has seen three major splinter groups [grupos de dissidentes] break off, each accusing Bakir Izetbegovič, Alija’s son and the party’s leader, of rampant corruption and criminality. – Como resultado, no ano passado assistimos à ruptura de três grandes grupos dissidentes [grupos de dissidentes], cada um deles acusando Bakir Izetbegovič, filho de Alija e líder do partido, de corrupção e criminalidade desenfreadas.
And for their own part, Bosnia’s leftists and anti-nationalists have managed to split their vote across four different parties, practically ensuring their own massacre at the polls [urnas]. – E, por seu lado, os esquerdistas e anti-nacionalistas da Bósnia conseguiram dividir o seu voto entre quatro partidos diferentes, praticamente garantindo o seu próprio massacre nas urnas [urnas].
Amid this game of thrones, the Euro-American alliance that once guaranteed Bosnia’s peace is fragmented by its own factional disputes, and unprepared to intervene in the event of genuine emergency. – No meio deste jogo de tronos, a aliança euro-americana que outrora garantiu a paz na Bósnia está fragmentada pelas suas próprias disputas faccionais e não está preparada para intervir em caso de emergência genuína.
And beneath it all is a pulsating cacophony of public anger at the country’s corrupt elite, whose decades of self-dealing have left Bosnia as one of the poorest states in Europe. – E por baixo de tudo isto há uma cacofonia pulsante de raiva pública contra a elite corrupta do país, cujas décadas de auto-negociação deixaram a Bósnia como um dos estados mais pobres da Europa.
The country is undeniably already on the brink [beira de precipício], and October’s elections could easily push it over the edge. – O país já está inegavelmente à beira [beira do precipício], e as eleições de Outubro poderão facilmente empurrá-lo para o limite.
Adapted from Prospect, October 2018.
Adaptado de Prospect, outubro de 2018.
* [Note: Please remember that the country of Bosnia is also known as Bosnia and Herzegovina.]
* [Nota: Lembre-se de que o país da Bósnia também é conhecido como Bósnia e Herzegovina.]
39 – (FGV-2020-VESTIBULAR-1º SEMESTRE-ADM./SOCIAIS/DIREITO )
According to the information in the article, the Western diplomats who
created the Dayton Accords
(A) had insufficient understanding of Bosnia’s several ethnic cultures
and therefore established a peace that could not be maintained.
(B) believed that arbitrarily marking out ethnic territories in Bosnia
was the one and only way to guarantee a lasting peace.
(C) tried to guarantee peace in Bosnia by refusing to criminalize or
nullify certain questionable acts carried out by nationalist militias.
(D) let their unrealistic Western idealism interfere with their common
sense when they were negotiating the terms of peace in Bosnia.
(E) cynically decided to set up a peace in Bosnia that they knew had
little chance of lasting.
👍 Comentários e Gabarito C :
TÓPICO - IDEIA CONTEXTUAL ou INFORMAÇÃO DENTRO DO TEXTO:
According to the information in the article, the Western diplomats who created the Dayton Accords...
*Afirmativa (A): had insufficient understanding of Bosnia’s several ethnic cultures and therefore established a peace that could not be maintained.
*Afirmativa (B): believed that arbitrarily marking out ethnic territories in Bosnia was the one and only way to guarantee a lasting peace.
*Afirmativa (C): tried to guarantee peace in Bosnia by refusing to criminalize or nullify certain questionable acts carried out by nationalist militias.
*Afirmativa (D): let their unrealistic Western idealism interfere with their common sense when they were negotiating the terms of peace in Bosnia.
*Afirmativa (E): cynically decided to set up a peace in Bosnia that they knew had little chance of lasting.
40 – (FGV-2020-VESTIBULAR-1º SEMESTRE-ADM./SOCIAIS/DIREITO)
According to the information in the article, depending on how Bosnia’s
upcoming October 2018 elections turn out
(A) the unending nationwide violence that has so far taken nearly
100,000 lives may become even worse.
(B) Milorad Dodik may attempt to increase the size and power of his
police units by bringing in Serbian paramilitaries and Russian
militants.
(C) Milorad Dodik may become the unquestioned leader of all the
ethnic Serbs living in Bosnia and Herzegovina.
(D) the people of Bosnia and Herzegovina may find themselves in a
situation similar to the one that existed before the Dayton Peace
Accords were implemented in 1995.
(E) both Serbia and Croatia may mobilize their armies to annex more
than half the territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
👍 Comentários e Gabarito D :
TÓPICO - IDEIA CONTEXTUAL ou INFORMAÇÃO DENTRO DO TEXTO:
According to the information in the article, depending on how Bosnia’s upcoming October 2018 elections turn out
*Afirmativa (A): the unending nationwide violence that has so far taken nearly 100,000 lives may become even worse.
*Afirmativa (B): Milorad Dodik may attempt to increase the size and power of his police units by bringing in Serbian paramilitaries and Russian militants.
*Afirmativa (C): Milorad Dodik may become the unquestioned leader of all the ethnic Serbs living in Bosnia and Herzegovina.
*Afirmativa (D): the people of Bosnia and Herzegovina may find themselves in a situation similar to the one that existed before the Dayton Peace Accords were implemented in 1995.
*Afirmativa (E): both Serbia and Croatia may mobilize their armies to annex more than half the territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
41 – (FGV-2020-VESTIBULAR-1º SEMESTRE-ADM./SOCIAIS/DIREITO)
According to the information in the article, the Republica Srpska (RS)
(A) used to be part of Serbia but was annexed by Bosnia during the
Bosnian War.
(B) is both the most populous and the most belligerent region in Bosnia.
(C) is militarily more powerful than the Federation of Bosnia and
Herzegovina.
(D) cannot achieve complete independence without receiving more
financial and military aid from Russian and Serbia.
(E) is, despite its name, officially nothing more than a subordinate part
of an independent nation.
👍 Comentários e Gabarito E :
TÓPICO - IDEIA CONTEXTUAL ou INFORMAÇÃO DENTRO DO TEXTO:
According to the information in the article, the Republica Srpska (RS)...
*Afirmativa (A): used to be part of Serbia but was annexed by Bosnia during the Bosnian War.
*Afirmativa (B): is both the most populous and the most belligerent region in Bosnia.
*Afirmativa (C): is militarily more powerful than the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
*Afirmativa (D): cannot achieve complete independence without receiving more financial and military aid from Russian and Serbia.
*Afirmativa (E): is, despite its name, officially nothing more than a subordinate part of an independent nation.
42 – (FGV-2020-VESTIBULAR-1º SEMESTRE-ADM./SOCIAIS/DIREITO)
The information in the article most supports which of the following?
(A) Despite their different ethnic backgrounds, both Milorad Dodik and
Dragan Čovič clearly have little affection for Bosnia and
Herzegovina as it now exists.
(B) Because of their public actions and statements, it is clear that the
main goal of both Milorad Dodik and Dragan Čovič is to attach the
territories they control to Serbia and Croatia, respectively.
(C) Bosnia will lose its most economically powerful ethnic group if the
Republica Srpska becomes part of Serbia.
(D) While Milorad Dodik will implement his separatist plans
immediately after the October 2018 elections, Dragan Čovič’s
separatist plans are still being elaborated.
(E) The biggest difference between Milorad Dodik and Dragan Čovič is
that Milorad Dodik is willing to kill to achieve his objectives, while
Dragan Čovič has not yet reached that point.
👍 Comentários e Gabarito A :
TÓPICO - IDEIA CONTEXTUAL ou INFORMAÇÃO DENTRO DO TEXTO:
The information in the article most supports which of the following?
*Afirmativa (A): Despite their different ethnic backgrounds, both Milorad Dodik and Dragan Čovič clearly have little affection for Bosnia and Herzegovina as it now exists.
*Afirmativa (B): Because of their public actions and statements, it is clear that the main goal of both Milorad Dodik and Dragan Čovič is to attach the territories they control to Serbia and Croatia, respectively.
*Afirmativa (C): Bosnia will lose its most economically powerful ethnic group if the Republica Srpska becomes part of Serbia.
*Afirmativa (D): While Milorad Dodik will implement his separatist plans immediately after the October 2018 elections, Dragan Čovič’s separatist plans are still being elaborated.
*Afirmativa (E): The biggest difference between Milorad Dodik and Dragan Čovič is that Milorad Dodik is willing to kill to achieve his objectives, while Dragan Čovič has not yet reached that point.
43 – (FGV-2020-VESTIBULAR-1º SEMESTRE-ADM./SOCIAIS/DIREITO)
With respect to “Herzeg-Bosna,” the information in the article LEAST supports which of the following?
(A) Those responsible for putting together the first Herzeg-Bosna were
eventually convicted of numerous crimes.
(B) Nowadays, after widespread ethnic cleansing and other criminal
acts, Herzeg-Bosna has only Croats living within its borders.
(C) Dragan Čovič has so far expressed no remorse for wanting to make
Herzeg-Bosna once again a reality.
(D) Although Serbs and Croats are separated by certain ethnic
differences, the founding of Herzeg-Bosna followed a pattern
similar to that of the founding of the Republica Srpska.
(E) Brought into existence by means of violence and atrocities, HerzegBosna failed to achieve wide official recognition as an independent,
duly constituted nation.
👍 Comentários e Gabarito B :
TÓPICO - IDEIA CONTEXTUAL ou INFORMAÇÃO DENTRO DO TEXTO:
With respect to “Herzeg-Bosna,” the information in the article LEAST supports which of the following?
*Afirmativa (A): Those responsible for putting together the first Herzeg-Bosna were eventually convicted of numerous crimes.
*Afirmativa (B): Nowadays, after widespread ethnic cleansing and other criminal acts, Herzeg-Bosna has only Croats living within its borders.
*Afirmativa (C): Dragan Čovič has so far expressed no remorse for wanting to make Herzeg-Bosna once again a reality.
*Afirmativa (D): Although Serbs and Croats are separated by certain ethnic differences, the founding of Herzeg-Bosna followed a pattern similar to that of the founding of the Republica Srpska.
*Afirmativa (E): Brought into existence by means of violence and atrocities, HerzegBosna failed to achieve wide official recognition as an independent, duly constituted nation.
44 – (FGV-2020-VESTIBULAR-1º SEMESTRE-ADM./SOCIAIS/DIREITO)
With respect to the Party of Democratic Action (SDA), the information
in the article most supports which of the following?
(A) Lamentably, although the SDA played an important role in the
creation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, it has always been highly
corrupt.
(B) Several members of the Izetbegovič family have left the SDA to
start their own political parties.
(C) The SDA is the only political party in Bosnia and Herzegovina with
enough power to block the nationalist ambitions of Milorad Dodik
and Dragan Čovič.
(D) Although the SDA’s current leader, Bakir Izetbegovič, has been
accused of rampant corruption and criminality, he is the only
politician who can guarantee the peace and stability of Bosnia and
Herzegovina.
(E) The SDA’s fragmentation is merely one example of the political
fragmentation that may dangerously weaken Bosnian unity.
👍 Comentários e Gabarito E :
TÓPICO - IDEIA CONTEXTUAL ou INFORMAÇÃO DENTRO DO TEXTO:
With respect to the Party of Democratic Action (SDA), the information in the article most supports which of the following?
*Afirmativa (A): Lamentably, although the SDA played an important role in the creation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, it has always been highly corrupt.
*Afirmativa (B): Several members of the Izetbegovič family have left the SDA to start their own political parties.
*Afirmativa (C): The SDA is the only political party in Bosnia and Herzegovina with enough power to block the nationalist ambitions of Milorad Dodik and Dragan Čovič.
*Afirmativa (D): Although the SDA’s current leader, Bakir Izetbegovič, has been accused of rampant corruption and criminality, he is the only politician who can guarantee the peace and stability of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
*Afirmativa (E): The SDA’s fragmentation is merely one example of the political fragmentation that may dangerously weaken Bosnian unity.
45 – (FGV-2020-VESTIBULAR-1º SEMESTRE-ADM./SOCIAIS/DIREITO)
In the last sentence of the last paragraph, the phrase “…October’s
elections could easily push it over the edge” most likely refers to the
possibility that after the elections
(A) political and economic failure could trap Bosnia and Herzegovina in
unbearable poverty.
(B) the European and American allies of Bosnia and Herzegovina will
refuse to guarantee peace in that country.
(C) the people of Bosnia and Herzegovina will make violent demands
for a new and honest election.
(D) serious political and ethnic violence will engulf the various ethnic
groups of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
(E) belligerent ethnic factions in Bosnia and Herzegovina will start a
war that will eventually spread to the surrounding Balkan nations.
👍 Comentários e Gabarito D :
TÓPICO - IDEIA CONTEXTUAL ou INFORMAÇÃO DENTRO DO TEXTO:
In the last sentence of the last paragraph, the phrase “…October’s elections could easily push it over the edge” most likely refers to the possibility that after the elections
*Afirmativa (A): political and economic failure could trap Bosnia and Herzegovina in unbearable poverty.
*Afirmativa (B): the European and American allies of Bosnia and Herzegovina will refuse to guarantee peace in that country.
*Afirmativa (C): the people of Bosnia and Herzegovina will make violent demands for a new and honest election.
*Afirmativa (D): serious political and ethnic violence will engulf the various ethnic groups of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
*Afirmativa (E): belligerent ethnic factions in Bosnia and Herzegovina will start a war that will eventually spread to the surrounding Balkan nations.
PROVA DE LÍNGUA INGLESA:
