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- FGV/VESTIBULAR-2019.1-ESCOLA DE ECONOMIA DE SÃO PAULO-1º SEMESTRE-Aplicada em 18/11/18.
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- • 15 MCQs (Multiple Choice Question) / 5 Options Each Question.
- Texto – | How to fix inequality | The Economist |
PROVA, TRADUÇÃO, GABARITO & MUITO VOCABULÁRIO
How to fix inequality
Como corregir a desigualdade
September 10, 2018 by N.B.
Introduction
In an age of widening inequality, the Stanford professor Walter Scheidel believes he has cracked the code on how to overcome it in his book “The Great Leveler”.
Numa época de crescente desigualdade, o professor de Stanford, Walter Scheidel, acredita ter decifrado o código sobre a forma de a ultrapassar no seu livro “The Great Leveler”.
The Economist’s
Open Future initiative asked Mr Scheidel to reply to a number
of questions.
A iniciativa Open Future da Economist pediu ao Sr. Scheidel que respondesse a uma série de questões.
1. The Economist:
A iniciativa Open Future da Economist pediu ao Sr. Scheidel que respondesse a uma série de questões.
1. The Economist:
Is society incapable of tackling
income inequality peacefully?
A sociedade é incapaz de enfrentar a desigualdade de rendimentos de forma pacífica?
Walter Scheidel:
Walter Scheidel:
No, but history shows that there
are limits. There is a big difference between maintaining
existing arrangements that successfully check inequality —
Scandinavia is a good example — and significantly reducing it.
Não, mas a história mostra que há limites. Existe uma grande diferença entre manter os mecanismos existentes que controlam com sucesso a desigualdade – a Escandinávia é um bom exemplo – e reduzi-la significativamente.
The latter requires real change and that is always much harder
to do: think of America or Britain, not to mention Brazil, China
or India.
O último exige mudanças reais e isso é sempre muito mais difícil de fazer: pense-se na América ou na Grã-Bretanha, para não falar do Brasil, da China ou da Índia.
The modern welfare state does a reasonably good
job of compensating for inequality before taxes and transfers.
O Estado-providência moderno faz razoavelmente um bom trabalho na compensação da desigualdade antes de impostos e transferências.
However, for more substantial levelling to occur, the established
order needs to be shaken up: the greater the shock to the
system, the easier it becomes to reduce privilege at the top.
Contudo, para que ocorra um nivelamento mais substancial, a ordem vigente precisa de ser abalada: quanto maior o choque no sistema, mais fácil se torna reduzir os privilégios no topo.
Contudo, para que ocorra um nivelamento mais substancial, a ordem vigente precisa de ser abalada: quanto maior o choque no sistema, mais fácil se torna reduzir os privilégios no topo.
- "the established order" - a ordem vigente.
2. The Economist:
Are we really living in an implacable
period of wealth inequality — or was the relatively equal society
that followed the Second World War the real aberration?
Vivemos realmente num período implacável de desigualdade de riqueza – ou foi a sociedade relativamente igualitária que se seguiu à Segunda Guerra Mundial a verdadeira aberração?
>> "IMPLACABEL" (IMPLACÁVEL) – A useful adjective from placate is implacable. It is used about someone’s opinions and feelings and means that they cannot be changed, e.g. I cannot understand the implacable hatred that he still feels for his old rival. (Note: placable doesn’t exist.).
>> "IMPLACABEL" (IMPLACÁVEL) – A useful adjective from placate is implacable. It is used about someone’s opinions and feelings and means that they cannot be changed, e.g. I cannot understand the implacable hatred that he still feels for his old rival. (Note: placable doesn’t exist.).
- an implacable enemy. (Um inimigo implacável)
- implacable hostility. (Hostilidade implacável)
- implacable opposition. (Oposição implacável)
- implacable hatred. (ódio implacável)
Walter Scheidel:
When we view history over the long
run, we can see that this experience was certainly a novelty.
Quando olhamos para a história a longo prazo, podemos perceber que esta experiência foi certamente uma novidade.
We now know that modernisation as such does not reliably
reduce inequality.
Sabemos agora que a modernização, enquanto tal, não reduz de forma fiável a desigualdade.
Many things had to come together to make
this happen, such as very high income and estate taxes,
strong labour unions, and intrusive regulations and controls.
Muitas coisas tiveram de se conjugar para que isto acontecesse, tais como impostos muito elevados sobre o rendimento e a propriedade, sindicatos fortes e regulamentações e controlos intrusivos.
Since the 1980s, liberalisation and globalisation have allowed
inequality to rise again.
Desde a década de 1980, a liberalização e a globalização permitiram que a desigualdade voltasse a aumentar.
Even so, wealth concentration in
Europe is nowhere near as high as it was a century ago.
Ainda assim, a concentração de riqueza na Europa está longe de ser tão elevada como há um século.
Like
Europe, America, meanwhile, is getting there — which shows
that it all depends on where you look.
Tal como a Europa, a América, entretanto, está chegando lá – o que mostra que tudo depende para onde se olha.
3. The Economist:
Tal como a Europa, a América, entretanto, está chegando lá – o que mostra que tudo depende para onde se olha.
3. The Economist:
How do artificial intelligence and
automation fit in to your thinking? Will they be a calamity for
employment and thus for equality? Or might they unleash
extraordinary productivity and improvements in living
standards that actually narrow inequality?
Como é que a inteligência artificial e a automação se enquadram no seu pensamento? Serão uma calamidade para o emprego e, por conseguinte, para a igualdade? Ou poderão desencadear uma produtividade extraordinária e melhorias nos níveis de vida que, na realidade, reduzam a desigualdade?
Walter Scheidel:
Walter Scheidel:
Ideally, we would like education to keep
up with technological change to make sure workers have the
skills they need to face this challenge.
Idealmente, gostaríamos que a educação acompanhasse as mudanças tecnológicas para garantir que os trabalhadores tivessem as competências necessárias para enfrentar este desafio.
But in practice, there
will always be losers, and even basic-income schemes can
take us only so far.
Mas, na prática, haverá sempre perdedores e mesmo os regimes de rendimento básico só nos podem levar até certo ponto.
At the end of the day, someone owns the
robots.
No final do dia, alguém é dono dos robôs.
As long as the capitalist world system is in place, it is
hard to see how even huge productivity gains from greater
automation would benefit society evenly instead of funnelling
even more income and wealth to those who are in the best
position to pocket these gains.
Enquanto o sistema mundial capitalista estiver em vigor, é difícil ver como é que mesmo os enormes ganhos de produtividade resultantes de uma maior automatização beneficiariam a sociedade de forma uniforme, em vez de canalizar ainda mais rendimento e riqueza para aqueles que estão em melhor posição para embolsar esses ganhos.
(A) show that economic inequality may be tackled based on
previous historical experiences.
(B) praise the Stanford professor Walter Scheidel as well as advertise his newly released book.
(C) demonstrate that it is impossible to reduce income differences in most socialist countries.
(D) discuss and provide insights to overcome economic inequality in the modern world.
(E) defend a fair tax system in order to avoid privileges and excessive rights.
(B) praise the Stanford professor Walter Scheidel as well as advertise his newly released book.
(C) demonstrate that it is impossible to reduce income differences in most socialist countries.
(D) discuss and provide insights to overcome economic inequality in the modern world.
(E) defend a fair tax system in order to avoid privileges and excessive rights.
Comentários e Gabarito D
TÓPICOS - VOCABULÁRIO & RELAÇÃO SEMÂNTICA COM TRECHO DO TEXTO :
The text intends to
(A) show that economic inequality may be tackled based on previous historical experiences.
mostrar que a desigualdade econômica pode ser combatida com base em experiências históricas anteriores.
(B)praise the Stanford professor Walter Scheidel as well as advertise his newly released book.
(B)
elogiar o professor de Stanford Walter Scheidel, bem como divulgar o seu livro recentemente lançado.
(C) demonstrate thatit is impossible to reduce income differences in most socialist countries.
(C) demonstrate that
demonstrar que é impossível reduzir as diferenças de rendimento na maioria dos países socialistas.
(D) discuss and provide insights to overcome economic inequality in the modern world.
(D) discuss and provide insights to overcome economic inequality in the modern world.
discutir e fornecer insights para superar a desigualdade econômica no mundo moderno.
- "[...] In an age of widening inequality, the Stanford professor Walter Scheidel believes he has cracked the code on how to overcome it in his book “The Great Leveler”. The Economist’s Open Future initiative asked Mr Scheidel to reply to a number of questions."
- Numa época de crescente desigualdade, o professor de Stanford, Walter Scheidel, acredita ter decifrado o código sobre a forma de a superar no seu livro “The Great Leveler”. A iniciativa Open Future da Economist pediu ao Sr. Scheidel que respondesse a uma série de questões.
defender um sistema fiscal justo, de forma a evitar privilégios e direitos excessivos.
77 – (FGV/VESTIBULAR-2019.1-ECONOMIA-1º SEMESTRE)
In the excerpt from the introduction
- “Walter Scheidel believes he has cracked the code on how to overcome it”, the expression in bold means that he has
(A) created a new code.
(B) figured out the solution.
(C) identified the flaw.
(D) found how to fix the code.
(E) explained how the legal system works.
(B) figured out the solution.
(C) identified the flaw.
(D) found how to fix the code.
(E) explained how the legal system works.
Comentários e Gabarito B
TÓPICO - IDIOM " CRACK THE CODE (quebrar ou decifrar o código) → To discover a solution to a particularly difficult or complicated problem. - DESCOBRIR / ENCONTRAR UMA SOLUÇÃO para um problema particularmente difícil ou complicado" :
In the excerpt from the introduction
- “Walter Scheidel believes he has cracked the code on how to overcome it”, the expression in bold means that he has
(A) created a new code. (criou um novo código)
(B) figured out the solution. (encontrou a solução)
(C) identified the flaw. (identificou a falha)
(D) found how to fix the code. (encontrou como corrigir o código)
(E) explained how the legal system works. (explicou como funciona o sistema jurídico)
(B) figured out the solution. (encontrou a solução)
(C) identified the flaw. (identificou a falha)
(D) found how to fix the code. (encontrou como corrigir o código)
(E) explained how the legal system works. (explicou como funciona o sistema jurídico)
>> "CRACK THE CODE" → Semanticamente é equivalente a frase "TO FIGURE OUT THE SOLUTION".
- The media company seems to have cracked the code of what consumers want from a streaming service. - A provedora de mídia parece ter descoberto a solução para os consumidores que querem serviço de transmissão on-line. [The Free Dictionary Dictionary]
- Problematic students can be especially frustrating for teachers, but if you devote additional time and effort, you should be able to crack the code. - Alunos problemáticos podem ser especialmente frustrantes para os professores, mas se você dedicar mais tempo e esforço, poderá descobrir a solução. [The Free Dictionary Dictionary]
78 – (FGV/VESTIBULAR-2019.1-ECONOMIA-1º SEMESTRE) In Walter Scheidel's answer to the first question, he
(A) poses that there are two situations that have to be treated
differently.
(B) believes that Brazil, China and India should follow the example of America or Britain.
(C) states that Scandinavia needs to forward changes in order to control inequality.
(D) considers America and Britain as wealthy societies that need a system shock.
(E) says that Brazil, China and India have already checked inequality.
(B) believes that Brazil, China and India should follow the example of America or Britain.
(C) states that Scandinavia needs to forward changes in order to control inequality.
(D) considers America and Britain as wealthy societies that need a system shock.
(E) says that Brazil, China and India have already checked inequality.
Comentários e Gabarito A
TÓPICOS - VOCABULÁRIO & RELAÇÃO SEMÂNTICA COM TRECHO DO TEXTO :
In Walter Scheidel's answer to the first question, he
Na resposta de Walter Scheidel à primeira questão, ele
(A) poses that there are two situations that have to be treated differently.
afirma que existem duas situações que devem ser tratadas de forma diferente.
- "[...] There is a big difference between maintaining existing arrangements that successfully check inequality — Scandinavia is a good example — and significantly reducing it."
- Existe uma grande diferença entre manter os mecanismos existentes que controlam com sucesso a desigualdade – a Escandinávia é um bom exemplo – e reduzi-la significativamente.
(B) believes that Brazil, China and India should follow the example of America or Britain.
acredita que o Brasil, a China e a Índia devem seguir o exemplo da América ou da Grã-Bretanha.
(C) states that Scandinavia needs to forward changes in order to control inequality.
(C) states that Scandinavia needs to forward changes in order to control inequality.
afirma que a Escandinávia precisa fazer avançar mudanças para controlar a desigualdade.
(D) considers America and Britain as wealthy societies that need a system shock.
(D) considers America and Britain as wealthy societies that need a system shock.
considera a América e a Grã-Bretanha como sociedades ricas que necessitam de um choque sistêmico.
(E) says that Brazil, China and India have already checked inequality.
(E) says that Brazil, China and India have already checked inequality.
diz que o Brasil, a China e a Índia já verificaram a desigualdade.
79 – (FGV/VESTIBULAR-2019.1-ECONOMIA-1º SEMESTRE) According to Walter Scheidel’s answer to the first question, in
order to reduce inequality substantially, there should be
(A) a peaceful approach.
(B) a preservation of successful arrangements.
(C) an improvement of the welfare state.
(D) a tax and transfer compensation.
(E) an impact to the established order.
(B) a preservation of successful arrangements.
(C) an improvement of the welfare state.
(D) a tax and transfer compensation.
(E) an impact to the established order.
Comentários e Gabarito E
TÓPICO - NOUN PHRASE "THE ESTABLISHED ORDER" :
According to Walter Scheidel’s answer to the first question, in order to reduce inequality substantially, there should be
De acordo com a resposta de Walter Scheidel à primeira questão, para reduzir substancialmente a desigualdade, deveria haver
(A) a peaceful approach.
uma abordagem pacífica.
(B) a preservation of successful arrangements.
(B) a preservation of successful arrangements.
uma preservação dos arranjos bem-sucedidos.
(C) an improvement of the welfare state.
(C) an improvement of the welfare state.
uma melhoria do estado de bem-estar social.
(D) a tax and transfer compensation.
(D) a tax and transfer compensation.
uma compensação fiscal e de transferência.
(E) an impact to the established order.
(E) an impact to the established order.
impacto na ordem vigente.
- "[...] However, for more substantial levelling to occur, the established order needs to be shaken up: the greater the shock to the system, the easier it becomes to reduce privilege at the top.
- Contudo, para que ocorra um nivelamento mais substancial, a ordem vigente precisa de ser abalada: quanto maior o choque no sistema, mais fácil se torna reduzir os privilégios no topo.
>> "THE ESTABLISHED ORDER" - A ORDEM VIGENTE, A ORDEM INSTITUÍDA.
In the excerpt from Walter Scheidel’s first answer
- "The latter requires real change”, the expression in bold refers to
(A) limits.
(B) maintaining existing arrangements.
(C) Scandinavia.
(D) reducing inequality.
(E) real change.
(B) maintaining existing arrangements.
(C) Scandinavia.
(D) reducing inequality.
(E) real change.
Comentários e Gabarito D
TÓPICO - THE LATER ( the second of two people, things, or groups previously mentioned) :
- No, but history shows that there are limits. There is a big difference between maintaining existing arrangements that successfully check inequality — Scandinavia is a good example — and significantly reducing it. The latter requires real change and that is always much harder to do: think of America or Britain, not to mention Brazil, China or India.
"The latter requires real change”, the expression in bold refers to
(A) limits.
(B) maintaining existing arrangements.
(C) Scandinavia.
(D) reducing inequality.
(E) real change.
(B) maintaining existing arrangements.
(C) Scandinavia.
(D) reducing inequality.
(E) real change.
>> "THE LATTER" - A segunda de duas coisas ou pessoas que foram mencionadas,
81 – (FGV/VESTIBULAR-2019.1-ECONOMIA-1º SEMESTRE)
In the excerpt from Walter Scheidel’s first answer
- "However, for more substantial levelling to occur”, the word in bold can be correctly replaced by
(A) Meanwhile.
(B) Insofar as.
(C) Nevertheless.
(D) Unlike.
(E) Furthermore.
(B) Insofar as.
(C) Nevertheless.
(D) Unlike.
(E) Furthermore.
Comentários e Gabarito C
TÓPICO - HOWEVER (= Nevertheless) :
- "However, for more substantial levelling to occur”, the word in bold can be correctly replaced by
(A) Meanwhile.
(B) Insofar as.
(C) Nevertheless.
(D) Unlike.
(E) Furthermore.
(B) Insofar as.
(C) Nevertheless.
(D) Unlike.
(E) Furthermore.
>> "HOWEVER" (= DESPITE THIS) - indicates an idea that contrasts with one just mentioned. - SYNONNYM: NEVERTHELESS, NONETHELESS, NOTWITHSTANDING, HOWBEIT. (www.merriam-webster.com)
82 – (FGV/VESTIBULAR-2019.1-ECONOMIA-1º SEMESTRE) The second questions made by The Economist assume that
(A) income inequality has always been the same last century.
(B) after the Second World War, society
(B) after the Second World War, society
became more equal
than before.
(C) both equality and inequality are historically transitory in our society.
(D) the Second World War aided wealth concentration and therefore inequality.
(E) conflicts such as wars reorganise and concentrate wealth among the countries involved.
(C) both equality and inequality are historically transitory in our society.
(D) the Second World War aided wealth concentration and therefore inequality.
(E) conflicts such as wars reorganise and concentrate wealth among the countries involved.
Comentários e Gabarito B
TÓPICOS - VOCABULÁRIO & RELAÇÃO SEMÂNTICA COM TRECHO DO TEXTO :
The second questions made by The Economist assume that
A segunda questão colocada pelo The Economist presume que
(A) income inequality has always been the same last century.
a desigualdade de rendimentos foi sempre a mesma no século passado.
(B) after the Second World War, society became more equal than before.
(B) after the Second World War, society became more equal than before.
após a Segunda Guerra Mundial, a sociedade tornou-se mais igual do que antes.
- "[...] Are we really living in an implacable period of wealth inequality — or was the relatively equal society that followed the Second World War the real aberration?"
- Vivemos realmente num período implacável de desigualdade de riqueza – ou foi a sociedade relativamente igualitária que se seguiu à Segunda Guerra Mundial a verdadeira aberração?
(C) both equality and inequality are historically transitory in our society.
tanto a igualdade como a desigualdade são historicamente transitórias na nossa sociedade.
(D) the Second World War aided wealth concentration and therefore inequality.
(D) the Second World War aided wealth concentration and therefore inequality.
a Segunda Guerra Mundial ajudou na concentração da riqueza e, por conseguinte, na desigualdade.
(E) conflicts such as wars reorganise and concentrate wealth among the countries involved.
(E) conflicts such as wars reorganise and concentrate wealth among the countries involved.
os conflitos como as guerras reorganizam e concentram a riqueza entre os países envolvidos.
83 – (FGV/VESTIBULAR-2019.1-ECONOMIA-1º SEMESTRE) In the excerpt from Walter Scheidel’s second answer
- “Many things had to come together to make this happen”, an example of the word in bold is
(A) a novelty.
(B) modernisation.
(C) strong labour unions.
(D) liberalisation and globalisation.
(E) wealth concentration.
(B) modernisation.
(C) strong labour unions.
(D) liberalisation and globalisation.
(E) wealth concentration.
Comentários e Gabarito C
TÓPICOS - VOCABULÁRIO & RELAÇÃO SEMÂNTICA COM TRECHO DO TEXTO :
In the excerpt from Walter Scheidel’s second answer
No excerto da segunda resposta de Walter Scheidel
- “Many things had to come together to make this happen”,
- Muitas coisas tiveram de se unir para que isto acontecesse
um exemplo da palavra em negrito é
(A) a novelty.
uma novidade.
(B) modernisation.
(B) modernisation.
modernização.
(C) strong labour unions.
(C) strong labour unions.
sindicatos fortes.
(D) liberalisation and globalisation.
(D) liberalisation and globalisation.
liberalização e a globalização.
(E) wealth concentration.
(E) wealth concentration.
concentração de riqueza.
> TRECHO QUE JUSTIFICA:
- "[...] Many things had to come together to make this happen, such as very high income and estate taxes, strong labour unions, and intrusive regulations and controls."
- Muitas coisas tiveram de se conjugar para que isto acontecesse, tais como impostos muito elevados sobre o rendimento e a propriedade, sindicatos fortes e regulamentações e controlos intrusivos.
84 – (FGV/VESTIBULAR-2019.1-ECONOMIA-1º SEMESTRE)
The excerpt from Walter Scheidel’s second answer
- “Even so, wealth concentration in Europe is nowhere near as high as it was a century ago”, means that wealth concentration in Europe, compared to a century ago, is
(A) much lower now.
(B) substantially higher now.
(C) similarly low.
(D) as high as it was.
(E) getting increasingly higher.
(B) substantially higher now.
(C) similarly low.
(D) as high as it was.
(E) getting increasingly higher.
Comentários e Gabarito A
TÓPICOS - VOCABULÁRIO & RELAÇÃO SEMÂNTICA COM TRECHO DO TEXTO :
85 – (FGV/VESTIBULAR-2019.1-ECONOMIA-1º SEMESTRE)
The excerpt from Walter Scheidel’s second answer
- “Like Europe, America, meanwhile, is getting there” means that
(A) inequality has risen in America due to globalisation.
(B) America needs a strong liberalising shock.
(C) America has always displayed a very high income.
(D) intrusive regulations and controls are slowly taking place in America.
(E) wealth concentration is diminishing in America.
(C) America has always displayed a very high income.
(D) intrusive regulations and controls are slowly taking place in America.
(E) wealth concentration is diminishing in America.
Comentários e Gabarito A
TÓPICOS - VOCABULÁRIO & RELAÇÃO SEMÂNTICA COM TRECHO DO TEXTO :
86 – (FGV/VESTIBULAR-2019.1-ECONOMIA-1º SEMESTRE)
In the excerpt from the third question made by The Economist
- “Will they be a calamity for employment and thus for equality?”, the word in bold denotes
(A) consequence.
(B) alternative.
(C) addition.
(D) exclusion.
(E) purpose.
(B) alternative.
(C) addition.
(D) exclusion.
(E) purpose.
Comentários e Gabarito A
TÓPICOS - VOCABULÁRIO & RELAÇÃO SEMÂNTICA COM TRECHO DO TEXTO :
87 – (FGV/VESTIBULAR-2019.1-ECONOMIA-1º SEMESTRE)
In the excerpt from the third question made by The Economist
- “Or might they unleash extraordinary productivity and improvements in living standards that actually narrow inequality?”, the word in bold can be correctly replaced, without meaning change, by
(A) must.
(B) have.
(C) will.
(D) could.
(E) ought.
(B) have.
(C) will.
(D) could.
(E) ought.
Comentários e Gabarito D
TÓPICOS - VOCABULÁRIO & RELAÇÃO SEMÂNTICA COM TRECHO DO TEXTO :
88 – (FGV/VESTIBULAR-2019.1-ECONOMIA-1º SEMESTRE)
In his third answer, Walter Scheidel states that
(A) inequality will be narrowed by technology.
(B) artificial intelligence and automation will benefit the owners of robots.
(C) unless workers get updated with technology, they will become the usual losers.
(D) gains from automation will create new jobs and reverse inequality.
(E) only skilled workers will survive automation and protect their income.
(B) artificial intelligence and automation will benefit the owners of robots.
(C) unless workers get updated with technology, they will become the usual losers.
(D) gains from automation will create new jobs and reverse inequality.
(E) only skilled workers will survive automation and protect their income.
Comentários e Gabarito B
TÓPICOS - VOCABULÁRIO & RELAÇÃO SEMÂNTICA COM TRECHO DO TEXTO :
80 – (FGV/VESTIBULAR-2019.1-ECONOMIA-1º SEMESTRE)
In the excerpt from Walter Scheidel’s third answer
- "As long as the capitalist world system is in place”, the expression in bold can be correctly replaced by
(A) All in all.
(B) After all.
(C) While.
(D) Whenever.
(E) Aside.
(B) After all.
(C) While.
(D) Whenever.
(E) Aside.
Comentários e Gabarito C
TÓPICOS - VOCABULÁRIO & RELAÇÃO SEMÂNTICA COM TRECHO DO TEXTO :
90 – (FGV/VESTIBULAR-2019.1-ECONOMIA-1º SEMESTRE)
In the excerpt from Walter Scheidel’s third answer
- “gains from greater automation would benefit society evenly instead of funnelling even more income and wealth”, the word in bold means
(A) continuously.
(B) indirectly.
(C) partially.
(D) objectively.
(E) fairly.
(B) indirectly.
(C) partially.
(D) objectively.
(E) fairly.
Comentários e Gabarito E
TÓPICOS - VOCABULÁRIO & RELAÇÃO SEMÂNTICA COM TRECHO DO TEXTO :