History of Halloween
Like many other holidays, Halloween has evolved and changed throughout history. Over 2,000 years ago people called the Celts lived in what is now Ireland, the UK, and parts of Northern France. November 1 was their New Year's Day.
They believed that the night before the New Year (October 31) was a time when the living and the dead came together. More than a thousand years ago the Christian church named November 1 All Saints Day (also called All Hallows.) This was a special holy day to honor the saints and other people who died for their religion. The night before All Hallows was called Hallows Eve. Later the name was changed to Halloween.
Like the Celts, the Europeans of that time also believed that the spirits of the dead would visit the earth on Halloween. They worried that evil spirits would cause problems or hurt them. So on that night people wore costumes that looked like ghosts or other evil creatures. They thought if they dressed like that, the spirits would think they were also dead and not harm them.
The tradition of Halloween was carried to America by the immigrating Europeans. Some of the traditions changed a little, though. For example, on Halloween in Europe some people would carry lanterns made from turnips. In America, pumpkins were more common. So people began putting candles inside them and using them as lanterns. That is why you see Jack 'o lanterns today.
These days Halloween is not usually considered a religious holiday. It is primarily a fun day for children. Children dress up in costumes like people did a thousand years ago. But instead of worrying about evil spirits, they go from house to house. They knock on doors and say "trick or treat." The owner of each house gives candy or something special to each trick or treater.
Happy Halloween!
Available in:
http://www.5minuteenglish.com/oct29.htm>. Access on: October 2015.
01 – (PUC-PR-2016-VESTIBULAR DE INVERNO-MEDICINA)
( ) According to the text, Halloween was derived from Hallows Eve.
( ) Over 2000 ago, the Celts and Europeans wore costumes so the spirits would believe they were dead too.
( ) The Church created All Saints Day to chase spirits.
( ) Jack’o lanterns are also to chase spirits away.
( ) People still believe the evils spirits will come on October 31 and wear costumes.
(A) True, false, true, false, false.
(B) True, false, false, true, false.
(C) False, false, false, true, true.
(D) True, true, true, false, true.
(E) True, true, false, false, false.
(T) De acordo com o texto, o Halloween foi derivado da véspera do Dia das Bruxas.
(T) Há mais de 2000 anos, os celtas e europeus usavam roupas para que os espíritos acreditassem que eles também estavam mortos.
(F) A Igreja criou o Dia de Todos os Santos para perseguir espíritos.
(F) As lanternas Jack'o também devem afugentar os espíritos.
(F) As pessoas ainda acreditam que os espíritos malignos chegarão em 31 de outubro e usarão fantasias.
➧ INSTRUÇÃO: Read the text and check the CORRECT meaning of the highlighted false cognates.
FALSE COGNATES ARE A BITCH (1)!
Now the doubt (2) appears in your mind. How could this have possibly happened? After years of dedication, and maybe even a certificate or two that prove your fluency, you thought you’d eventually (3) speak perfectly, but now you just look like an uneducated (4) fool. You’ve assumed (5) that you’re fluent, you’ve even discussed (6) it with your parents (7), and now you start to think that maybe you were always just pretending (8) to speak the language, that you actually (9) don’t know anything. Be brave (10) and pay attention because maybe you aren’t seeing the true meaning of the words.
Disponível em: <http://reallifeglobal.com/the-17-most-dangerous-brazilian-false-cognate-errors-in-english/>. Acesso em: Julho 2015.
02 – (PUC-PR-2016-VESTIBULAR DE INVERNO-MEDICINA)
The CORRECT alternative is:
(A) (1) a prostitute; (2) to believe; (3) occasionally; (4) rude; (5) to concede; (6) to argue; (7) relatives; (8) to intend; (9) currently; (10) mad.
(B) (1) a complicated problem; (2) a question; (3) finally; (4) illiterate; (5) to suppose; (6) to talk; (7) folks; (8) to bluff; (9) really; (10) courageous.
(C) (1) a complicated problem; (2) a question; (3) finally; (4) illiterate; (5) to suppose; (6) to argue; (7) relatives; (8) to intend; (9) currently; (10) mad.
(D) (1) a prostitute; (2) to believe; (3) occasionally; (4) rude; (5) to concede; (6) to talk; (7) folks; (8) to bluff; (9) really; (10) courageous.
(E) (1) a complicated problem; (2) a question; (3) occasionally; (4) rude; (5) to suppose; (6) to talk; (7) relatives; (8) to intend; (9) really; (10) courageous.
➦FALSO COGNATO 1: BITCH = A COMPLICATED PROBLEM (um problema complicado).
- FALSE COGNATES ARE A BITCH !
- COGNATOS FALSOS são um PROBLEMA COMPLICADO!
➦FALSO COGNATO 2: DOUBT = A QUESTION (uma pergunta).
- Now the doubt appears in your mind.
- Agora, uma PERGUNTA aparece em sua mente.
➦FALSO COGNATO 3 : EVENTUALLY = FINALLY, IN THE END (finalmente, posteriormente, mais tarde)
- After years of dedication, and maybe even a certificate or two that prove your fluency, you thought you’d eventually speak perfectly,
- Após anos de dedicação e talvez até um certificado ou dois que comprovem sua fluência, você pensou que FINALMENTE falaria perfeitamente,
➦FALSO COGNATO 4 : uneducated➝ illiterate (analfabeto).
- but now you just look like an uneducated fool.
- mas agora você parece um tolo ANALFABETO.
➦FALSO COGNATO 5: ASSUMED = TO SUPPOSE (supor).
- You've assumed that you’re fluent,
- Você SUPÕE que está fluente,
➦FALSO COGNATO 6: DISCUSSED➝ TO TALK (conversar).
- you’ve even discussed it with your parents,
- você até CONVERSOU isso com os seus pais.
➦FALSO COGNATO 7: PARENTS = FOLKS (pais).
- you’ve even discussed it with your parents,
- você até conversou isso com os seus PAIS.
➦FALSO COGNATO 8: PRETENDING = TO BLUFF (blefar, fingir).
- and now you start to think that maybe you were always just pretending to speak the language,
- e agora você começa a pensar que talvez estivesse sempre fingindo falar a língua,
➦FALSO COGNATO 9: ACTUALLY = REALLY (realmente).
- that you actually don’t know anything.
- que você REALMENTE não sabe nada.)
➦FALSO COGNATO 10: BRAVE = COURAGEOUS (corajoso).
- Be brave and pay attention because maybe you aren’t seeing the true meaning of the words.
- Seja corajoso e preste atenção, porque talvez você não esteja vendo o verdadeiro significado das palavras.
➧ INSTRUÇÃO: Read the text and choose the CORRECT alternative of passive voice to fill out the blanks.
How towns have arisen
Most villages and towns on the British Isles came into being because of their favorable situation for trade.
Rather more than a hundred years ago, a great change came over the land. Many machines __________ about that time. Spinning and weaving, for example, which had previously been done by hand, __________ by machinery that __________ by water or steam-power.
The work which usually __________ in the houses of the people began to be carried on in large mills or factories, and workers found it convenient to live near them.
More and more factories __________ and men and women left the country districts in great numbers and crowded into towns.
Since then the movement of people into towns has been going on until now. England __________ with great cities.
All over Britain, and especially in those parts _____ the coal _____ for power is to be found, there are mining and manufacturing areas, such as the Lancashire cotton district, the Black county of Midland, and others. A great many towns ___________ close together in those districts, and a great many people live within a small area, so that the population is very dense.
(After “The British Isles, Their Life and Work” by S. Bryson and Maxton. Available in: <http://englishstandarts.blogspot.com.br/2012/06/passive-voicetexts-proverbs-and.html>.
Access on: August 2015)
03 – (PUC-PR-2016-VESTIBULAR DE INVERNO-MEDICINA)
(A) was invented; was done; was driven; was done; was built; is dotted; was / needed; is found.
(B) were invented; were done; were drove; was done; were build; is dotted; was / need; is find.
(C) were invented; were did; were drive; was did; were built; is doted; is / needed; are finded.
(D) were invented; were done; were driven; was done; were built; is dotted; were / needed; are found.
(E) was invent; were do; were drived; was do; were builded; is dotted; were / need; is founded.
➧ INSTRUÇÃO: Read the text below:
Evolution “Began” In Brazil
The theories on evolution and natural selection began with Charles Darwin, who made public his groundbreaking ideas in a book entitled On the Origin of Species, which was first published in 1859. Darwin found the inspiration for his ideas while on a research trip aboard the ship the H.M.S. Beagle. Darwin’s primary destination was the Galapagos Islands, and it was during his five-year voyage from his home in England that he developed his theory of natural selection.
What many people don’t know about Darwin is that his epic voyage on the H.M.S. Beagle, before arriving at the Galapagos Islands, he first arrived in South America in Bahia, Brazil in 1832. Additionally, Darwin wasn’t the only important European scientist to come to Brazil to study nature. Two of Darwin’s fellow Englishmen, Alfred Russel Wallace and Henry Walter Bates, they arrived at Pará in 1848. Wallace roamed the Amazon for four years, and the remarkable Bates explored the Amazon region for eleven years.
Available in: <http://curitibainenglish.com.br/culture/literature/evolution-began-in-brazil/>. Access in: August, 2015.
04 – (PUC-PR-2016-VESTIBULAR DE INVERNO-MEDICINA)
What do the highlighted words in the text refer to?
Choose the CORRECT option.
(A) Darwin – book – Darwin – Russel and Henry.
(B) Public – book – Galapagos – Darwin.
(C) Ideas – inspiration – Bates – Amazon.
(D) Book – Amazon – Russel – Henry and Amazon.
(E) Bates – Darwin – Russel – Russel and Henry.
➧ INSTRUÇÃO: Read the text below:
Men, women, and murder: gender-specific differences in rates of fatal violence and victimization.
To study the potential differences that distinguish homicides involving women as victims or offenders from those involving men, we analyzed Federal Bureau of Investigation Uniform Crime Reports data on homicides that occurred in the United States between 1976 and 1987.
Only cases that involved victims aged 15 years or older were included. Persons killed during law enforcement activity and cases in which the victim's gender was not recorded were excluded. A total of 215,273 homicides were studied, 77% of which involved male victims and 23% female victims. Although the overall risk of homicide for women was substantially lower than that of men (rate ratio [RR] = 0.27), their risk of being killed by a spouse or intimate acquaintance was higher (RR = 1.23).
In contrast to men, the killing of a woman by a stranger was rare (RR = 0.18). More than twice as many women were shot and killed by their husband or intimate acquaintance than were murdered by strangers using guns, knives, or any other means. Although women comprise more than half the U.S. population, they committed only 14.7% of the homicides noted during the study interval. In contrast to men, who killed nonintimate acquaintances, strangers, or victims of undetermined relationship in 80% of cases, women killed their spouse, an intimate acquaintance, or a family member in 60% of cases. When men killed with a gun, they most commonly shot a stranger or a non-family acquaintance.
Disponível em: <http:// www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1635092>.
Acesso em: novembro de 2015.
05 – (PUC-PR-2016-VESTIBULAR DE INVERNO-MEDICINA)
According to the text, we can state that:
I. The objective was to identify the differences between homicides involving men and women.
II. Victims who were 19 years old were not included.
III. The risk of homicide for women is higher than for men.
IV. In the USA, there are more women than men.
V. They concluded that men kill and die more.
(A) All sentences are correct.
(B) All sentences are incorrect.
(C) Only I and V are incorrect.
(D) Only II and III are incorrect.
(E) Only III and IV are correct.
UnB-PROCESSO SELETIVO-EDITAL 2014-PROGRAMA DE AVALIAÇÃO SERIADO-2ª ETAPA-UNIVERSIDADE DE BRASÍLIA-Aplicação: 06/12/2014.
UnB-PROCESSO SELETIVO-EDITAL 2014-PROGRAMA DE AVALIAÇÃO SERIADO-2ª ETAPA-UNIVERSIDADE DE BRASÍLIA-Aplicação: 06/12/2014.
