FGV/VESTIBULAR–EAESP–2019.2–LÍNGUA INGLESA–GABARITO, TEXTOS TRADUZIDOS & AQUISIÇÃO DE VOCABULÁRIO.

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❑  PROVA DE LÍNGUA INGLESA:

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❑ ESTRUTURA-PROVA:

• 15 MCQs (Multiple Choice Question) / 5 Options Each Question.

➭ Text (1) – | Theater of war | The Economist | 

➭ Text (2) – | Perfect lie | Prospect |

PROVA, TRADUÇÃO, GABARITO & MUITO VOCABULÁRIO

❑ TEXTO 1: Texto para as perguntas de 1 a 7.

Theater of war

1    On April 12th 2014 Igor Girkin, a former Russian military officer also known as “Strelkov” (“Shooter”), sneaked across the border into Ukraine’s Donbas region with a few dozen men and took control of the small town of Sloviansk, igniting Europe’s bloodiest war since the 1990s. To create the impression of strength, Mr Girkin, an aficionado of historical battlefield re-enactments, masqueraded as a member of Russia’s special forces, and had his men drive two armoured personnel carriers around every night to simulate a large build-up. In fact, his army never exceeded 600 men, mainly Cossacks and war-hungry opportunists like himself.

2    Having just lost Crimea and lacking a functioning government or military command after the Maidan revolution, Ukraine was stunned. As Russia massed its forces on the border with Ukraine, most observers (and participants such as Mr Girkin) expected a swift invasion followed by annexation. Instead, the Kremlin created an ersatz [falsificada] civil war, absurdly portraying the Kiev government as a “fascist” regime and the separatists as freedom fighters. As the Ukrainian army moved in to try to retake Donbas, Mr Girkin and his fighters took up positions in a psychiatric hospital on the outskirts of Sloviansk, using its patients as human shields.

3    Today, the ruined psychiatric hospital, resembling a scene out of the battle of Stalingrad, is a symbol of the madness of an essentially theatrical conflict that has cost 10,000 lives and displaced more than 1.7 million people. Yet officially, Russia and Ukraine are not at war. They maintain diplomatic relations and trade with each other. Ukraine has euphemistically designated the conflict zone an area of “anti-terrorist operations.” Most of the people caught up in the war do not care who started it, or what they call it.

4    “I am against everyone,” says Lyudmila Prikhodko, who lives in a restored building among the hospital’s ruins. (The names of civilians in the conflict zone have been changed.) An engineer, Ms Prikhodko was forced to flee Donetsk after refusing to support the self-proclaimed Donetsk People’s Republic (DNR). She feels equally alienated from Russia and Ukraine. “DNR treats people like me as enemies. Ukraine sees us as potential separatists.”

5    On paper, there is no border between the two parts of Ukraine. In practice, there are several frontier control points, manned by border guards and customs officials and crossed by those who live in the separatist territories but must work, receive pensions or handle bureaucratic problems on the Ukrainian side. Andrei Borisov, a smuggler who carries food, cigarettes and pesticides from Ukrainian territory across the line of control, says everyone is in on the business: customs officers, local officials and separatists on the other side.

Adapted from

The Economist , May 24th 2017.

01 – (FGV-2019/2-VESTIBULAR-2º SEMESTRE-ADMINISTRAÇÃO)

Which of the following is most supported by the information in the article?

(A) On April 12th 2014, a Russian military officer led Russian army troops in a secret invasion of Ukraine’s Donbas region.
(B) Under the cover of night, Igor Girkin and a handful of Russian troops defeated 600 Ukrainian army soldiers in the first battle for control of the Donbas region.
(C) Igor Girkin resorted to tricks in an attempt to make his small armed group look more powerful than it really was.
(D) A series of accidents and coincidences turned what had been intended as a quick, surgical Russian military operation into Europe’s bloodiest war of this century.
(E) Most of the men in Igor Girkin’s invading army are neither Russian nor Ukrainian.

__Gabarito:  (C)__

02 – (FGV-2019/2-VESTIBULAR-2º SEMESTRE-ADMINISTRAÇÃO)

According to the information in the article,

(A) Because Ukraine lost Crimea, it was unable to make an effective military response to Igor Girkin’s offensive in the Donbas region.
(B) Many people were surprised when Russia did not attempt to take the Donbas region for itself.
(C) By misinterpreting the meaning of Igor Girkin's offensive in the Donbas region, Russia’s government made a major war there inevitable.
(D) Russian massed its troops on its Ukrainian border as a means of guaranteeing the Donbas region’s recently acquired independence.
(E) By exposing the Ukrainian government's fascist ideology, Russia helped the Donbas separatists gain international support.

__Gabarito:  (B)__

03 – (FGV-2019/2-VESTIBULAR-2º SEMESTRE-ADMINISTRAÇÃO)

According to the information in the article, when Ukrainian troops attempted to regain control of the Donbas region,

(A) patients at a psychiatric hospital were forced into a life-threatening situation.
(B) they were careful not to provoke elements of the Russian army stationed near Sloviansk.
(C) Igor Girkin and his soldiers retaliated by destroying a psychiatric hospital near Sloviansk.
(D) the only opposition came from rebels that had occupied an abandoned psychiatric hospital.
(E) at first they concentrated their firepower in the area around Sloviansk.

__Gabarito:  (A)__

04 – (FGV-2019/2-VESTIBULAR-2º SEMESTRE-ADMINISTRAÇÃO)

The article most likely refers to the armed conflict in the Donbas region as

“essentially theatrical” for all of the following reasons

except

(A) the violence that has supposedly displaced nearly 2 million people has in fact killed only 10,000 people.
(B) although Russia and Ukraine are clearly involved in some kind of potentially deadly conflict, neither has actually declared war against the other.
(C) Russia and Ukraine have cut off neither diplomatic nor trade relations with each other.
(D) the man responsible for actually starting the Donbas conflict falsely presented himself as a member of a Russian military unit.
(E) when Russia had a real chance to invade and annex the Donbas region, it instead promoted in that region a kind of fake “civil war”.

__Gabarito:  (A)__

05 – (FGV-2019/2-VESTIBULAR-2º SEMESTRE-ADMINISTRAÇÃO)

With respect to Lyudmila Prikhodko,

the article supports all of the following except

(A) she does not actively favor any of the armed groups involved in the Donbas conflict.
(B) Lyudmila Prikhodko is not her real name.
(C) where she is now living was probably damaged during the fighting around Sloviansk.
(D) because of the terrible things that happened to her, she is actively working against the Donetsk People’s Republic.
(E) she feels little connection to either Russia or Ukraine.

__Gabarito:  (D)__

06 – (FGV-2019/2-VESTIBULAR-2º SEMESTRE-ADMINISTRAÇÃO)

In paragraph 5, the sentence

“On paper, there is no border between the two parts of Ukraine”

most likely refers to which of the following?

(A) Russia and Ukraine are still trying to reach a negotiated settlement to the armed conflict in the Donbas region.
(B) Despite issuing propaganda to the contrary, Russia wants to make sure that Ukraine stays united.
(C) Because of the armed conflict in Ukraine’s Donbas region, crossing the border between that territory and the rest of Ukraine has become a bureaucratic nightmare.
(D) The border between the parts of Ukraine has been deliberately kept vague and porous in order to facilitate corruption.
(E) Although some people are fighting to separate one part of Ukraine permanently from the other, such a separation has not yet been officially recognized.

__Gabarito:  (E)__

07 – (FGV-2019/2-VESTIBULAR-2º SEMESTRE-ADMINISTRAÇÃO)

According to Andrei Borisov in paragraph 5, what do “customs officers, local officials and separatists on the other side” all have in common?

(A) They eagerly buy his contraband goods, such as food, cigarettes and pesticides.
(B) Despite the armed conflict in the Donbas region, they are working together to keep the daily government bureaucracy on both sides functioning.

(C) Without exception, they are all in one way or another working with contraband.
(D) Andrei Borisov pays all of them so that he can bring contraband goods into the Donbas region.
(E) Although they are all working in some area of government, none of them has any loyalty to any side in the Russia-Ukraine conflict.

__Gabarito:  (C)__

• TEXTO 2:

Perfect lie 

By Anna Blundy

1    It was as though he was sitting in the consulting room with us, a golden figure of male beauty, intelligent sensitivity, sparkling wit and an endless capacity for good. This was established by my patient as a stark contrast to all her multitudinous failings. “I don’t deserve him,” she said, twisting a tissue in her bitten fingers, legs tucked meekly under her chair. She began (again) to detail her repulsiveness and stupidity.

2    She met this Adonis at university where he excelled at everything. Strangely enough, he liked her and they began a relationship that made her feel inadequate. “He’s just so good socially. Really funny and chatty,” she explained. “I know people look at us and wonder why he’s with me,” she added.

3    I was supposed to nod and understand that it must be very painful to be so ugly and crap while he is so perfect. Did I mention that he is multilingual and that his strong eco-credentials will, sooner rather than later, save the world? Sitting there looking at this crushed girl, I really started to hate this guy. “He says he can’t put up with my depression much longer. He says it’s embarrassing.” Our Adonis was constantly going to Norway for long stretches. “There was a girl who liked him, but nothing happened,” she said, eyes pleading.

4    Two years into our once-a-week sessions, my patient looks very different. She meets my gaze, smiles, is dressed less like a five-year-old and more like a 30-year-old, and is struggling with her now husband. “He’s such a show off. He dominates conversations so nobody else can say anything,” she tells me, describing an excruciating evening at an Indian restaurant. She is exasperated by his bullying at home, always shouting about her incompetent recycling, her use of the central heating and her not switching lights off (when she is actually in the room). While her job in publishing is going well, he is currently out of work, the eco-start up thing that he was involved with didn’t start up.

5    I won’t go into detail about her psychotherapy journey, but she is a favourite in my supervision group because she is funny and insightful, desperate to get out of depression, initially to please her Adonis, but ultimately for herself. She’d chosen someone she felt was her superior in order to prove her lack of self-worth and was re-enacting a miserable childhood in which she was always ignored in favour of (and also by) a golden brother.

6    But now what? I’ve often heard anti-therapy types complain that therapists turn couples against each other, that if one party is in therapy the marriage is doomed. I suspect this is often true—an unhappy person is often unhappy specifically in their relationship. But this relationship was based purely on fantasy. My patient had ludicrously idealised an ordinary guy and he liked it (as it fed his narcissism). She was unable to know the real person, seeing only the glittering fantasy that revealed her own worthlessness. Once she’d recovered her reality-testing, withdrawn her colossal projections of perfection into him, and was more able to see the world as it is, the rose-coloured veil slipped away and she is left with a man as flawed as any other: as flawed as herself.

7    Since she didn’t choose him clear-sightedly, she didn’t choose him at all. She chose a fantasy. Though reality has allowed her to accept herself, she’s now going to have to accept or reject him, without the auriferous sheen [brilho].

Adapted from Prospect, June 2017.

08 – (FGV-2019/2-VESTIBULAR-2º SEMESTRE-ADMINISTRAÇÃO)

In paragraph 1, “he” in the phrase

“It was as though he was sitting in the consulting room with us”

most likely refers to the

(A) kind of boyfriend that could truly love the therapy patient.
(B) idealized version of the therapy patient’s boyfriend.
(C) wonderful boyfriend that was ready to abandon the therapy patient.
(D) kind of boyfriend the therapy patient believed she would never have.
(E) boyfriend that the therapy patient had rejected because of her low self-esteem.

__Gabarito:  (B)__

09 – (FGV-2019/2-VESTIBULAR-2º SEMESTRE-ADMINISTRAÇÃO)

In paragraph 2, when the author writes

“Strangely enough, he liked her and they began a relationship that made her feel inadequate,”

she is most likely trying to

(A) show how destructive modern relationships can be.
(B) express her belief that the therapy patient should never have started dating her boyfriend.
(C) illustrate how a bad relationship can destroy a person’s selfconfidence.
(D) explain how her therapy patient’s low self-esteem ruined what could have been a good relationship.
(E) comment ironically on the unrealistic opinion that the therapy patient had of her boyfriend and of herself.

__Gabarito:  (E)__

10 – (FGV-2019/2-VESTIBULAR-2º SEMESTRE-ADMINISTRAÇÃO)

According to the information in the article,

the boyfriend of the therapy patient

(A) often stayed away from her for extended periods of time.
(B) was embarrassed by her fierce devotion.
(C) stayed with her because he knew he could manipulate and dominate her.
(D) had no idea of what he was getting into when he starting dating her.
(E) distorted or exaggerated the important facts about his life when he first met her.

__Gabarito:  (A)__

11 – (FGV-2019/2-VESTIBULAR-2º SEMESTRE-ADMINISTRAÇÃO)

In paragraph 4, the phrase

“dressed less like a five-year-old and more like a 30-year-old”

most likely refers to which of the following?

(A) The therapy patient is still struggling to find her own unique sense of style.
(B) The therapy patient’s changed way of dressing is evidence that she is responding positively to her therapy sessions.
(C) The therapy patient’s new husband has been helping her to act in a more mature way.
(D) The therapy patient now dresses to please herself rather than to please her husband.
(E) Getting out of a destructive relationship has helped the therapy patient become a mature, responsible woman.

__Gabarito:  (B)__

12 – (FGV-2019/2-VESTIBULAR-2º SEMESTRE-ADMINISTRAÇÃO)

According to the information in the article, nowadays one ironic factor in the life of the therapy patient is the fact that although

(A) her husband constantly mistreats her, she still believes he is perfect.
(B) her husband really does dominate many conversations, most people love what he has to say.
(C) she had considered her husband far superior to herself, his professional life is going badly while hers is going well.
(D) she and her husband have been together for only a short time, she already regards him as mediocre.

(E) her husband works in the environmental area, he does so for money rather than because of any strong sense of idealism.

__Gabarito:  (C)__

13 – (FGV-2019/2-VESTIBULAR-2º SEMESTRE-ADMINISTRAÇÃO)

With respect to the therapy patient, which of the following is most supported by the information in the article?

(A) If she had been happy in her childhood, she would be happy in her current marriage.
(B) Therapy helped her to understand that no one had ever truly loved her.
(C) She believed that making an exceptional man love her would somehow solve the problems of her childhood.
(D) Even her decision to go into therapy could be seen as an example of her tendency to give herself little consideration.
(E) Although she had only one brother, she was never close to him but rather considered him a rival and an enemy.

__Gabarito:  (D)__

14 – (FGV-2019/2-VESTIBULAR-2º SEMESTRE-ADMINISTRAÇÃO)

According to the information in the article,

(A) because she believed that she deserved to suffer, the therapy patient deliberately entered what she knew would be a destructive relationship.
(B) experience teaches therapists that modern male-female relationships are inherently exploitative.
(C) no relationship based on fantasy can ever make anyone happy.
(D) in general, the boyfriend (now husband) of the therapy patient was happy with her unrealistic opinion of him.
(E) the therapy patient subconsciously believed that being involved with a truly superior man would mean that she herself was superior.

__Gabarito:  (D)__

15 – (FGV-2019/2-VESTIBULAR-2º SEMESTRE-ADMINISTRAÇÃO)

According to the information in the article, which of the following is most likely a question that the therapy patient must now face?

(A) Considering all of the suffering that she has endured, how can she really know the true character of her husband?
(B) Considering that she married a perfect fantasy rather than a flawed human being, how should she deal with that fantasy?
(C) If she terminates therapy, what will happen if she reverts to her old, self-destructive habits?
(D) Can she survive in a relationship with a normal, imperfect human being?
(E) Now that she has a realistic relationship with herself, will she want to maintain a relationship with her husband?

__Gabarito:  (E)__

FGV/VESTIBULAR–DIREITO–2019.1–1º SEMESTRE–LÍNGUA INGLESA–GABARITO, TEXTOS TRADUZIDOS & AQUISIÇÃO DE VOCABULÁRIO.

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❑  PROVA DE LÍNGUA INGLESA:

•  VESTIBULAR FGV-2019-DIREITO.

https://vestibular.fgv.br

❑ ESTRUTURA-PROVA:

• 3 Questions.

PROVA, TRADUÇÃO, GABARITO & MUITO VOCABULÁRIO

❑ TEXTO:

THERESA MAY AND THE REVENGE OF THE REMAINERS
[defensores da permanência da UE]

By Anne Applebaum

Theresa May had a plan: Steal the policies of Britain’s “far right” — the U.K. Independence Party — and then steal their voters, too. Since she took office about a year ago, the formerly moderate British prime minister attacked foreigners, jeered [zombou] at the European Union and held Donald Trump’s hand. In April, she called an early general election, confident that UKIP* voters would now endorse her “Hard Brexit” and her watered-down English Tory populism.

Never mind that the moderate centrism of her predecessor, David Cameron, won a Conservative Party majority only two years ago. Never mind that she herself has offered few details about Brexit and what it will mean: May called this a “Brexit election,” declared herself the “strong and stable” candidate, promised tough negotiations with Europe and clearly expected to win a larger majority.

Yes, May had a plan — but it was a plan designed for her base. She ignored the 48 percent of the country that did not vote for Brexit, calling them “citizens of nowhere.” She ignored the anxiety that Brexit has created and the economic consequences that are now just beginning to bite. She ignored younger people, who preferred to stay in the E.U. last year and now prefer the Labour Party to the Tories by a huge margin, 63 percent to 27 percent.

May also assumed that the centrists and moderates who had voted Conservative in 2015 and to “Remain” in Europe in 2016 would have to vote for her because they would have nowhere else to go. They couldn’t possibly vote for Jeremy Corbyn, the quasi-Marxist, left-wing Labour Party leader who campaigned on high taxes for the rich, heavy spending, and deep skepticism toward Britain’s traditional defense and foreign policies. They couldn’t possibly prefer a Labour Party that is itself divided over Brexit. But as the campaign went on, as May grew stiffer and more prone to error, as her “strong and stable” tagline [mote, slogan] wore thin, a lot of people in the floating center looked at Corbyn and thought, “Is he really that much worse?”

And the result? Remainers’ revenge. In Canterbury, a long-standing Brexiteer member of Parliament lost to a Labour candidate, apparently thanks to a surge in student voting. In Kensington, an overwhelmingly Conservative seat — but also overwhelmingly anti-Brexit — the vote was so close that recounting was suspended at 8 a.m. on Friday so that election officials could go home and rest. Across the country, people voted Labour despite not liking Corbyn. People told pollsters that they were worried about the future of the National Health Service, that they didn’t like May’s flip-flops on elderly care, that they were unnerved by instability unleashed by the Tories.

Play to your base, insult your opponents: It’s a tactic beloved of many, including President Trump. But here’s a lesson for the opponents of populists all over the West: “Play to your base” doesn’t work when you have high turnout — and in this election it was higher than predicted. It doesn’t work when you face angry, alienated voters. And it didn’t work in Britain at all.

The outcome is a disaster, but it’s hard not to enjoy the many ironies. The Tories campaigned against a “coalition of chaos” — but now it is they who lead exactly that. May campaigned to get a larger majority, but now Britain has a hung Parliament, meaning that no party has enough seats to form a government. May tried to portray herself as a singular leader, but now she can stay in power only with the help of one of the small Northern Irish parties. If she remains prime minister — if her famously regicidal party doesn’t defenestrate her immediately — her majority will be neither strong nor stable, particularly because her party is torn by divisions over Brexit, too.

It’s funny — but it’s also tragic, for May could have played all of this differently. When she took over last year, she could have recognized Brexit for the constitutional and political crisis that it has turned out to be. She could have called for national unity to deal with this divisive issue. She could have appealed across party lines, or asked people what outcome they preferred, or sought compromise. Instead she stuck to her formula — “Hard Brexit,” tough-sounding language, “it’s all about immigration.” She kept her base — and lost everyone else.

Adapted from The Washington Post, June 9, 2017

*UKIP: United Kingdom Independence Party, a Euroskeptic and right-wing populist political party that is a strong supporter of Brexit.

❑ TRADUÇÃO-TEXTO:

Theresa May and the revenge of the remainers

Theresa May e a vingança dos remanescentes
[defensores da permanência da UE]

By Anne Applebaum

[1º PARÁGRAFO]

Theresa May had a plan: Steal the policies of Britain’s “far right” — the U.K. Independence Party — and then steal their voters, too.

Theresa May tinha um plano: roubar as políticas da “extrema direita” britânica – o Partido da Independência do Reino Unido – e depois roubar também os seus eleitores.

Since she took office about a year ago, the formerly moderate British prime minister attacked foreigners, jeered [zombou] at the European Union and held Donald Trump’s hand.

Desde que assumiu o cargo, há cerca de um ano, a ex-primeira-ministra britânica moderada atacou estrangeiros, zombou da União Europeia e segurou a mão de Donald Trump.

In April, she called an early general election, confident that UKIP* voters would now endorse her “Hard Brexit” and her watered-down English Tory populism.

Em Abril, ela convocou eleições gerais antecipadas, confiante de que os eleitores do UKIP* apoiariam agora o seu “Brexit Duro” e o seu diluído populismo conservador inglês.

• "early general election" – eleições gerais antecipadas.

[2º PARÁGRAFO]

Never mind that the moderate centrism of her predecessor, David Cameron, won a Conservative Party majority only two years ago.

Não importa que o centrismo moderado do seu antecessor, David Cameron, tenha conquistado a maioria do Partido Conservador apenas há dois anos.

• "Never mind that" – Não importa que.

Never mind that she herself has offered few details about Brexit and what it will mean: May called this a “Brexit election,” declared herself the “strong and stable” candidate, promised tough negotiations with Europe and clearly expected to win a larger majority.

Não importa que ela própria tenha oferecido poucos detalhes sobre o Brexit e o que isso significará: May chamou isto de “eleições do Brexit”, declarou-se a candidata “forte e estável”, prometeu negociações duras com a Europa e esperava claramente ganhar uma maioria maior.

[3º PARÁGRAFO]

Yes, May had a plan — but it was a plan designed for her base.

Sim, May tinha um plano – mas era um plano elaborado para sua base.

She ignored the 48 percent of the country that did not vote for Brexit, calling them “citizens of nowhere.”

Ela ignorou os 48% do país que não votaram a favor do Brexit, chamando-os de “cidadãos de lugar nenhum”.

She ignored the anxiety that Brexit has created and the economic consequences that are now just beginning to bite.

Ela ignorou a ansiedade que o Brexit criou e as consequências econômicas que agora começam a fazer efeito.

She ignored younger people, who preferred to stay in the E.U. last year and now prefer the Labour Party to the Tories by a huge margin, 63 percent to 27 percent.

Ela ignorou os mais jovens, que preferiram ficar na UE. no ano passado e agora preferem o Partido Trabalhista aos Conservadores por uma margem enorme, 63% contra 27%.

• "the Labour Party" – o Partido Trabalhista.
• "the Tories" – os Conservadores.

[4º PARÁGRAFO]

May also assumed that the centrists and moderates who had voted Conservative in 2015 and to “Remain” in Europe in 2016 would have to vote for her because they would have nowhere else to go.

May também assumiu que os centristas e moderados que votaram nos Conservadores em 2015 e que “permaneceram” na Europa em 2016 teriam de votar nela porque não teriam mais para onde ir. 

They couldn’t possibly vote for Jeremy Corbyn, the quasi-Marxist, left-wing Labour Party leader who campaigned on high taxes for the rich, heavy spending, and deep skepticism toward Britain’s traditional defense and foreign policies.

Não poderiam votar em Jeremy Corbyn, o líder quase marxista e de esquerda do Partido Trabalhista que fez campanha a favor dos elevados impostos para os ricos, dos gastos pesados ​​e do profundo cepticismo em relação à defesa tradicional e às políticas externas da Grã-Bretanha.

They couldn’t possibly prefer a Labour Party that is itself divided over Brexit.

Eles não poderiam preferir um Partido Trabalhista que está dividido em relação ao Brexit.

But as the campaign went on, as May grew stiffer and more prone to error, as her “strong and stable” tagline [mote, slogan] wore thin, a lot of people in the floating center looked at Corbyn and thought, “Is he really that much worse?”

Mas à medida que a campanha prosseguia, à medida que May se tornava mais rígida e mais propensa a erros, à medida que o seu slogan “forte e estável” [mote, slogan] se esgotava, muitas pessoas no centro flutuante olharam para Corbyn e pensaram: “Ele está realmente muito pior?”

[5º PARÁGRAFO]

And the result? Remainers’ revenge.

E o resultado? A vingança dos remanescentes.

In Canterbury, a long-standing Brexiteer member of Parliament lost to a Labour candidate, apparently thanks to a surge in student voting.

Em Canterbury, um membro do Parlamento de longa data, defensor do Brex, perdeu para um candidato trabalhista, aparentemente graças a um aumento na votação dos estudantes.

In Kensington, an overwhelmingly Conservative seat — but also overwhelmingly anti-Brexit — the vote was so close that recounting was suspended at 8 a.m. on Friday so that election officials could go home and rest.

Em Kensington, uma cadeira esmagadoramente conservadora – mas também esmagadoramente anti-Brexit – a votação foi tão apertada que a recontagem foi suspensa às 8h00 de sexta-feira para que os funcionários eleitorais pudessem ir para casa e descansar.

Across the country, people voted Labour despite not liking Corbyn.

Em todo o país, as pessoas votaram nos Trabalhistas apesar de não gostarem de Corbyn. 

People told pollsters that they were worried about the future of the National Health Service, that they didn’t like May’s flip-flops on elderly care, that they were unnerved by instability unleashed by the Tories.

As pessoas disseram aos pesquisadores que estavam preocupadas com o futuro do Serviço Nacional de Saúde, que não gostaram das cambalhotas de May nos cuidados aos idosos, que estavam nervosas com a instabilidade desencadeada pelos Conservadores.

• "pollsters" – pesquisadores, entrevistadores, institutos de pesquisa.
• "unleashed" – desencadeada, liberada, solta.

[6º PARÁGRAFO]

Play to your base, insult your opponents: It’s a tactic beloved of many, including President Trump.

Jogue com base na sua base, insulte os seus oponentes: é uma tática apreciada por muitos, incluindo o presidente Trump.

But here’s a lesson for the opponents of populists all over the West: “Play to your base” doesn’t work when you have high turnout — and in this election it was higher than predicted.

Mas aqui vai uma lição para os oponentes dos populistas em todo o Ocidente: “Jogar para a sua base” não funciona quando há uma elevada participação – e nestas eleições foi superior ao previsto.

It doesn’t work when you face angry, alienated voters. And it didn’t work in Britain at all.

Não funciona quando você enfrenta eleitores irritados e alienados. E não funcionou na Grã-Bretanha.

[7º PARÁGRAFO]

The outcome is a disaster, but it’s hard not to enjoy the many ironies.

O resultado é um desastre, mas é difícil não gostar das muitas ironias.

The Tories campaigned against a “coalition of chaos” — but now it is they who lead exactly that.

Os Conservadores fizeram campanha contra uma “coligação do caos” – mas agora são eles que lideram exatamente isso.

May campaigned to get a larger majority, but now Britain has a hung Parliament, meaning that no party has enough seats to form a government.

May fez campanha para obter uma maioria maior, mas agora a Grã-Bretanha tem um Parlamento dividido, o que significa que nenhum partido tem assentos suficientes para formar um governo. 

May tried to portray herself as a singular leader, but now she can stay in power only with the help of one of the small Northern Irish parties.

May tentou apresentar-se como uma líder singular, mas agora só consegue permanecer no poder com a ajuda de um dos pequenos partidos da Irlanda do Norte.

If she remains prime minister — if her famously regicidal party doesn’t defenestrate her immediately — her majority will be neither strong nor stable, particularly because her party is torn by divisions over Brexit, too.

Se ela continuar a ser primeira-ministra – se o seu famoso partido regicida não a defender imediatamente – a sua maioria não será nem forte nem estável, especialmente porque o seu partido também está dilacerado por divisões sobre o Brexit.

[8º PARÁGRAFO]

It’s funny — but it’s also tragic, for May could have played all of this differently.

É engraçado – mas também é trágico, pois May poderia ter interpretado tudo isso de forma diferente.

When she took over last year, she could have recognized Brexit for the constitutional and political crisis that it has turned out to be.

Quando assumiu o cargo no ano passado, poderia ter reconhecido o Brexit pela crise constitucional e política que acabou por ser.

She could have called for national unity to deal with this divisive issue.

Ela poderia ter apelado à unidade nacional para lidar com esta questão divisiva.

She could have appealed across party lines, or asked people what outcome they preferred, or sought compromise.

Ela poderia ter apelado para além das linhas partidárias, ou perguntado às pessoas qual resultado elas preferiam, ou procurado um acordo.

Instead she stuck to her formula — “Hard Brexit,” tough-sounding language, “it’s all about immigration.” She kept her base — and lost everyone else.

Em vez disso, ela manteve a sua fórmula: “Brexit duro”, linguagem que soa dura, “é tudo uma questão de imigração”. Ela manteve sua base – e perdeu todos os outros.

Adapted from The Washington Post, June 9, 2017

• UKIP: United Kingdom Independence Party, a Euroskeptic and right-wing populist political party that is a strong supporter of Brexit.
• UKIP: Partido da Independência do Reino Unido, um partido político eurocético e populista de direita que é um forte defensor do Brexit.

❑ INTRODUÇÃO:
In this article from The Washington Post, Anne Applebaum analyzes the United Kingdom’s recent general election, in which Prime Minister Theresa May’s Conservative (Tory) Party suffered a great disappointment.
(Neste artigo do The Washington Post, Anne Applebaum analisa as recentes eleições gerais no Reino Unido, nas quais o Partido Conservador (Conservador) da Primeira-Ministra Theresa May sofreu uma grande desilusão.)
Presenting her thoughts against the backdrop of the Brexit controversy, the author looks at Britain’s parties and politicians, the behavior of Britain’s voters, and the election results. Read the text and answer the questions below. You are advised to read the questions carefully and give answers that are of direct relevance. Remember: Your answer to Question 1 must be written in Portuguese, but your answers to Questions 2 and 3 must be written in English. With these last two questions, you may use American English or British English, but you must be consistent throughout.

(Apresentando os seus pensamentos tendo como pano de fundo a controvérsia do Brexit, a autora analisa os partidos e os políticos britânicos, o comportamento dos eleitores britânicos e os resultados eleitorais. Leia o texto e responda às questões abaixo. Aconselhamos que você leia as perguntas com atenção e dê respostas que sejam de relevância direta. Lembre-se: Sua resposta à Pergunta 1 deve ser escrita em português, mas suas respostas às Perguntas 2 e 3 devem ser escritas em inglês. Com estas duas últimas perguntas, você pode usar o inglês americano ou o inglês britânico, mas deve ser consistente o tempo todo.)

01 – (FGV/VESTIBULAR-DIREITO-2019.1-1º SEMESTRE)

• In April 2017, citizens of the United Kingdom voted in an early general election that had been called by Prime Minister Theresa May. According to the information in the article, what did May hope to achieve by holding an election so soon after she had become Prime Minister? What logic did she use in her campaign? What mistakes did she make, and what could she have done to encourage a more favorable outcome [resultado]? What lesson can be drawn from this election?
• In your opinion, is Theresa May a good leader or a mediocre one? How would you describe her character and ability as well as her approach to Brexit? Does being a woman put her at a disadvantage in British politics?

      RESPOSTA      
 1ª PARTE :

>>(to be answered in Portuguese).
>>(This question tests your understanding of the text, as well as your ability to identify and paraphrase the relevant pieces of information. Your answer should fill up approximately 15 to 20 lines in the space provided.)

Em abril, Theresa May convocou uma eleição geral antecipada, confiante de que os eleitores do Partido de extrema direita UKIP agora endossariam seu “Hard Brexit” e seu populismo conservador inglês diluído.

A lógica que ela usou na campanha foi atacar estrangeiros, zombar da União Europeia e segurar a mão de Donald Trump. May se declarou a candidata “forte e estável”, prometeu negociações difíceis com a Europa e claramente esperava obter uma maioria maior.

Os erros cometidos pela primeira-ministra May foram:  ignorar os 48% do país que não votaram no Brexit, chamando-os de “cidadãos de lugar nenhum”; Ela ignorou a ansiedade que o Brexit criou e as consequências econômicas que agora estão apenas começando a aparecer. Ela ignorou os jovens, que preferiram permanecer na E.U. no ano passado e agora preferem o Partido Trabalhista aos Conservadores por uma margem enorme, 63% a 27%.

A fim de atingir um resultado mais favorável, May poderia ter jogado tudo isso de maneira diferente. Quando ela assumiu no ano passado, ela poderia ter reconhecido o Brexit pela crise constitucional e política que acabou sendo. Ela poderia ter clamado por unidade nacional para lidar com esta questão divisionista. Ela poderia ter apelado através das linhas partidárias, ou perguntado às pessoas que resultado elas preferiam, ou buscado um acordo. Em vez disso, ela manteve sua fórmula - "Hard Brexit", linguagem que soa dura, "é tudo sobre imigração." Ela manteve sua base - e perdeu todos os outros.

Mas aqui vai uma lição para os oponentes dos populistas de todo o Ocidente: “Jogar com sua base” não funciona quando você tem uma alta participação - e nesta eleição foi maior do que o previsto. Não funciona quando você enfrenta eleitores irritados e alienados. E não funcionou na Grã-Bretanha de jeito nenhum.

      RESPOSTA      
  2ª PARTE  :

• In your opinion, is Theresa May a good leader or a mediocre one? How would you describe her character and ability as well as her approach to Brexit? Does being a woman put her at a disadvantage in British politics?

Ela não é uma boa líder, pois embora o resultado do referendum tenha sido favorável à saída do Reino Unido da União Europeia, faltou à primeira-ministra um pouco de flexibilidade para lidar com questões políticas e econômicas, dada a complexidade do Brexit.

O fato de ser homem ou mulher não influi na capacidade do ser humano de ser um bom líder e comandar qualquer Estado, portanto, de forma alguma o fato de ser mulher a colocou em desvantagem na política britânica.

01 – (FGV/VESTIBULAR-DIREITO-2019.1-1º SEMESTRE)

(to be answered in English)
(This question tests your ability to express yourself in a manner that is clear, precise, and relevant. Your answer should fill up approximately 15 to 20 lines in the space provided.)

Allowing a person or entity that has freely entered a partnership or association to leave that partnership or association can be controversial. For example, although it is often a simple matter to quit a job, “quitting” the Armed Forces in time of war, even if you are a volunteer, is a crime. And one need only remember that some decades ago divorce was illegal in Brazil.

The United States came into being when 13 separate English colonies decided to leave the British Empire and form a federal union. As Thomas Jefferson wrote in the introduction to the Declaration of Independence, in 1776:
“We hold these truths to be self-evident:
that all men are created equal;
that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights;
that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness;
that to secure these rights, governments are instituted among men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed;
that whenever any form of government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the right of the people to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new government, laying its foundation on such principles and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their safety and happiness.”
• By 1860, however, the Southern states, believing that what they considered the tyranny of the Northern states and the Federal Government was threatening their way of life, a way of life supported by the institution of legalized slavery (which the South wanted not only to preserve but also to extend into new territories in the West), decided they had the right to secede and to form their own country, the Confederate States of America. President Abraham Lincoln declared they did not have such a right, and a bloody civil war ensued, at first to preserve the union but eventually to abolish slavery forever in the United States. At the war’s end, the South was all but destroyed.
• You should keep in mind that the Southerners wanted to preserve their independence and the inviolability of their culture – to “take back control,” so to speak. Moreover, at the beginning of the war, owning slaves, while controversial, was certainly not illegal, at least not in the South. You should keep in mind as well that had the Confederate States of America succeeded, it would have been the first country in history founded upon the idea of eternal slave labor and that, even before the war, Lincoln had said publicly, “If the Negro is a man, why then my ancient faith teaches me that ‘all men are created equal’; and that there can be no moral right in connection with one man’s making a slave of another.”
• In your opinion, therefore, did the South, which had voluntarily become part of the United States, have the right to secede? What about the rights of those human beings the South kept in bondage [escravidão]? If the South had not permitted slavery, would it then have had the right to leave the United States – or would the existence or non-existence of slavery have been irrelevant in this question?
• Furthermore, is it possible that Brexit – which is also causing serious personal, economic, and diplomatic problems for Britain and Europe, but has not led to war – could be right, but the South’s attempted secession wrong? How are the two situations similar or different? In short, when may a geopolitical entity be justified in separating itself from a union with other geopolitical entities? What should be the guiding principle: law, morality, common sense?
• In answering, you should present clear, well-balanced, and specific reasons for your point of view.

QUESTION 3 (to be answered in English)
(This question tests your ability to construct a balanced, considered, and fluent argument in the form of a short composition. Your answer should fill up approximately 15 to 20 lines in the space provided.)
• “I set out on this ground, which I suppose to be self-evident, that the earth belongs in usufruct to the living; that the dead have neither powers nor rights over it… Then, no man can, by natural right, oblige the lands he occupied, or the persons who succeed him in the occupation, to the payment of debts contracted by him. For if he could, he might during his own life, eat up the usufruct of the lands for several generations to come; and then the lands would belong to the dead, and not to the living, which is the reverse of our principle.” – Thomas Jefferson (1789)
• “Each generation…has a right to choose for itself the form of government it believes the most promotive of its own happiness.”

– Thomas Jefferson (1816)
• “From the earliest times the old have rubbed it into the young that they are wiser than they, and before the young had discovered what nonsense this was they were old too, and it profited them to carry on the imposture.”

– W. Somerset Maugham (1930)
•“I want my country back.” “I don’t recognize the U.K. anymore.” “We’re losing our identity.” “Immigrants come over here to take our jobs or to live the easy life on public assistance. Britain should be for the British, not for a bunch of lazy, irresponsible, and possibly dangerous foreigners.”

– What many Brexit supporters said before the referendum.
• With the above ideas in mind, consider the following question: If the people of a country vote on an irrevocable decision, should all votes be equal? After all, British young people, who overwhelmingly wanted to remain in the E.U., are the ones who will have to spend the majority of their adult lives dealing with the after-effects of the decision to leave, a decision made in large part by their elders, who, while presumably wiser than they, will (statistically speaking) not need to suffer for so long if that decision turns out to have been a bad one.
• So, just as there is an age limit for voting, should some questions be restricted to a certain group? In a representative democracy, the principle of one person, one vote is sacrosanct. That being so, in your opinion, it is fair or is it the tyranny of a self-interested majority to implement decisions that will negatively affect one generation in perpetuity? Is there any way around this or must we accept that democracy is imperfect and that sometimes people, like it or not, will suffer because of political decisions?
• The following may help you formulate an answer: 
According to The Economist, because of Brexit the U.K. can expect its economy to shrink by 2.4%, even more if immigration is restricted. Only 40% of British young people aged 18 to 24 bothered to vote in the referendum that, to the surprise of many, approved Brexit.
Last and perhaps most important, should the U.K. declare Brexit null and void, and petition to be reinstated in the E.U.?
• In answering, you may take into account legal, ethical, and practical considerations, but please strive to be as clear-sighted and logical as possible, supporting your point of view with specific arguments and examples.

FGV–VESTIBULAR–EESP–2019.1–COLLEGE ENTRANCE EXAMINATION, ANSWERS & LEXICAL APPROACH.

www.inglesparaconcursos.blog.br

❑  PROVA DE LÍNGUA INGLESA:

• FGV/VESTIBULAR-2019.1-ESCOLA DE ECONOMIA DE SÃO PAULO-1º SEMESTRE-Aplicada em 18/11/18.

https://vestibular.fgv.br

❑ ESTRUTURA-PROVA:

• • 15 MCQs (Multiple Choice Question) / 5 Options Each Question.
• Texto – | How to fix inequality | The Economist |

PROVA, TRADUÇÃO, GABARITO & MUITO VOCABULÁRIO

❑ PROVA:

❑ PROVA: Read the text in order to answer questions from 76 to 90.

How to fix inequality

Como corregir a desigualdade

September 10, 2018 by N.B.

Introduction

In an age of widening inequality, the Stanford professor Walter Scheidel believes he has cracked the code on how to overcome it in his book “The Great Leveler”.

Numa época de crescente desigualdade, o professor de Stanford, Walter Scheidel, acredita ter decifrado o código sobre a forma de a ultrapassar no seu livro “The Great Leveler”.

The Economist’s Open Future initiative asked Mr Scheidel to reply to a number of questions.
A iniciativa Open Future da Economist pediu ao Sr. Scheidel que respondesse a uma série de questões.
1. The Economist:

Is society incapable of tackling income inequality peacefully?

A sociedade é incapaz de enfrentar a desigualdade de rendimentos de forma pacífica?
Walter Scheidel:

No, but history shows that there are limits. There is a big difference between maintaining existing arrangements that successfully check inequality — Scandinavia is a good example — and significantly reducing it.

Não, mas a história mostra que há limites. Existe uma grande diferença entre manter os mecanismos existentes que controlam com sucesso a desigualdade – a Escandinávia é um bom exemplo – e reduzi-la significativamente.

The latter requires real change and that is always much harder to do: think of America or Britain, not to mention Brazil, China or India.

O último exige mudanças reais e isso é sempre muito mais difícil de fazer: pense-se na América ou na Grã-Bretanha, para não falar do Brasil, da China ou da Índia. 

The modern welfare state does a reasonably good job of compensating for inequality before taxes and transfers.

O Estado-providência moderno faz razoavelmente um bom trabalho na compensação da desigualdade antes de impostos e transferências.

However, for more substantial levelling to occur, the established order needs to be shaken up: the greater the shock to the system, the easier it becomes to reduce privilege at the top.
Contudo, para que ocorra um nivelamento mais substancial, a ordem vigente precisa de ser abalada: quanto maior o choque no sistema, mais fácil se torna reduzir os privilégios no topo.

• "the established order" - a ordem vigente.

2. The Economist:

Are we really living in an implacable period of wealth inequality — or was the relatively equal society that followed the Second World War the real aberration?

Vivemos realmente num período implacável de desigualdade de riqueza – ou foi a sociedade relativamente igualitária que se seguiu à Segunda Guerra Mundial a verdadeira aberração?
>> "IMPLACABEL" (IMPLACÁVEL) – A useful adjective from placate is implacable. It is used about someone’s opinions and feelings and means that they cannot be changed, e.g. I cannot understand the implacable hatred that he still feels for his old rival. (Note: placable doesn’t exist.).

• an implacable enemy. (Um inimigo implacável)
• implacable hostility. (Hostilidade implacável)
• implacable opposition. (Oposição implacável)
• implacable hatred. (ódio implacável)

Walter Scheidel:

When we view history over the long run, we can see that this experience was certainly a novelty.

Quando olhamos para a história a longo prazo, podemos perceber que esta experiência foi certamente uma novidade. 

We now know that modernisation as such does not reliably reduce inequality.

Sabemos agora que a modernização, enquanto tal, não reduz de forma fiável a desigualdade. 

Many things had to come together to make this happen, such as very high income and estate taxes, strong labour unions, and intrusive regulations and controls.

Muitas coisas tiveram de se conjugar para que isto acontecesse, tais como impostos muito elevados sobre o rendimento e a propriedade, sindicatos fortes e regulamentações e controlos intrusivos.

Since the 1980s, liberalisation and globalisation have allowed inequality to rise again.

Desde a década de 1980, a liberalização e a globalização permitiram que a desigualdade voltasse a aumentar. 

Even so, wealth concentration in Europe is nowhere near as high as it was a century ago.

Ainda assim, a concentração de riqueza na Europa está longe de ser tão elevada como há um século. 

Like Europe, America, meanwhile, is getting there — which shows that it all depends on where you look.
Tal como a Europa, a América, entretanto, está chegando lá – o que mostra que tudo depende para onde se olha.
3. The Economist:

How do artificial intelligence and automation fit in to your thinking? Will they be a calamity for employment and thus for equality? Or might they unleash extraordinary productivity and improvements in living standards that actually narrow inequality?

Como é que a inteligência artificial e a automação se enquadram no seu pensamento? Serão uma calamidade para o emprego e, por conseguinte, para a igualdade? Ou poderão desencadear uma produtividade extraordinária e melhorias nos níveis de vida que, na realidade, reduzam a desigualdade?
Walter Scheidel:

Ideally, we would like education to keep up with technological change to make sure workers have the skills they need to face this challenge.

Idealmente, gostaríamos que a educação acompanhasse as mudanças tecnológicas para garantir que os trabalhadores tivessem as competências necessárias para enfrentar este desafio.

But in practice, there will always be losers, and even basic-income schemes can take us only so far.

Mas, na prática, haverá sempre perdedores e mesmo os regimes de rendimento básico só nos podem levar até certo ponto.

At the end of the day, someone owns the robots.

No final do dia, alguém é dono dos robôs.

As long as the capitalist world system is in place, it is hard to see how even huge productivity gains from greater automation would benefit society evenly instead of funnelling even more income and wealth to those who are in the best position to pocket these gains.

Enquanto o sistema mundial capitalista estiver em vigor, é difícil ver como é que mesmo os enormes ganhos de produtividade resultantes de uma maior automatização beneficiariam a sociedade de forma uniforme, em vez de canalizar ainda mais rendimento e riqueza para aqueles que estão em melhor posição para embolsar esses ganhos.

76 – (FGV/VESTIBULAR-2019.1-ECONOMIA-1º SEMESTRE) The text intends to

(A) show that economic inequality may be tackled based on previous historical experiences.
(B) praise the Stanford professor Walter Scheidel as well as advertise his newly released book.
(C) demonstrate that it is impossible to reduce income differences in most socialist countries.
(D) discuss and provide insights to overcome economic inequality in the modern world.
(E) defend a fair tax system in order to avoid privileges and excessive rights.

      Comentários e Gabarito    D  
TÓPICOS - VOCABULÁRIO & RELAÇÃO SEMÂNTICA COM TRECHO DO TEXTO:

The text intends to

(A) show that economic inequality may be tackled based on previous historical experiences.

mostrar que a desigualdade econômica pode ser combatida com base em experiências históricas anteriores.
(B) praise the Stanford professor Walter Scheidel as well as advertise his newly released book.

elogiar o professor de Stanford Walter Scheidel, bem como divulgar o seu livro recentemente lançado.
(C) demonstrate that it is impossible to reduce income differences in most socialist countries.

demonstrar que é impossível reduzir as diferenças de rendimento na maioria dos países socialistas.
(D) discuss and provide insights to overcome economic inequality in the modern world.

discutir e fornecer insights para superar a desigualdade econômica no mundo moderno.

• "[...] In an age of widening inequality, the Stanford professor Walter Scheidel believes he has cracked the code on how to overcome it in his book “The Great Leveler”. The Economist’s Open Future initiative asked Mr Scheidel to reply to a number of questions."
• Numa época de crescente desigualdade, o professor de Stanford, Walter Scheidel, acredita ter decifrado o código sobre a forma de a superar no seu livro “The Great Leveler”. A iniciativa Open Future da Economist pediu ao Sr. Scheidel que respondesse a uma série de questões.

(E) defend a fair tax system in order to avoid privileges and excessive rights.

defender um sistema fiscal justo, de forma a evitar privilégios e direitos excessivos.

77 – (FGV/VESTIBULAR-2019.1-ECONOMIA-1º SEMESTRE)

In the excerpt from the introduction

• “Walter Scheidel believes he has cracked the code on how to overcome it”, the expression in bold means that he has

(A) created a new code.
(B) figured out the solution.
(C) identified the flaw.
(D) found how to fix the code.
(E) explained how the legal system works.

      Comentários e Gabarito    B  
TÓPICO - IDIOM "CRACK THE CODE (quebrar ou decifrar o código) → To discover a solution to a particularly difficult or complicated problem. - DESCOBRIR / ENCONTRAR UMA SOLUÇÃO para um problema particularmente difícil ou complicado":

In the excerpt from the introduction

• “Walter Scheidel believes he has cracked the code on how to overcome it”, the expression in bold means that he has

(A) created a new code. (criou um novo código)
(B) figured out the solution. (encontrou a solução)
(C) identified the flaw. (identificou a falha)
(D) found how to fix the code. (encontrou como corrigir o código)
(E) explained how the legal system works. (explicou como funciona o sistema jurídico)

>> "CRACK THE CODE" → Semanticamente é equivalente a frase "TO FIGURE OUT THE SOLUTION".

• The media company seems to have cracked the code of what consumers want from a streaming service. - A provedora de mídia parece ter descoberto a solução para os consumidores que querem serviço de transmissão on-line. [The Free Dictionary Dictionary]
• Problematic students can be especially frustrating for teachers, but if you devote additional time and effort, you should be able to crack the code. - Alunos problemáticos podem ser especialmente frustrantes para os professores, mas se você dedicar mais tempo e esforço, poderá descobrir a solução. [The Free Dictionary Dictionary]

78 – (FGV/VESTIBULAR-2019.1-ECONOMIA-1º SEMESTRE) In Walter Scheidel's answer to the first question, he

(A) poses that there are two situations that have to be treated differently.
(B) believes that Brazil, China and India should follow the example of America or Britain.
(C) states that Scandinavia needs to forward changes in order to control inequality.
(D) considers America and Britain as wealthy societies that need a system shock.
(E) says that Brazil, China and India have already checked inequality.

      Comentários e Gabarito    A  
TÓPICOS - VOCABULÁRIO & RELAÇÃO SEMÂNTICA COM TRECHO DO TEXTO:

In Walter Scheidel's answer to the first question, he

Na resposta de Walter Scheidel à primeira questão, ele

(A) poses that there are two situations that have to be treated differently.

afirma que existem duas situações que devem ser tratadas de forma diferente.

• "[...] There is a big difference between maintaining existing arrangements that successfully check inequality — Scandinavia is a good example — and significantly reducing it."
• Existe uma grande diferença entre manter os mecanismos existentes que controlam com sucesso a desigualdade – a Escandinávia é um bom exemplo – e reduzi-la significativamente.

(B) believes that Brazil, China and India should follow the example of America or Britain.

acredita que o Brasil, a China e a Índia devem seguir o exemplo da América ou da Grã-Bretanha.
(C) states that Scandinavia needs to forward changes in order to control inequality.

afirma que a Escandinávia precisa fazer avançar mudanças para controlar a desigualdade.
(D) considers America and Britain as wealthy societies that need a system shock.

considera a América e a Grã-Bretanha como sociedades ricas que necessitam de um choque sistêmico.
(E) says that Brazil, China and India have already checked inequality.

diz que o Brasil, a China e a Índia já verificaram a desigualdade.

79 – (FGV/VESTIBULAR-2019.1-ECONOMIA-1º SEMESTRE) According to Walter Scheidel’s answer to the first question, in order to reduce inequality substantially, there should be

(A) a peaceful approach.
(B) a preservation of successful arrangements.
(C) an improvement of the welfare state.
(D) a tax and transfer compensation.
(E) an impact to the established order.

      Comentários e Gabarito    E  
TÓPICO - NOUN PHRASE "THE ESTABLISHED ORDER":

According to Walter Scheidel’s answer to the first question, in order to reduce inequality substantially, there should be

De acordo com a resposta de Walter Scheidel à primeira questão, para reduzir substancialmente a desigualdade, deveria haver

(A) a peaceful approach.

uma abordagem pacífica.
(B) a preservation of successful arrangements.

uma preservação dos arranjos bem-sucedidos.
(C) an improvement of the welfare state.

uma melhoria do estado de bem-estar social.
(D) a tax and transfer compensation.

uma compensação fiscal e de transferência.
(E) an impact to the established order.

impacto na ordem vigente.

• "[...] However, for more substantial levelling to occur, the established order needs to be shaken up: the greater the shock to the system, the easier it becomes to reduce privilege at the top.
• Contudo, para que ocorra um nivelamento mais substancial, a ordem vigente precisa de ser abalada: quanto maior o choque no sistema, mais fácil se torna reduzir os privilégios no topo.

>> "THE ESTABLISHED ORDER" - A ORDEM VIGENTE, A ORDEM INSTITUÍDA.

80 – (FGV/VESTIBULAR-2019.1-ECONOMIA-1º SEMESTRE)

In the excerpt from Walter Scheidel’s first answer

• "The latter requires real change”, the expression in bold refers to

(A) limits.
(B) maintaining existing arrangements.
(C) Scandinavia.
(D) reducing inequality.
(E) real change.

      Comentários e Gabarito    D  
TÓPICO - THE LATER (the second of two people, things, or groups previously mentioned):

• No, but history shows that there are limits. There is a big difference between maintaining existing arrangements that successfully check inequality — Scandinavia is a good example — and significantly reducing it. The latter requires real change and that is always much harder to do: think of America or Britain, not to mention Brazil, China or India.

"The latter requires real change”, the expression in bold refers to

(A) limits.
(B) maintaining existing arrangements.
(C) Scandinavia.
(D) reducing inequality.
(E) real change.

>> "THE LATTER" - A segunda de duas coisas ou pessoas que foram mencionadas,

81 – (FGV/VESTIBULAR-2019.1-ECONOMIA-1º SEMESTRE)

In the excerpt from Walter Scheidel’s first answer

• "However, for more substantial levelling to occur”, the word in bold can be correctly replaced by

(A) Meanwhile.
(B) Insofar as.
(C) Nevertheless.
(D) Unlike.
(E) Furthermore.

      Comentários e Gabarito    C  
TÓPICO - HOWEVER (= Nevertheless):

• "However, for more substantial levelling to occur”, the word in bold can be correctly replaced by

(A) Meanwhile.
(B) Insofar as.
(C) Nevertheless.
(D) Unlike.
(E) Furthermore.

>> "HOWEVER" (= DESPITE THIS) - indicates an idea that contrasts with one just mentioned. - SYNONNYM: NEVERTHELESS, NONETHELESS, NOTWITHSTANDING, HOWBEIT. (www.merriam-webster.com)

82 – (FGV/VESTIBULAR-2019.1-ECONOMIA-1º SEMESTRE) The second questions made by The Economist assume that

(A) income inequality has always been the same last century.
(B) after the Second World War, society

 became more equal than before.
(C) both equality and inequality are historically transitory in our society.
(D) the Second World War aided wealth concentration and therefore inequality.
(E) conflicts such as wars reorganise and concentrate wealth among the countries involved.

      Comentários e Gabarito    B  
TÓPICOS - VOCABULÁRIO & RELAÇÃO SEMÂNTICA COM TRECHO DO TEXTO:

The second questions made by The Economist assume that

A segunda questão colocada pelo The Economist presume que

(A) income inequality has always been the same last century.

a desigualdade de rendimentos foi sempre a mesma no século passado.
(B) after the Second World War, society became more equal than before.

após a Segunda Guerra Mundial, a sociedade  tornou-se mais igual do que antes.

• "[...] Are we really living in an implacable period of wealth inequality — or was the relatively equal society that followed the Second World War the real aberration?"
• Vivemos realmente num período implacável de desigualdade de riqueza – ou foi a sociedade relativamente igualitária que se seguiu à Segunda Guerra Mundial a verdadeira aberração?

(C) both equality and inequality are historically transitory in our society.

tanto a igualdade como a desigualdade são historicamente transitórias na nossa sociedade.
(D) the Second World War aided wealth concentration and therefore inequality.

a Segunda Guerra Mundial ajudou na concentração da riqueza e, por conseguinte, na desigualdade.
(E) conflicts such as wars reorganise and concentrate wealth among the countries involved.

os conflitos como as guerras reorganizam e concentram a riqueza entre os países envolvidos.

83 – (FGV/VESTIBULAR-2019.1-ECONOMIA-1º SEMESTRE) In the excerpt from Walter Scheidel’s second answer

• “Many things had to come together to make this happen”, an example of the word in bold is

(A) a novelty.
(B) modernisation.
(C) strong labour unions.
(D) liberalisation and globalisation.
(E) wealth concentration.

      Comentários e Gabarito    C  
TÓPICOS - VOCABULÁRIO & RELAÇÃO SEMÂNTICA COM TRECHO DO TEXTO:

In the excerpt from Walter Scheidel’s second answer

No excerto da segunda resposta de Walter Scheidel

• “Many things had to come together to make this happen”,
• Muitas coisas tiveram de se unir para que isto acontecesse

an example of the word in bold is

um exemplo da palavra em negrito é

(A) a novelty.

uma novidade.
(B) modernisation.

modernização.
(C) strong labour unions.

sindicatos fortes.
(D) liberalisation and globalisation.

liberalização e a globalização.
(E) wealth concentration.

concentração de riqueza.

> TRECHO QUE JUSTIFICA:

• "[...] Many things had to come together to make this happen, such as very high income and estate taxes, strong labour unions, and intrusive regulations and controls."
• Muitas coisas tiveram de se conjugar para que isto acontecesse, tais como impostos muito elevados sobre o rendimento e a propriedade, sindicatos fortes e regulamentações e controlos intrusivos.

84 – (FGV/VESTIBULAR-2019.1-ECONOMIA-1º SEMESTRE)

The excerpt from Walter Scheidel’s second answer

• “Even so, wealth concentration in Europe is nowhere near as high as it was a century ago”, means that wealth concentration in Europe, compared to a century ago, is

(A) much lower now.
(B) substantially higher now.
(C) similarly low.
(D) as high as it was.
(E) getting increasingly higher.

      Comentários e Gabarito    A  
TÓPICOS - VOCABULÁRIO & RELAÇÃO SEMÂNTICA COM TRECHO DO TEXTO:

85 – (FGV/VESTIBULAR-2019.1-ECONOMIA-1º SEMESTRE)

The excerpt from Walter Scheidel’s second answer

• “Like Europe, America, meanwhile, is getting there” means that

(A) inequality has risen in America due to globalisation.

(B) America needs a strong liberalising shock.
(C) America has always displayed a very high income.
(D) intrusive regulations and controls are slowly taking place in America.
(E) wealth concentration is diminishing in America.

      Comentários e Gabarito    A  
TÓPICOS - VOCABULÁRIO & RELAÇÃO SEMÂNTICA COM TRECHO DO TEXTO:

86 – (FGV/VESTIBULAR-2019.1-ECONOMIA-1º SEMESTRE)

In the excerpt from the third question made by The Economist

• “Will they be a calamity for employment and thus for equality?”, the word in bold denotes

(A) consequence.
(B) alternative.
(C) addition.
(D) exclusion.
(E) purpose.

      Comentários e Gabarito    A  
TÓPICOS - VOCABULÁRIO & RELAÇÃO SEMÂNTICA COM TRECHO DO TEXTO:

87 – (FGV/VESTIBULAR-2019.1-ECONOMIA-1º SEMESTRE)

In the excerpt from the third question made by The Economist

• “Or might they unleash extraordinary productivity and improvements in living standards that actually narrow inequality?”, the word in bold can be correctly replaced, without meaning change, by

(A) must.
(B) have.
(C) will.
(D) could.
(E) ought.

      Comentários e Gabarito    D  
TÓPICOS - VOCABULÁRIO & RELAÇÃO SEMÂNTICA COM TRECHO DO TEXTO:

88 – (FGV/VESTIBULAR-2019.1-ECONOMIA-1º SEMESTRE)

In his third answer, Walter Scheidel states that

(A) inequality will be narrowed by technology.
(B) artificial intelligence and automation will benefit the owners of robots.
(C) unless workers get updated with technology, they will become the usual losers.
(D) gains from automation will create new jobs and reverse inequality.
(E) only skilled workers will survive automation and protect their income.

      Comentários e Gabarito    B  
TÓPICOS - VOCABULÁRIO & RELAÇÃO SEMÂNTICA COM TRECHO DO TEXTO:

80 – (FGV/VESTIBULAR-2019.1-ECONOMIA-1º SEMESTRE)

In the excerpt from Walter Scheidel’s third answer

• "As long as the capitalist world system is in place”, the expression in bold can be correctly replaced by

(A) All in all.
(B) After all.
(C) While.
(D) Whenever.
(E) Aside.

      Comentários e Gabarito    C  
TÓPICOS - VOCABULÁRIO & RELAÇÃO SEMÂNTICA COM TRECHO DO TEXTO:

90 – (FGV/VESTIBULAR-2019.1-ECONOMIA-1º SEMESTRE)

In the excerpt from Walter Scheidel’s third answer

• “gains from greater automation would benefit society evenly instead of funnelling even more income and wealth”, the word in bold means

(A) continuously.
(B) indirectly.
(C) partially.
(D) objectively.
(E) fairly.

      Comentários e Gabarito    E  
TÓPICOS - VOCABULÁRIO & RELAÇÃO SEMÂNTICA COM TRECHO DO TEXTO: