DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS ( PRONOMES DEMONSTRATIVOS ) - Grammar.

Neste post, veremos os  "DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS".
Os "DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS" indicam posição (perto /longe) das coisas ou seres em relação as pessoas do discurso.

1. São eles:"THIS"/"THESE"-"THAT/THOSE".
2. A pronúncia de "THIS" é (dês) e significa "Este","Esta" ou "Isto".
3. A pronúncia de "THESE" é (díz) e significa "Estes" ou "Estas".
4. "THESE"(díz) é o plural de "THIS" é (dês).
5. Utilizamos os demonstrativos "THIS"/"THESE" para indicarem seres que estão PERTO ou estão no ALCANCE de quem fala, portanto expressam PROXIMIDADE.
6. A pronúncia de "THAT" pode ser (dát) ou (dét) e  significa "Aquele","Aquela" ou "Aquilo".
7. A pronúncia de "THOSE" é (Dôuz) e significa "Aqueles" ou "Aquelas".
8. "THOSE"(Dôuz) é o plural de "THAT"(dét).
9. Utilizamos os demonstrativos "THAT"/"THOSE" para indicarem seres que estão LONGE de quem fala.
10. Resumindo: 
11. PERTO SINGULAR =>"THIS"(dês)
12. PERTO PLURAL =>"THESE"(díz)
13. LONGE SINGULAR =>"THAT"(dét)
14. LONGE PLURAL =>"THOSE"(Dôuz)
15. Veja exemplos com o pronome "THIS" para PERTO SINGULAR:
16. This is mine.(Este é o meu.)
17. This car is mine. (Este carro é o meu.)
18. This bike is mine. (Esta bicicleta é a minha.)
19. This bottle of water.(Esta garrafa de água.)
20. This is my son.(Este é o meu filho.)
21. This is my daughter.(Esta é a minha filha.)
22. This is my nephew.(Este é o meu sobrinho.)
23. This is my niece.(Esta é a minha sobrinha.)
24. Whose coffee cup is this?"(De quem é esta xícara de café?"
25. This is the one I was looking for.(Isso é o que eu estava procurando."
26. Peter,this is my friend Michael Jay. (Peter, este é o meu amigo Michael Jay.)
27. "This is my friend whom I just told you about.(Este é o meu amigo de quem eu acabei de falar para você.).
28. LEMBRANDO: o pronome relativo WHOM sempre é preposicionado, por isso que aparece a preposição ABOUT no exemplo dado .É apenas uma questão de sintaxe gramatical.
29. Hello! This is Peter Jay. (Olá! É o Peter Jay.)
30. Hello! This is Rachel Maddow."(Olá! É a Rachel Maddow.)
31. Whom is this film about? (Sobre quem é esse filme?) 
32. Whom is this movie about?"(Sobre quem é esse filme?)
33. Veja exemplos com o pronome "THESE" para PERTO PLURAL:
34. These are mine.(Estes são os meus.)
35. These are yours.(Estes são os seus.)
36. These are hers.(Estes são os dela.)
37. These sneakers are hers.(Estes tênis são os dela.)
38. These are my children.(Estes são os meus filhos.)
39. A palavra "CHILDREN" significa "filhos", o que implica que se deve ter pelo menos um filho e pelo menos uma filha entre os filhos.
40. Quando se tem apenas filhos dizemos "SONS" e quando se tem apenas filhas dizemos "DAUGHTERS".
41. These are my daughters.(Estas são as minhas filhas.)
42. These are my grandchildren.(Estas são os minhas netos.)
43. These are my nephews.(Estes são os meus sobrinhos."
44. These are my niece.(Estes são as minhas sobrinhas.)
45. Are these keys yours?(Estas chaves são as suas?)
46. Veja exemplos com o pronome "THAT" para LONGE SINGULAR:
47. She looks dreadful in that dress."(Ela fica péssima (=horrorosa) naquele vestido.)
48. Is that car yours?(Aquele carro é o seu?)
49. Is that house yours?(Aquela casa é a sua?)
50. Why did I do this? Why did I do that? Why?"(Por que eu fiz isso? Por que eu fiz aquilo? Por que?"
51. Veja exemplos com o pronome "THOSE" para LONGE PLURAL:
52. Those are mine.(Aqueles são os meus.)
53. Those on the table are mine.(Aqueles na mesa são os meus.)
54. Those are yours.(Aqueles são os seus.)
55. Those are hers.(Aqueles são os dela.)
56. How old are those jeans?!"(Quantos anos tem aqueles jeans?!)
57. How old are those sneakers?!(Quantos anos tem aqueles tênis?!)
58. How old are those boots?!(Quantos anos tem aquelas botas?!)
59. DETALHE IMPORTANTE:
60. Há algumas expressões idiomáticas do dia a dia com uso do pronome "THAT" cujo significado pode ser: "ISSO","ESSA","DISSO":
61. "What´s that?."(O que é isso?)
62. "What is that?."(O que é isso?)
63. "That´s it!."(É isso aí!),(Isso mesmo!)
64. "That´s what I want."(É isso o que eu quero.)
65. "That´s what I wish."(É isso o que eu desejo.)
66. "But that´s ridiculous!"(Mas isso é ridículo!)
67. "Who told you that?"(Quem te disse(=contou) isso?)
68. "Who´s that speaking?"(Quem é que fala?)
69. "I´m sorry I say that."(Desculpe-me por ter dito isso."
70. "Rachel,is that you?"(Rachel, é você?)
71. "Peter,is that you?"(Peter, é você?)
72. "Remember that!"(Lembre-se disso!)
73.  Sugiro também, para complementar a explicação, consultar os excelentes dicionários na internet:
74. http://dictionary.reference.com/
75. http://www.merriam-webster.com/

DIPLOMATA–CACD–TPS–2015–LÍNGUA INGLESA–CEBRASPE–GABARITO, TEXTOS TRADUZIDOS & AQUISIÇÃO DE VOCABULÁRIO.

www.inglesparaconcursos.blog.br

❑ PROVA DE LÍNGUA INGLESA:

• DIPLOMATA-CACD-TPS-2015-CEBRASPE-APLICAÇÃO 02/08/2015.

❑ ESTRUTURA-TESTE DE PRÉ-SELEÇÃO:

• 13 TFQs (True False Question) / 4 Options Each Question.

❑ TEXTO:

➧ GABARITO:

01-ECEE, 02-CCEE, 03-ECCX, 04-CCEE, 05-CECE

06-ECEE, 07-EECC, 08-CEEC, 09-CECE, 10-CECE

 11-ECCE, 12-EECC, 13-ECEE

➧ TEXT I: Text for questions from 01 to 03.

Most of the recent scholarly works on the evolution of diplomacy highlight the added complexity in which “states and other international actors communicate, negotiate and otherwise interact” in the 21st 4 century. Diplomacy has to take into account “the crazy-quilt nature of modern interdependence”. Decision-making on the international stage  involves what has been depicted as “two level games” or “double-edged diplomacy”. With accentuated forms of globalization the scope of diplomacy as the “engine room” of International Relations has moved beyond the traditional core concerns to encompass a myriad set of issue areas. And the boundaries of participation in diplomacy — and the very  definition of diplomats — have broadened as well, albeit in a still contested fashion. In a variety of ways, therefore, not only its methods but also its objectives are far more expansive than ever before.

Yet, while the theme of complexity radiates through the pages of this book, changed circumstances and the stretching of form, scope, and intensity do not only produce fragmentation but centralization in terms of purposive acts. Amid the larger debates about the diversity of principals,  agents, and intermediaries, the space in modern diplomacy for leadership by personalities at the apex of power has expanded. At odds with the counter-image of horizontal breadth with an open-ended nature, the dynamic of 21st 25 -century diplomacy remains highly vertically oriented and individual-centric.

To showcase this phenomenon, however, is no to suggest ossification. In terms of causation, the dependence on leaders is largely a reaction to complexity. With the shift to multi-party, multi-channel, multi-issue negotiations, with  domestic as well as international interests and values in play, leaders are often the only actors who can cut through the complexity and make the necessary trade-offs to allow deadlocks to be broken. In terms of communication and other modes of representation, bringing in leaders differentiates and elevates issues from the bureaucratic arena.

In terms of effect, the primacy of leaders reinforces elements of both club and network diplomacy. In its most visible manifestation via summit diplomacy, the image of club diplomacy explicitly differentiates the status and role of insiders and outsiders and thus the hierarchical nature of diplomacy. Although “large teams of representatives” are involved in this central form of international practice, it is the “organized performances” of leaders that possess the most salience. At the same time, though, the galvanizing or catalytic dimension of leader-driven diplomacy provides new avenues and legitimation for network diplomacy, with many decisions of summits being outsourced to actors who did not participate  at the summit but possess the technical knowledge, institutional credibility, and resources to enhance results.

Andrew F. Cooper. The changing nature of diplomacy. In: Andrew F. Cooper and Jorge Heine.

The Oxford Handbook of Modern Diplomacy.Oxford:

Oxford University Press, 2013. p. 36 (adapted).

01. (CESPE-CEBRASPE-2015-MRE-DIPLOMATA-1ª FASE)

In reference to the text, decide whether the following statements are right (C) or wrong (E).

1 The hierarchical structure of the diplomatic services in the 21st century is remarkably different from that prevalent in the previous centuries.
2 In the first paragraph, the author presents the main ideas he collected from “Most of the recent scholarly works” (R.1) on which his argument is built along the text.
3 The text presents an opposition between club diplomacy and network diplomacy, which are different and irreconcilable ways of settling international conflicts.
4 Discussions about inclusiveness and diversity in diplomatic circles have led to the expansion of the power of some countries.

02. (CESPE-CEBRASPE-2015-MRE-DIPLOMATA-1ª FASE)

In relation to the content and the vocabulary of the text, decide whether the following statements are right (C) or wrong (E).

1 From the third paragraph, it is correct to infer that the more complex the diplomatic scenario, the more necessary the presence of leaders is.
2 As far as textual unity is concerned, “Yet” provides a transition from the first to the second paragraphs, and establishes a contrast between the ideas in each of them.
3 The expressions “two level games” (R.7) and “double-edged diplomacy” (R.8) refer to a kind of diplomacy characterized by the presence of two types of actors: political leaders and technical diplomats.
4 The idea expressed by the fragment “diversity of principals, agents, and intermediaries” (R. 21 and 22) stands in sharp contrast to the one introduced by “horizontal breadth with an open-ended nature” (R. 24 and 25).

03. (CESPE-CEBRASPE-2015-MRE-DIPLOMATA-1ª FASE)

Each of the fragments from the text presented below is followed by a suggestion of rewriting. Decide whether the suggestion given maintains the meaning, coherence and grammar correction of the text (C) or not (E).

1 “At odds with” (R.24): As bizarre as
2 “make the necessary trade-offs to allow deadlocks to be broken” (R.33 and 34): strike a compromise as a way out of an impasse
3 “to encompass a myriad set of issue areas” (R.11): to comprise a vast range of fields of interest
4 “To showcase this phenomenon, however, is no to suggest ossification” (R. 27 and 28): Highlighting this fact does not amount to acknowledging stagnation.

➧ TEXT II: Text for questions from 04 to 07.

           

Barbara Dawson, director of the Hugh Lane Gallery in Dublin, remembers very clearly the day in 1997 when she climbed the steep stairs and entered Francis Bacon’s studio at 7 Reece Mews, South Kensington. It had been left the way it was when he passed away, on April 28 1992, and it was a chaos of slashed canvases, paint-splashed walls, cloths, brushes, champagne boxes, and a large mirror. She stood and stared for a long time, in a kind of incredulity, “and actually it became quite beautiful.” She began to see “paths cut through it,” and details. “The last unfinished painting was on the easel when I went in there, and on the floor underneath the easel was a short article on George Michael, the singer, about how he liked to be photographed from one side. It was like looking into somebody’s mind”.

Reece Mews was tiny, and apart from the studio consisted of two rooms — a kitchen that contained a bath, and a living room that doubled as a bedroom. The studio had one skylight, and Bacon usually worked there in the mornings. He tried to paint elsewhere — in South Africa, for example, when he was visiting family, but couldn’t. (Too much light, was the rather surprising objection.) He liked the size and general frugality, too.

Dawson recognised that the studio was the making of Bacon’s art in a more profound sense than just being a comfortable space to paint in, and determined that it should not be dismantled. John Edwards, to whom Bacon had bequeathed Reece Mews, felt similarly, and after months of painstaking cataloguing by archaeologists, conservators and photographers, the Hugh Lane Gallery took delivery of the studio, in 1998. It was opened to the public in 2001.

What is visible now, in a climate-controlled corner of the gallery, a gracious neo-classical building on Parnell Square in Dublin, is in fact a kind of faithful “skin” of objects; the tables and chairs have all been returned to their original places, the work surfaces seem as cluttered as they were - but the deep stuff, the bedrock, has been removed and is kept in climate-controlled archival areas. In the end, there were 7,500 items - samples of painting materials, photographs, slashed canvasses, umpteen handwritten notes, drawings, books, champagne boxes.

Bacon was homosexual at a time when it was still illegal, and while he was open about his sexuality, his notes for prospective paintings refer to "bed[s] of crime", and his homosexuality was felt as an affliction, says Dawson. It wasn’t easy. The sense of guilt is apparent in his work, as well as his fascination with violence. “His collections of pictures, dead bodies, or depictions of violence - he’s not looking at violence from the classic liberal position”. It was all, concedes Dawson, accompanied by intellectual rigour, and an insistent attempt at objectivity - “he’s trying to detach from himself as well.”

Everything was grist, and in his studio even his own art fed other art. He returned to his own work obsessively, repeating and augmenting. And of course, he responded negatively — and violently — as well as positively; a hundred is a lot of slashed canvasses to keep around you when you’re working, especially when they are so deliberately slashed. In a way, all this might serve as a metaphor for the importance of our understanding of his studio as a whole.

Aida Edemarian. Francis Bacon: box of tricks.

Internet: <www.theguardian.com> (adapted).

04. (CESPE-CEBRASPE-2015-MRE-DIPLOMATA-1ª FASE)

Decide whether the statements below are right (C) or wrong (E) according to the ideas and facts mentioned in the text.

1 The two driving forces behind the Hugh Lane Gallery project were Dawson and Edwards.
2 Bacon left part of his properties to Edwards.
3 The author of the text claims that the fact that George Michael liked having his profile photographed revealed a lot about his personality.
4 Bacon believed that his inability to work in South Africa was due to the visits of his relatives.

05. (CESPE-CEBRASPE-2015-MRE-DIPLOMATA-1ª FASE)

According to the text and in reference to Bacon’s studio, decide whether the statements below are right (C) or wrong (E).

1 Bacon’s original studio was transplanted and reassembled in the Irish capital city.
2 The studio at 7 Reece Mews will soon provide an invaluable and lasting wealth of information and enjoyment for experts on Bacon’s art.
3 The interior of Bacon’s studio is in sharp contrast to Hugh Lane Gallery’s front façade.
4 Bacon’s studio was rather small but its living room was twice the size of the bedroom.

06. (CESPE-CEBRASPE-2015-MRE-DIPLOMATA-1ª FASE)

According to the information given in the text about Bacon’s personal life, his relationship with art, and his work, decide whether the statements below are right (C) or wrong (E).

1 Heinous crimes provided the seeds for Bacon’s major 

works.
2 Bacon makes a deliberate effort not to allow his personal life to take central stage in his art.
3 Bacon objected to the manner in which artists from the classical period approached violence as a subject matter.
4 The fact that Bacon ripped a considerable number of paintings is consistent with his personality but plays a minor role in understanding his art.

07. (CESPE-CEBRASPE-2015-MRE-DIPLOMATA-1ª FASE)

About the vocabulary the author uses in his text, decide whether the statements below are right (C) or wrong (E).

1 “umpteen” (L.39) could be correctly replaced by torn.
2 “cluttered” (L.35) is synonymous with scratched.
3 “prospective paintings” (L.43) can be understood as paintings about which Bacon was still thinking or planning.
4 “took delivery” (L.29) means received something that has already been paid for.

➧ TEXT III: Text for questions from 08 to 11.

           

He - for there could be no doubt of his sex, though the fashion of the time did something to disguise it - was in the act of slicing at the head of an enemy which swung from the rafters. It was the colour of an old football, and more or less the shape of one, save for the sunken cheeks and a strand or two of coarse, dry hair, like the hair on a coconut. Orlando’s father, or perhaps his grandfather, had struck it from the shoulders of a vast Pagan who had started up under the moon in the barbarian fields of Africa; and now it swung, gently, perpetually, in the breeze which never ceased blowing through the attic rooms of the gigantic house of the lord who had slain him.

Orlando’s fathers had ridden in fields of asphodel, and stony fields, and fields watered by strange rivers, and they had struck many heads of many colours off many shoulders, and brought them back to hang from the rafters. So too would Orlando, he vowed. But since he was sixteen only, and too young to ride with them in Africa or France, he would steal away from his mother and the peacocks in the garden and go to his attic room and there lunge and plunge and slice the air with his blade. (…)

His fathers had been noble since they had been at all. They came out of the northern mists wearing coronets on their heads. Were not the bars of darkness in the room, and the yellow pools which chequered the floor, made by the sun falling through the stained glass of a vast coat of arms in the window? Orlando stood now in the midst of the yellow body of a heraldic leopard. When he put his hand on the window-sill to push the window open, it was instantly coloured red, blue, and yellow like a butterfly’s wing.

Thus, those who like symbols, and have a turn for the deciphering of them, might observe that though the shapely legs, the handsome body, and the well-set shoulders were all of them decorated with various tints of heraldic light, Orlando’s face, as he threw the window open, was lit solely by the sun itself. A more candid, sullen face it would be impossible to find. Happy the mother who bears, happier still the biographer who records the life of such a one! Never need she vex herself, nor he invokes the help of novelist or poet. From deed to deed, from glory to glory, from office to office he must go, his scribe following after, till they reach whatever seat it may be that is the height of their desire. Orlando, to look at, was cut out precisely for some such career. The red of the cheeks was covered with peach down; the down on the lips was only a little thicker than the down on the cheeks. The lips themselves were short and slightly drawn back over teeth of an exquisite and almond whiteness. Nothing disturbed the arrowy nose in its short, tense flight; the hair was dark, the ears small, and fitted closely to the head. But, alas, that these catalogues of youthful beauty cannot end without mentioning forehead and eyes. Alas, that people are seldom born devoid of all three; for directly we glance at Orlando standing by the window, we must admit that he had eyes like drenched violets, so large that the water seemed to have brimmed in them and widened them; and a brow like the swelling of a marble dome pressed between the two blank medallions which were his temples. Directly we glance at eyes and forehead, thus do we rhapsodize. Directly we glance at eyes and forehead, we have to admit a thousand disagreeables which it is the aim of every good biographer to ignore.

Virginia Woolf. Orlando – A biography, 1928 (adapted).

08. (CESPE-CEBRASPE-2015-MRE-DIPLOMATA-1ª FASE)

According to the text, decide whether the following statements are right (C) or wrong (E).
1 Lunging, plunging and slicing the air with a blade were activities with which Orlando engaged as some sort of rehearsal for the roles he believed he would eventually play.
2 Orlando acquired, from an early age on, a disconcerting habit of cross-dressing.
3 One could find some live animals up in the attic of Orlando’s house.
4 Orlando cut a striking figure.

09. (CESPE-CEBRASPE-2015-MRE-DIPLOMATA-1ª FASE)

In relation to Orlando’s family, decide whether the following statements are right (C) or wrong (E).

1 Orlando’s family have enjoyed their title from time immemorial.
2 Orlando’s mother was a victim of his, because he would make off with her money while she was busy in the garden.
3 Orlando’s father or his grandfather traversed vast expanses of land beheading people of different races along the way.
4 His mother, when pregnant, foresaw a life of success for Orlando, a life which would make her happy.

10. (CESPE-CEBRASPE-2015-MRE-DIPLOMATA-1ª FASE)

As far as Orlando’s physical features are concerned, decide whether the following statements are right (C) or wrong (E).

1 His eyes and brow were his most striking facial features.
2 Orlando’s lips and cheeks had a sweet fragrance reminiscent of fresh fruit.
3 There was some fine, silky, soft hair both on his lips and cheeks.
4 His teeth were not perfectly aligned and had the colour of nuts.

11. (CESPE-CEBRASPE-2015-MRE-DIPLOMATA-1ª FASE)

In reference to the content of the text, its vocabulary and syntactic structure, decide whether the following statements are right (C) or wrong (E).

1 The use of the words “dome” (R.54) and “temples” (R.55) has the effect of creating a faint aura of saintliness and religiousness about Orlando.
2 By being informed that Orlando had a “sullen face”
(R. 34 and 35), the reader learns that Orlando was a serious and grave young man.
3 In lines 4, 7 and 9, although with different syntactic functions, the word it refers to the same thing: “the head of an enemy which swung from the rafters” (R. 3 and 4).
4 The repetition of single words and of phrases results in a tiresome text, one in which the author tries to tell a story but is stuck in descriptive language.

➧ TEXT IV: Text for questions 12 and 13.

     

When Memory Banda’s younger sister was forced to marry at just 11 years old, Memory became determined to ensure that no more girls had to experience her sister’s fate. Since then, this remarkable young woman from rural Malawi has helped to persuade her government to raise the minimum age of marriage across her country, and is blazing a trail for girls that we all should follow.

Memory’s sister became pregnant during a traditional sexual “cleansing ceremony”, a rite of passage in some parts of Malawi that is supposed to prepare pubescent girls for womanhood and marriage. She was forced to marry the father of her unplanned child, a man in his early 30s, and was burdened with all the responsibilities of adulthood. Now 16, she is raising three children alone; she has been unable to return to school.

The incident inspired Memory to push for a better future for girls. She became involved with a local grassroots group, Girls Empowerment Network, joining other young women and civil-society groups across Malawi to urge village authorities and parliamentary ministers to put an end to child marriages. Last month, Memory’s efforts — along with those of thousands of others — paid off, when Malawi’s government enacted a new law that sets the minimum age for marriage at 18.

Memory’s achievement is an important one. Every year, some 15 million girls are married before the age of 18, and their plight is all too often ignored. A girl forced into marriage typically faces pressure to bear children before she is physically or emotionally ready to do so. And the result can be deadly. Girls who give birth before they turn 15 are five  imes more likely to die in pregnancy or childbirth than women in their 20s.

The consequences of child marriage are lifelong. Child brides typically drop out of school, losing the chance to acquire the skills and knowledge needed to lift themselves and their families out of poverty. Like Memory’s sister, they often are married to older men — a situation that leaves them less able to ensure that they are treated well.

Education for girls is crucial to ending child marriage. The transition from primary school to secondary school is particularly important, as it usually coincides with adolescence, a period in a girl’s life that lays the foundation for success and wellbeing in womanhood. Girls with secondary education are up to six times less likely to marry early compared to girls with little or no education.

Girls must be convinced and assured of their worth, but they should not be left to end child marriage on their own. Families, communities, and societies share a joint responsibility to end it. Governments need to adopt legislation that sets 18 as the minimum age for marriage - leaving no room for exceptions such as traditional practices or parental consent - the same way that fathers, brothers, and male leaders must be engaged to care for and empower girls.

It is up to all of us to serve as role models for the girls in our lives. We have all benefited from the wisdom of our parents, partners, colleagues, and mentors. It is now up to us to nourish and nurture girls’ ambitions. Let girls be girls, not 58 brides.

Mabel van Oranje and Graça Machel. Girls, not brides. Apr. 22nd 2015. Internet: <www.project-syndicate.org> (adapted).

12. (CESPE-CEBRASPE-2015-MRE-DIPLOMATA-1ª FASE)

In reference to the ideas presented in the text, decide whether the statements below are right (C) or wrong (E).

1 Programs and campaigns to end child marriage should focus on girls who are already attending secondary school.
2 The authors regard Memory Banda’s efforts as successful because she was able to get her young sister divorced from her older husband.
3 The text reveals two elements of child marriage which work together to disempower women: gender and age difference.
4 One can correctly deduce from the text that Memory’s sister became pregnant with the complicity of those involved in her cleansing ceremony.

13. (CESPE-CEBRASPE-2015-MRE-DIPLOMATA-1ª FASE)

In reference to the linguistic features of the text, decide whether the following statements are right (C) or wrong (E).

1 In the sentence “Since then (...) should follow” (R. 4 to 7), the reference to Memory’s sister is based on the fragment “this remarkable young woman” and the two occurrences of “her”.
2 By using the expression “blazing a trail” (R.6), the authors inform the reader that Memory has opened a glowing and intense path as a result of her work.
3 The adjective “grassroots” (R.17) indicates that Memory became involved with an elite group from rural areas of Malawi.
4 The meaning and the grammar correction of the extract “Every year (…) often ignored” (R. 25 to 27) are maintained if this sentence is replaced by: Annually circa 15 million girls marry before turning 18, but their predicament is ignored by all more often than not.

DIPLOMATA–CACD–TPS–2013–LÍNGUA INGLESA–CESPE/UnB–GABARITO, TEXTOS TRADUZIDOS & AQUISIÇÃO DE VOCABULÁRIO.

www.inglesparaconcursos.blog.br

• DIPLOMATA-CACD-TPS-2013-CESPE/UnB-APLICAÇÃO 04/08/2013.

❑ ESTRUTURA-TESTE DE PRÉ-SELEÇÃO:

• 04 TFQs (True False Question) / 4 Options Each Question.
• 08 MCQs (Multiple Choice Question) / 5 Options Each Questions.
• Texto (1) – | What do we fix first – environment or
• economy? | Newscientist |
• Texto (2) – | The future of global diplomacy | R. Onley |
• Texto (3) – | Language and Diplomacy | K.S. Abu Jaber |
• Texto (4) – | Taking a Cue From Bernanke a Little Too Far | www.nytimes.com |
• Texto (5) – | The Professor and the Madman | Simon Winchester |

❑ TEXTO 1: This text refers to questions from 29 through 32.

➽TRADUÇÃO:

>> 1º PARÁGRAFO:

It is one of the most pressing questions of our time: what is the relationship between financial and environmental meltdown? Are the two crises the same thing, needing to be dealt with together? Or do we, as even some business leaders suggest, have to fix the environment before we can fix the economy? A slew of books, ebooks, pamphlets and journals are tackling this thorny question.

É uma das questões mais prementes do nosso tempo: qual é a relação entre o colapso financeiro e ambiental? As duas crises são a mesma coisa e precisam ser tratadas em conjunto? Ou será que, como sugerem alguns líderes empresariais, temos de consertar o ambiente antes de podermos consertar a economia? Uma série de livros, e-books, panfletos e periódicos estão abordando essa questão espinhosa.

>> 2º PARÁGRAFO:

You might expect a strong “yes” from the greens to fixing the environment ahead of the economy. And in The Environmental Debt: The hidden costs of a changing global economy, long-time Greenpeace activist Amy Larkin does make a cogent argument for this. The high costs of coping with extreme weather, pollution and declining resources are, she says, catching up with capitalism. Our carefree attitude to the “externalities” of wealth generation has run up an environmental debt that is loading unsustainable financial debt on us all.

Poderíamos esperar um forte “sim” dos verdes para corrigir o ambiente antes da economia. E em A Dívida Ambiental: Os custos ocultos de uma economia global em mudança, a ativista de longa data da Greenpeace, Amy Larkin, apresenta um argumento convincente a favor disto. Os elevados custos de lidar com condições meteorológicas extremas, poluição e recursos em declínio estão, diz ela, a aproximar-se do capitalismo. A nossa atitude despreocupada em relação às “externalidades” da geração de riqueza gerou uma dívida ambiental que está a sobrecarregar todos nós com uma dívida financeira insustentável.

>> 3º PARÁGRAFO:

But environmentalists are not the only ones making the link. In Wall Street and the City, there is similar talk that the worst fears of environmentalists are coming to pass. As shortages of natural resources push up prices, a looming resource crunch is manifested in market meltdown.

Mas os ambientalistas não são os únicos a estabelecer a ligação. Em Wall Street e na City, há rumores semelhantes de que os piores receios dos ambientalistas estão a concretizar-se. À medida que a escassez de recursos naturais aumenta os preços, uma iminente crise de recursos manifesta-se no colapso do mercado.

>> 4º PARÁGRAFO:

Paul Donovan and Julie Hudson, economists for the Swiss bank UBS, agree. They argue that “there is a second credit crunch”, an environmental one. By ransacking global resources and enfeebling ecosystems, the authors say, we are drawing down environmental credit as surely as reckless spending on a credit card draws down financial credit. The two crunches have “a symbiotic relationship”, they argue: “The party has to stop.”

Paul Donovan e Julie Hudson, economistas do banco suíço UBS, concordam. Argumentam que “há uma segunda crise de crédito”, uma crise ambiental. Ao saquear (devastar, pilhar) os recursos globais e ao enfraquecer os ecossistemas, dizem os autores, estamos a retirar o crédito ambiental tão certamente como os gastos imprudentes num cartão de crédito retiram o crédito financeiro. As duas crises têm “uma relação simbiótica”, argumentam: “A festa tem que parar”.

• "a second credit crunch" – uma segunda crise de crédito.

>> 5º PARÁGRAFO:

The synergies between financial and environmental crunches may be complex, but at root, many economists argue that reckless consumption, driven by easy credit, helped fuel financial crisis. Environmentalists agree that the same consumer binge drove up environmental debt.

As sinergias entre as crises financeiras e ambientais podem ser complexas, mas, no fundo, muitos economistas argumentam que o consumo imprudente, impulsionado pelo crédito fácil, ajudou a alimentar a crise financeira. Os ambientalistas concordam que a mesma farra de consumo impulsionou a dívida ambiental.

• F. Pearce. What do we fix first – environment or economy? Newscientist. July 8th, 2013 (adapted).
• F. Pearce. O que corrigimos primeiro – ambiente ou economia? Cientista de notícias. 8 de julho de 2013 (adaptado).

29 – (CESPE/UnB-DIPLOMATA-CACD-TPS-2013) According to the text,

A) both environmentalists and economists agree that consumption is at the heart of the current financial and environmental crises.
B) the need to understand the current capitalist crisis is urging environmentalists and economists to launch publications on the issue.
C) financial and environmental debts have been primarily affecting wealthy countries due to their reckless consumption attitude.
D) business and finance experts had warned Greenpeace activists about the financial consequences of natural resource shortages.
E) the synergetic link between economy and environment points to the need to tackle financial issues ahead of environmental ones.

      Comentários e Gabarito    X  
TÓPICOS - VOCABULÁRIO & RELAÇÃO SEMÂNTICA COM TRECHO DO TEXTO:

30 – (CESPE/UnB-DIPLOMATA-CACD-TPS-2013) Based on the text, choose the correct answer.

A) The expression “consumer binge” (L.35) is used as an antonym for the expression “reckless consumption” (L.33).
B) The word “cogent” (L.12) suggests that the argument put forward by Amy Larkin is ill-founded.
C) If the verb “catching up with” (L.14) is replaced by stemming from, the meaning of the sentence remains unaltered.
D) The word “looming” (L.21) is used as a synonym for unlikely.
E) The words “crunch” (L.22) and “crunches” (R.29) are used as synonyms for crisis and crises, respectively.

      Comentários e Gabarito    E  
TÓPICOS - VOCABULÁRIO & RELAÇÃO SEMÂNTICA COM TRECHO DO TEXTO:

31 – (CESPE/UnB-DIPLOMATA-CACD-TPS-2013) The sentence

• “By ransacking global (…) credit card draws down financial credit” (L.25-28)

means that,

(A) by ignoring the need to protect the environment, our society is increasingly focused on profit rather than quality of life.
(B) due to our reckless behavior towards the environment, less financial support has been assigned to nature-saving projects.
(C) due to the scarcity of environmental fund-raising actions, mankind is making the exploitation of natural resources financially unviable.
(D) by tampering with the world biomass, we are affecting investments in the area as much as economic problems affect us.
(E) by destroying nature, we are reducing our environmental funds just like too many debts reduce our financial credibility.

      Comentários e Gabarito    E  
TÓPICOS - VOCABULÁRIO & RELAÇÃO SEMÂNTICA COM TRECHO DO TEXTO:

>> 4º PARÁGRAFO:

• Paul Donovan and Julie Hudson, economists for the Swiss bank UBS, agree. They argue that “there is a second credit crunch”, an environmental one. By ransacking global resources and enfeebling ecosystems, the authors say, we are drawing down environmental credit as surely as reckless spending on a credit card draws down financial credit. The two crunches have “a symbiotic relationship”, they argue: “The party has to stop.”
• Paul Donovan e Julie Hudson, economistas do banco suíço UBS, concordam. Argumentam que “há uma segunda crise de crédito”, uma crise ambiental. Ao saquear os recursos globais e ao enfraquecer os ecossistemas, dizem os autores, estamos  retirando o crédito ambiental tão certamente como os gastos imprudentes num cartão de crédito retiram o crédito financeiro. As duas crises têm “uma relação simbiótica”, argumentam: “A festa tem que parar”.

The sentence

• “By ransacking global (…) credit card draws down financial credit”
• Ao saquear os recursos globais e ao enfraquecer os ecossistemas, dizem os autores, estamos  retirando o crédito ambiental tão certamente como os gastos imprudentes num cartão de crédito retiram o crédito financeiro.

means that,

(A) by ignoring the need to protect the environment, our society is increasingly focused on profit rather than quality of life.

Ao ignorar a necessidade de proteger o ambiente, a nossa sociedade está cada vez mais focada no lucro e não na qualidade de vida.
(B) due to our reckless behavior towards the environment, less financial support has been assigned to nature-saving projects.

devido ao nosso comportamento imprudente em relação ao ambiente, foi atribuído menos apoio financeiro a projetos de preservação da natureza.
(C) due to the scarcity of environmental fund-raising actions, mankind is making the exploitation of natural resources financially unviable.

devido à escassez de ações de arrecadação de recursos ambientais, a humanidade está inviabilizando financeiramente a exploração dos recursos naturais.
(D) by tampering with the world biomass, we are affecting investments in the area as much as economic problems affect us.

ao adulterarmos a biomassa mundial, estamos afetando os investimentos na área tanto quanto os problemas econômicos nos afetam.
(E) by destroying nature, we are reducing our environmental funds just like too many debts reduce our financial credibility.

A frase

ao destruir a natureza, estamos reduzindo os nossos fundos ambientais, tal como demasiadas dívidas reduzem a nossa credibilidade financeira.

32 – (CESPE/UnB-DIPLOMATA-CACD-TPS-2013) Based on the text, judge if the items below are right (C) or wrong (E).

(1) Wall Street and the City experts foresee a complete market breakdown.
(2) As far as the main issue of the text is concerned, the two economists of the Swiss bank are of the same opinion as the ecologist-author.
(3) Several bank owners claim the economic crisis should be solved first.
(4) Amy Larkin believes the worldwide scarcity of resources is affecting the world’s economy.

      Comentários e Gabarito    EXEC  
TÓPICOS - VOCABULÁRIO & RELAÇÃO SEMÂNTICA COM TRECHO DO TEXTO:

Based on the text, judge if the items below are right (C) or wrong (E).

Com base no texto, julgue se os itens abaixo estão certos (C) ou errados (E).

(1) Wall Street and the City experts foresee a complete market breakdown.

Os especialistas de Wall Street e da City preveem uma ruptura completa do mercado.
(2) As far as the main issue of the text is concerned, the two economists of the Swiss bank are of the same opinion as the ecologist-author.

No que diz respeito à questão principal do texto, os dois economistas do banco suíço são da mesma opinião do autor ecologista.
(3) Several bank owners claim the economic crisis should be solved first.

Vários proprietários de bancos afirmam que a crise econômica deveria ser resolvida primeiro.
(4) Amy Larkin believes the worldwide scarcity of resources is affecting the world’s economy.

Amy Larkin acredita que a escassez mundial de recursos está a afectar a economia mundial.

❑ TEXTO 2:  This text refers to questions 33 and 34.

➽TRADUÇÃO:

The leaders of the G8 are convening in Northern Ireland for the 39th G8 Summit. The backdrop for this two-day meeting of the globe’s preeminent economic powers is a world facing multiple global crises, all of which demand that summit participants engage in constructive dialogue that leads to measurable progress. Despite that need, the annual G8 Summits are known more for eliciting empty political promises and saddling host cities with exorbitant costs.

Os líderes do G8 reúnem-se na Irlanda do Norte para a 39ª Cimeira do G8. O pano de fundo desta reunião de dois dias das principais potências económicas do mundo é um mundo que enfrenta múltiplas crises globais, todas as quais exigem que os participantes da cimeira se envolvam num diálogo construtivo que conduza a progressos mensuráveis. Apesar dessa necessidade, as cimeiras anuais do G8 são mais conhecidas por suscitarem promessas políticas vazias e por sobrecarregarem as cidades anfitriãs com custos exorbitantes.

The baby boomer generation presidents and prime ministers at the G8 Summit are facing increasingly frustrated populations. With economic instability entrenching in the West, a still teetering world financial order, and escalating tensions in the Middle East, an entire generation of young people is growing up without opportunity, and with few prospects for change. But persistent unemployment, declining standards in health care and education, and environmental degradation are also driving growing numbers of young people to demand sophisticated and coordinated global action.

Os presidentes e primeiros-ministros da geração baby boomer presentes na Cimeira do G8 enfrentam populações cada vez mais frustradas. Com a instabilidade económica a enraizar-se no Ocidente, uma ordem financeira mundial ainda oscilante e a escalada das tensões no Médio Oriente, toda uma geração de jovens está a crescer sem oportunidades e com poucas perspectivas de mudança. Mas o desemprego persistente, o declínio dos padrões de saúde e educação e a degradação ambiental também estão a levar um número crescente de jovens a exigir uma acção global sofisticada e coordenada.

From this mess, two significant questions arise: are the boomer generation leaders simply incapable of consensus-driven international cooperation, one that sets aside national interests for the collective good of humanity? And if this is the case, are tomorrow’s Facebook generation leaders doomed to inherit the quagmire of their political predecessors?

Desta confusão, surgem duas questões importantes: serão os líderes da geração boomer simplesmente incapazes de uma cooperação internacional baseada no consenso, que deixe de lado os interesses nacionais para o bem colectivo da humanidade? E se for este o caso, estarão os líderes da geração Facebook de amanhã condenados a herdar o atoleiro dos seus antecessores políticos?

R. Onley. The future of global diplomacy.

June 17th, 2013 (adapted).

33 – (CESPE/UnB-DIPLOMATA-CACD-TPS-2013)

Based on the text, choose the correct statement.

A) The cities that host G8 summits generally profit from the presence of presidents and ministers.
B) The reasons for young people’s frustrations include political, financial and economic issues.
C) In the 39th G8 Summit meeting, empty promises will give room to debates on the global crises.
D) Young people are planning demonstrations to show their dissatisfaction to the G8 Summit leaders.
E) The actions taken for international cooperation are condemned by the new Facebook generation leaders.

      Comentários e Gabarito    B  
TÓPICOS - VOCABULÁRIO & RELAÇÃO SEMÂNTICA COM TRECHO DO TEXTO:

34 – (CESPE/UnB-DIPLOMATA-CACD-TPS-2013)

In the text, “that need” (R.6) refers to

A) convening in Ireland.
B) measuring progress.
C) engaging in dialogue.
D) facing global crises.
E) making promises.

      Comentários e Gabarito    C  
TÓPICOS - VOCABULÁRIO & RELAÇÃO SEMÂNTICA COM TRECHO DO TEXTO:

❑ TEXTO 3:  This text refers to questions 35 and 36.

➽TRADUÇÃO:

The Oxford Learner’s Dictionary defines diplomacy as “(…) the management of relations between countries (…) art of or skill in dealing with people; tact (…)”. Indeed it is the art of convincing others to perceive things your way, or at least to have second thoughts about theirs. It is the combination of logic and science on the one hand with the gift of proper language packaging and presentation necessary to convince others.

O Oxford Learner’s Dictionary define diplomacia como “(…) a gestão das relações entre países (…) a arte ou habilidade de lidar com as pessoas; tato (…)”. Na verdade, é a arte de convencer os outros a perceberem as coisas à sua maneira, ou pelo menos a terem dúvidas sobre as deles. É a combinação de lógica e ciência, por um lado, com o dom da linguagem adequada e da apresentação necessária para convencer os outros.

The power of language rests on the fact that it contains ideas: and ideas are, according to Plato, more enduring, indeed more permanent than matter. Ideas can be suppressed, or go underground but unlike a statue or any other material things they cannot be shattered. They can only be met and dealt with by other ideas. Historically it is the magic of words that bewitched, enthralled and sometimes intoxicated people and led them to great or mean deeds. The language of diplomacy, often like poetry, has the ability to move people from mood to mood. Whether demagogy or whether giving expression to noble ideologies, theories, or even religious creeds, ordinary language or that of diplomacy has a momentum and an inner driving force that is ageless.

O poder da linguagem reside no fato de conter ideias: e as ideias são, segundo Platão, mais duradouras, na verdade mais permanentes do que a matéria. As ideias podem ser suprimidas ou passar à clandestinidade, mas, ao contrário de uma estátua ou de qualquer outra coisa material, não podem ser destruídas. Eles só podem ser enfrentados e tratados por outras ideias. Historicamente, é a magia das palavras que enfeitiçou, encantou e às vezes embriagou as pessoas e as levou a feitos grandes ou mesquinhos. A linguagem da diplomacia, muitas vezes como a poesia, tem a capacidade de levar as pessoas de um estado para outro. Seja demagogia ou expressão de nobres ideologias, teorias ou mesmo credos religiosos, a linguagem comum ou a da diplomacia tem um impulso e uma força motriz interior que não tem idade.

K.S. Abu Jaber, Language and Diplomacy. In:J. Kurbalija; H. Slavi (Eds.) Language and Diplomacy, p. 53. Malta: DiploProjects, 2001.

35 – (CESPE/UnB-DIPLOMATA-CACD-TPS-2013)

According to the author,

(A) common language opposes poetry.
(B) diplomacy is related to persuasion.
(C) ideas last less than material things.
(D) language is a demagogical expression.
(E) ideologies require a proper language.

      Comentários e Gabarito    B  
TÓPICOS - VOCABULÁRIO & RELAÇÃO SEMÂNTICA COM TRECHO DO TEXTO:

According to the author,

De acordo com o autor,

(A) common language opposes poetry.

a linguagem comum se opõe à poesia.
(B) diplomacy is related to persuasion.

a diplomacia está relacionada à persuasão.
(C) ideas last less than material things.

as ideias duram menos que as coisas materiais.
(D) language is a demagogical expression.

a linguagem é uma expressão demagógica.
(E) ideologies require a proper language.

as ideologias exigem uma linguagem adequada.

36 – (CESPE/UnB-DIPLOMATA-CACD-TPS-2013)

In relation to the pronouns shown in bold in the text above, judge if the items below are right (C) or wrong (E).

(1) The pronoun “that” (R.21) refers to “language” (R.20).

(2) The pronoun “theirs” (R.5) refers to “others” (R.4).
(3) The pronoun “It” (R.5) refers to “diplomacy” (R.2).
(4) The pronoun “they” (R.13) refers to “Ideas” (R.11).

      Comentários e Gabarito    EECC  
TÓPICOS - VOCABULÁRIO & RELAÇÃO SEMÂNTICA COM TRECHO DO TEXTO:

In relation to the pronouns shown in bold in the text above, judge if the items below are right (C) or wrong (E).

(1) The pronoun “that” (R.21) refers to “language” (R.20).

(2) The pronoun “theirs” (R.5) refers to “others” (R.4).
(3) The pronoun “It” (R.5) refers to “diplomacy” (R.2).

(4) The pronoun “they” (R.13) refers to “Ideas” (R.11).

 

❑ TEXTO 4: This text refers to questions from 37 through 39.

➽TRADUÇÃO:

Taking a Cue From Bernanke a Little Too Far

Seguindo uma sugestão de Bernanke um pouco longe demais

Financial advisers have been fielding calls from shaken investors in recent weeks, particularly retirees, who are nervous that a bond market crash is on the horizon.

Os consultores financeiros vêm recebendo chamadas de investidores abalados nas últimas semanas, especialmente reformados, que estão nervosos com a possibilidade de uma quebra do mercado obrigacionista estar no horizonte.

You can hardly blame them.

Você dificilmente pode culpá-los.

Investors have been fleeing bonds in droves; a record $ 76.5 billion poured out of bond funds and exchange-traded funds since June.

Os investidores vêm fugindo em massa dos títulos; um recorde de US$ 76,5 bilhões foram provenientes de fundos de títulos e fundos negociados em bolsa desde junho.

That exceeds the previous record, according to TrimTabs, when $ 41.8 billion streamed out of the funds in October 2008 and the financial crisis was in full force.

Isso supera o recorde anterior, segundo a TrimTabs, quando 41,8 mil milhões de dólares saíram dos fundos em Outubro de 2008 e a crise financeira estava em pleno vigor.

But the rush for the exits really means one thing: investors are betting that interest rates are about to begin their upward trajectory, something that’s been expected for several years now.

Mas a pressa pelas saídas significa realmente uma coisa: os investidores apostam que as taxas de juro estão prestes a iniciar a sua trajetória ascendente, algo que é esperado há vários anos.

Their cue came from the Federal Reserve chairman, Ben Bernanke, who recently suggested that the economic recovery might allow the central bank to ease its efforts to stimulate the economy.

A sugestão veio do presidente do Federal Reserve, Ben Bernanke, que sugeriu recentemente que a recuperação econômica poderia permitir ao banco central aliviar os seus esforços para estimular a economia. 

That includes scaling back its bondbuying program beginning later this year.

Isso inclui reduzir o seu programa de compra de títulos, que terá início ainda este an

So the big fear is that interest rates are poised to rise much further, driving down bond prices; the two move in opposite directions.

Portanto, o grande receio é que as taxas de juro estejam prestes a subir ainda mais, provocando a descida dos preços das obrigações; os dois se movem em direções opostas.

A Barclays index tracking a broad swath of
investment-grade bonds lost 3.77 percent from the beginning of May through Thursday, according to Morningstar.

Um índice do Barclays que acompanha uma ampla faixa de

os títulos com grau de investimento perderam 3,77% desde o início de maio até quinta-feira, segundo a Morningstar.

United States government notes with maturities of 10 years or longer, however, lost an average of 10.8 percent over the same period.

Contudo, as notas do governo dos Estados Unidos com vencimentos de 10 anos ou mais perderam uma média de 10,8% no mesmo período.

Making a bet on interest rates is no different from trying to predict the next big drop in stocks, or jumping into the market when it appears to be poised to surge higher. These sort of emotional moves are exactly why research shows that investors’ returns tend to trail the broader market.

Apostar nas taxas de juros não é diferente de tentar prever a próxima grande queda nas ações ou entrar no mercado quando ele parece prestes a subir. Este tipo de movimentos emocionais é exatamente o motivo pelo qual as pesquisas mostram que os retornos dos investidores tendem a acompanhar o mercado mais amplo.

And it’s also why many financial advisers suggest ignoring the noise, as long as you have a smart assortment of bond funds that will provide stability when stocks inevitably tumble once again.

E é também por isso que muitos consultores financeiros sugerem ignorar o ruído, desde que se tenha uma selecção inteligente de fundos de obrigações que proporcionem estabilidade quando as ações inevitavelmente caírem novamente.

“It’s a futile game to base portfolio moves on interest rate guesses,” said Milo Benningfield, a financial adviser in San Francisco.

“É um jogo inútil basear os movimentos do portfólio em estimativas de taxas de juros”, disse Milo Benningfield, consultor financeiro em São Francisco.

“We don’t have to look any further than highly regarded Pimco manager Bill Gross, whose horrible interest rate bet against Treasuries in 2011 landed him in the bottom 15 percent of fund managers in his category that year.

“Não precisamos de, olhar mais longe do que o conceituado gestor da Pimco, Bill Gross, cuja horrível aposta nas taxas de juro contra os títulos do Tesouro em 2011 o colocou entre os 15 por cento mais pobres dos gestores de fundos na sua categoria nesse ano. 

Investors should take a strategic approach designed around the reason they hold bonds — and then sit tight whenever hedge funds and other institutions shake the ground around them.”

Os investidores devem adotar uma abordagem estratégica concebida em torno da razão pela qual detêm obrigações – e depois aguardar sempre que os fundos de cobertura e outras instituições abalam o terreno à sua volta.”    

The main reason longer-term investors hold bonds, of course, is to provide a steadying force.

A principal razão pela qual os investidores a longo prazo detêm obrigações, é claro, é para proporcionar uma força estabilizadora.

And though today’s lower yields provide less of a cushion — the 10-year Treasury is yielding about 2.5 percent — bonds still remain the best, if imperfect, foil to stocks.

E embora os rendimentos mais baixos atuais proporcionem menos proteção – o Tesouro a 10 anos rende cerca de 2,5% – as obrigações continuam a ser o melhor, embora imperfeito, contraponto às ações.

“The role of bonds in a portfolio has always been to be a ballast or a diversifier to equity risk,” said Francis Kinniry, a principal in the Vanguard Investment Strategy Group.

“O papel (= function, purpose) dos títulos em uma carteira sempre foi o de ser um lastro (=stability, weight, balance) ou um diversificador do risco acionário”, disse Francis Kinniry, diretor do Vanguard Investment Strategy Group.

“And that is very true today. Yields are low, but this is what a bear market in bonds looks like.”

“E isso é muito verdade hoje. Os retornos são baixos, mas é assim que se parece um mercado em baixa de títulos.”

• "BEAR MARKET"(mercado em baixa) é o oposto de "BULL MARKET"(mercado em alta).

Internet: <www.nytimes.com> (adapted).

37 – (CESPE/UnB-DIPLOMATA-CACD-TPS-2013)

The words “poised” (R.19) and “yields” (R.47 and 53) mean, respectively,

(A) etiolated and profits.
(B) shaken and gains.
(C) ready and risks.
(D) bolstered and outlay.
(E) on the verge and returns.

      Comentários e Gabarito    E  
TÓPICOS - VOCABULÁRIO & RELAÇÃO SEMÂNTICA COM TRECHO DO TEXTO:

The words “poised” (prestes a) and “yields” (retornos) mean, respectively,

(A) etiolated and profits.

estiolados e lucros.

• “yields” é sinônimo de "profits" mas não cabe necessariamente em contexto de "BEAR MARKET".

(B) shaken and gains.

abalado e ganhos.

• “yields” é sinônimo de "gains" mas não cabe necessariamente em contexto de "BEAR MARKET".

(C) ready and risks.

pronto e riscos.
(D) bolstered and outlay.

reforçado e desembolso.
(E) on the verge and returns.

prestes e retorna.

• “[...] Making a bet on interest rates is no different from trying to predict the next big drop in stocks, or jumping into the market when it appears to be poised to surge higher.
• Apostar nas taxas de juros não é diferente de tentar prever a próxima grande queda nas ações ou entrar no mercado quando ele parece prestes a subir.
• >>"be on the verge of something"(from Longman Dictionary).
• >>"VERGE means the edge, border, or limit of something" .(from dictionary.cambridge.org).
• >> They set up camp on the verge of the desert.
• Eles montaram acampamento à beira do deserto.
• >> on the grass verge. na beira da grama.  
• "POISED TO" e "ON THE VERGE TO" são intercambiáveis.
• PAY ATTENTION: Se voce quer dizer , por exemplo "NA BEIRA DA PISCINA", a collocation é:
• >> We met down at the poolside.(from Longman Dictionary).
• >> Nos encontramos à beira da piscina.
• >> at the poolside restaurant.
• >> no restaurante à beira da piscina.
• “[...] The role of bonds in a portfolio has always been to be a ballast or a diversifier to equity risk,” said Francis Kinniry, a principal in the Vanguard Investment Strategy Group. “And that is very true today. Yields are low, but this is what a bear market in bonds looks like.”
• “O papel dos títulos em uma carteira sempre foi o de ser um lastro ou um diversificador do risco acionário”, disse Francis Kinniry, diretor do Vanguard Investment Strategy Group. “E isso é muito verdade hoje. Os rendimentos são baixos, mas é assim que se parece um mercado baixista de títulos.”
• "YIELD" /jiːld/ é sinônimo de:
• (1) "PROFIT" /ˈprɒfɪt/ [uncountable](also revenues) é o "lucro", ou seja, literalmente, é o dinheiro que você ganha nos negócios ou vendendo coisas. 
• >> The sale generated record profits. // A venda gerou lucros recordes.
• >> Gross profit (= before you pay costs and tax) // Lucro Bruto. 
• >> Net profit (= after you have paid costs and tax) //  Lucro líquido. 
• Government revenues fell dramatically. // As receitas do governo caíram drasticamente.
• (2) "REVENUE" /'revənuː/ [uncountable](also revenues) é usado em contexto de "Receitas fiscais", "Receitas do governo", "Receitas publicitárias", "Receitas petrolíferas", "Receita anual, semestral, etc, de uma empresa".
• >> A shortfall in tax revenue. // um défice de receitas fiscais.
• >> Advertising revenue.
• >> A slump in oil revenues. // Uma queda nas receitas do petróleo.
• Government revenues fell dramatically. // As receitas do governo caíram drasticamente.

38 – (CESPE/UnB-DIPLOMATA-CACD-TPS-2013)

According to the text, judge if the following items are right (C) or wrong (E).

(1) According to at least one financial adviser, it’s naïve to correlate bonds with interest rates.
(2) The main contention of the article is that investors should be skeptical about Bernanke’s remark in relation to the effects of the American economic recovery.
(3) The bond market is in such a predicament due to misjudgment on the part of the American central bank’s chairperson.
(4) In general, bonds provide stability to an investor’s portfolio.

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39 – (CESPE/UnB-DIPLOMATA-CACD-TPS-2013)

Regarding the text, judge if the items below are right (C) or wrong (E).

(1) The word “from” in the excerpt “Making a bet on interest rates is no different from trying to predict the next big drop in stocks, or jumping into the market when it appears to be poised to surge higher.” (R.27-29) may be replaced by the word then with no interference in the grammar correction of the sentence.
(2) In the sentence “Their cue came from the Federal Reserve chairman, Ben Bernanke, who recently suggested that the economic recovery might allow the central bank to ease its efforts to stimulate the economy.” (R.14-17) the relative pronoun “who” may be replaced by whom in more formal contexts.
(3) In the sentence “That includes scaling back its bondbuying program beginning later this year.” (R.17-18), the pronoun “its” refers to “economy”, in the previous sentence.
(4) In the sentence “United States government notes with maturities of 10 years or longer, however, lost an average of 10.8 percent over the same period.” (R.24-26), the adverb “however” may be moved to the beginning of the sentence without interfering in the meaning.

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❑ TEXTO 5:  This text refers to question 40.

➽TRADUÇÃO:

But the devotion of Minor’s whole strength was beginning to prove taxing.

Mas a devoção de toda a força de Minor estava começando a se mostrar desgastante.

His kindly friend Doctor Nicholson retired in 1895 — still in pain from being attacked by a patient six years earlier, who hit him on the head with a brick concealed in a sock.

Seu gentil amigo, Doutor Nicholson, aposentou-se em 1895 – ainda com dores, ao ter sido atacado por um paciente seis anos antes, que bateu em sua cabeça com um tijolo escondido em uma meia.

He was replaced by Doctor Brayn, a man selected (for more than his name alone, one trusts) by a Home Office that felt a stricter regime needed to be employed at the asylum.
Ele foi substituído pelo Doutor Brayn, um homem selecionado (por mais do que apenas seu nome, podemos confiar) por um Ministério do Interior que sentiu que um regime mais rígido precisava ser empregado no asilo.

Brayn was indeed a martinet, a jailer of the old school who would have done well at any prison farm.

Brayn era de fato um martinet, um carcereiro da velha escola que teria se saído bem em qualquer prisão-fazenda. 

But he did as the government required:

Mas ele fez o que o governo exigia:

There were no escapes during his term of office (there had been several before, causing widespread alarm), and in the first year two hundred thousand hours of solitary confinement were logged by the more fractious inmates.

não houve fugas durante o seu mandato (houve várias antes, causando alarme generalizado) e, no primeiro ano, duzentas mil horas de confinamento solitário foram registradas pelos presos mais rebeldes.

He was widely feared and loathed by the patients — as well as by Doctor Murray, who thought he was treating Minor heartlessly.
Ele era amplamente temido e odiado pelos pacientes – bem como pelo Dr. Murray, que achava que ele estava tratando Minor de maneira cruel.  

One curious snippet of information came from the United States later that same year, when it was noted rather laconically that two of Minor’s family had recently killed themselves — 

Um curioso fragmento de informação veio dos Estados Unidos mais tarde naquele mesmo ano, quando foi notado de forma bastante lacônica que dois membros da família de Minor haviam se suicidado recentemente -

the letter going on to warn the staff at Broadmoor that great care should be taken lest whatever madness gripped their patient turned out to have a hereditary nature.

a carta continuava alertando a equipe de Broadmoor que muito cuidado deveria ser tomado para que qualquer loucura agarrada seu paciente revelasse ter uma natureza hereditária. 

But even if the staff thought Minor a possible suicide risk, no restrictions were placed on him as a result of the American information.
Mas ainda que a equipe considerasse Minor um possível risco de suicídio, nenhuma restrição foi imposta a ele como resultado das informações americanas.

Some years before he had asked for a pocket knife, with which he might trim the uncut pages of some of the first editions of the books he had ordered:

Alguns anos antes, ele havia pedido um canivete, com o qual poderia aparar as páginas não cortadas de algumas das primeiras edições dos livros que havia encomendado:

There is no indication that he was asked to hand it back, even with the harsh Doctor Brayn in charge.

Não há indicação de que lhe tenha sido solicitado que o devolvesse, mesmo com as duras palavras do Doutor. Brayn no comando.

No other patient was allowed to keep a knife, but with his twin cells, his bottles, and his books, and with his part-time servant, William Minor seemed still to belong to a different category from most others in Broadmoor at the time.
Nenhum outro paciente tinha permissão para portar uma faca, mas com suas células gêmeas, suas garrafas e seus livros, e com seu criado de meio período, William Minor parecia ainda pertencer a uma categoria diferente da maioria dos outros em Broadmoor na época.

In the year following the disclosure about his relatives, the files speak of Minor’s having started to take walks out on the Terrace in all weathers, angrily denouncing those who tried to persuade him to come back in during one especially violent snowstorm, insisting in his imperious way that it was his business alone if he wished to catch a cold.

No ano seguinte à divulgação dos seus familiares, os ficheiros falam de Minor ter começado a passear no Terraço em todas as condições meteorológicas, denunciando com raiva aqueles que tentaram convencê-lo a voltar durante uma nevasca especialmente violenta, insistindo na sua imperiosa de forma que era problema dele se ele quisesse pegar um resfriado.

He had more freedom of choice and movement than most.

Ele tinha mais liberdade de escolha e movimento do que a maioria.

Simon Winschester. The Professor and the Madman – A Tale of Murder, Insanity, and the Making of the Oxford English Dictionary. Harper Perennial, 2005, p. 182-3 (adapted).

Simão Winchester. O Professor e o Louco – Uma História de Assassinato, Insanidade e a Criação do Dicionário de Inglês Oxford. Harper Perene, 2005, pág. 182-3 (adaptado)

40 – (CESPE/UnB-DIPLOMATA-CACD-TPS-2013)

Each of the options below presents an excerpt taken from the text and a version of the same excerpt.

Choose the one which has retained most of the original meaning found in the text.

A) “In the year following the disclosure about his relatives, the files speak of Minor’s having started to take walks out on the Terrace in all weathers, angrily denouncing those who tried to persuade him to come back in …” (R.36-39) / In the year after the revelation about his relatives, the archives show that Minor had started to take walks out on the Terrace during any kind of weather, angrily extolling people who tried to convince him to come back in…

B) “He was replaced by Doctor Brayn, a man selected (…) by a Home Office that felt a stricter regime needed to be employed at the asylum.” (R.5-8) / He was substituted by Doctor Brayn, a man picked over (…) by a Home Office who believed a more rigid regimen needed to be established at the asylum.

C) “Brayn was indeed a martinet, a jailer of the old school who would have done well at any prison farm” (R.9-10) / Brayn was really punctilious, a traditional jailer who would have been successful working at any prison farm.

D) “There were no escapes during his term of office (…), and in the first year two hundred thousand hours of solitary confinement were logged by the more fractious inmates.” (R.11-15) / No one escaped while he was in office (…), and in the first year of his mandate two hundred thousand hours of solitary confinement were registered by the more ingratiating prisoners.

E) “One curious snippet of information came from the United States later that same year, when it was noted rather laconically that two of Minor’s family had recently killed themselves…” (R.19-22) / One odd piece of information came from the United States later that same year, when it was noted rather verbosely that two of Minor’s relatives had recently killed themselves…

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