CESGRANRIO-2008(Dezembro)-NÍVEL SUPERIOR-PETROBRAS/Distribuidora - (Todos os cargos 21/12/2008) - PETROBRAS DISTRIBUIDORA - Prof° Valdenor Sousa - Prova de INGLÊS resolvida e comentada.

Hey,what's up guys!!!...How have you been?!
👍Neste post, veremos a Prova de INGLÊS - Órgão: PETROBRAS - Cargo: Nível Superior(vários cargos) - Prova aplicada em 21/12/2008.

[a]Banca/Organizador

Fundação CESGRANRIO.

[b]Padrão/Composição da prova
➦03 Textos.
➦20 Questões(múltiplas escolhas com 05 alternativas cada, tudo em inglês)
➦Compreensão Textual do inglês).
➦Uso do inglês.
👉  Texto 1   sem título 

➦ Tema abordado:  

➦ Fonte: www.afrol.com 

👉  Texto 2   "Offshore oil discoveries in Brazil to end Middle East Supremacy?"(Descobertas de petróleo em alto mar no Brasil para acabar com a supremacia do Oriente Médio?) 
➦ Tema abordado:  

➦ Fonte: www.resourceinvestor.com 
👉  Texto 3   sem título 
➦ Tema abordado:  

➦ Fonte: www.douglasawilson.com 

[c]Dicionários sugestivos
Caso necessário, sugiro que consulte os 03(três) excelentes dicionários a seguir:

http://www.collinsdictionary.com/
http://www.macmillandictionary.com/
http://www.thefreedictionary.com/
[d]VOCABULÁRIO:

🔄Verbos
[to ]

🔄Phrasal Verbs:

[to ]

🔄Expressões verbais com o TO BE(simple present/simple past/simple future/ be going to/present continuous/past continuous/future continuous):
["]
🔄Expressões verbais no PERFECT TENSE(present perfect/past perfect/present perfect continuous/past perfect continuous):
["]

🔄Expressões com os 10 modais(can/could/may/might/must/should/would/ought to/will/shall):

["]
🔄Expressões com 30 verbos que transmitem ideia que ALGO CAIU, DESPENCOU, DECLINOU, REDUZIU, ENFRAQUECEU, AFOGOU (fall/flop/faint/drop/droop/down/ decrease/decline/diminish/dwindle/dip/dive/duck/ease/ebb/gasp/lower/mitigate/ plunge/sag/slash/slump/split/shrink/sink/stoop/stumble/wane/weaken/wilt):
["]
🔄Expressões com 25 verbos que transmitem ideia que algo SUBIU,ELEVOU, AUMENTOU, MELHOROU,REAGIU,ABASTECEU,AMPLIOU,(arise,better,boom, boost, broaden, clim, flood, fuel,further,grow,improve,increase,jump,lift,raise,rally,rise, skyrocket, soar, strenghten, surface,surpass,trigger, up, upgrade,widen):
["]
🔄Expressões com 10 verbos que transmitem ideia que ALGO MUDOU, TROCOU, PERMUTOU, TRANSFORMOU,ALTEROU,REFORMOU, SUBSTITUIU, CONVERTEU, ESCAMBOU, MODIFICOU(amend,barter,change,convert, exchange,replace,swap,switch,swop,vary):
["]
🔄Expressões com 20 verbos que transmitem ideia de COMBATE, DISPUTA, LUTA, GUERRA, COLISÃO, ATINGIR, ESPANCAR, SOCAR, BATER(bash,battle,beat, brawl, clash,cuff, fight ,grapple,hit,knock,punch,quarrel,slap,apank,apar, strike, tackle ,tussle,whack,wrestle):
["]  
🔄Expressões com verbos com ING:

["]

🔄Expressões com VERBOS EM GERAL:
["]

🔄Substantivos(NOUNS):
[]

🔄Adjetivos/Locuções adjetivas:

[]
🔄Expressões com 30 adjetivos que transmitem ideia que ALGO/ALGUÉM ESTÁ EM SITUAÇÃO RUIM/PARA BAIXO/DIFÍCIL (annoying, awful,boring,dim,dire, downward ,dreadful,dull,fearsome,frightful,gloomy,grim,hard,idle,irksome,maddening,misty,murky,nagging,wane,outrageous,pesky,shadowy,sluggish,thankless,thorny,tiresome,troublesome,worrisome,wearisome):
["]

🔄Advérbios/Locução adverbial:

["]

🔄Conectores/Marcadores de discurso:
["]

🔄Expressões comuns:
["] 
🔄Expressões idiomáticas:
👉[so far(até agora)=sinônimo de "up to now","up until now","until now","hitherto"]
👉[so soon="tão logo","tão cedo","desde já"]
🔄Expressões ADJETIVO+SUBSTANTIVO:
["]
🔄Expressões com 'S (Genitive case=proprietário 'S propriedade):
["]
🔄Expressões com frações/números:
["]
🔄Questions:
[?"]

🔄Falso cognato:

["]

Agora, vamos à prova.
This text refers to questions from 31 through 37.
          Brazil's national energy company PETROBRAS finally has demonstrated interest in the upcoming oil exploitation offshore São Tomé and Príncipe, after having been invited to the country for years. PETROBRAS, which already operates in neighboring Nigeria and Equatorial Guinea, sent a delegation to negotiate business terms with São Tomé and Príncipe authorities.
          The PETROBRAS delegation went to the fellow Portuguese speaking archipelago before the weekend and had talks with São Toméan Natural Resources Minister Luís Moreira da Silva. The aim of the talks, PETROBRAS representatives told the news agency Pana, was to "effectuate businesses as soon as possible".
          After the talks, it however remained undisclosed how PETROBRAS was to enter in the São Toméan oil sector. Although invited by the government, PETROBRAS has so far not participated in any bid round to explore or exploit oil in São Toméan waters. There were also no tenders from PETROBRAS as seven oil blocks in the joint development zone shared by Nigeria and São Tomé and Príncipe last year were offered to international oil companies.
         For the São Tomé and Príncipe government, it has however been of diplomatic importance to recruit the Brazilian oil giant to its still unexploited offshore oil fields. Brazil and São Tomé and Príncipe are strongly connected in the Community of Portuguese-Speaking Countries (CPLP), where Portugal and Brazil are the main investors.
          During the state visit of Brazilian President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva in São Tomé and Príncipe, in November last year, his counterpart, President Fradique de Menezes, had urged for Brazilian investments in his country’s oil sector. The São Toméan President told President Lula that he had been disappointed as there had so far been no bid by PETROBRAS to exploit São Toméan oil.
          While the Brazilian President at that stage could not promise any future tenders by PETROBRAS, the two Heads of State nevertheless signed an agreement regarding technical aid to develop the São Toméan oil sector. Brazil’s National Petroleum Agency (ANP) since then has assisted São Toméan authorities in creating a legal base for the national oil industry.
          The Brazilian government since that is believed to have pressured the PETROBRAS executive to look into business possibilities in São Tomé and Príncipe. PETROBRAS is believed to enter the São Toméan market in cooperation with Chinese partner oil companies that already operate offshore the archipelago.
          PETROBRAS is already heavily involved in the Gulf of Guinea. Its largest operations in the region are in Angola, accounting for almost 5 percent of the Brazilian company’s foreign oil production. PETROBRAS is also involved offshore Nigeria and in a shared Nigerian-Equatoguinean zone, both operations being close to São Tomé and Príncipe’s offshore zone.

Internet: <www.afrol.com> (adapted)

👉  Questão   31 
In the text, "so far" (R.16) is the same as
A) so soon.
B) until then.
C) up to now.
D) since then.
E) so distant.
👍 Comentários e Gabarito - Questão  31(C) 
*No texto, "so far" é o mesmo que ...
👱 Veja "so far" no texto:
[...] After the talks, it however remained undisclosed how PETROBRAS was to enter in the São Toméan oil sector. Although invited by the government, PETROBRAS has so far not participated in any bid round to explore or exploit oil in São Toméan waters.
(Após as conversas, manteve-se ainda não divulgado como a PETROBRAS entraria no setor petrolífero de São Tomé. Embora convidado pelo o governo, a PETROBRAS até agora não tem participado de nenhuma rodada de propostas para explorar ou explorar o petróleo nas águas de São Tomé.)
*Item (A) ERRADO: tão logo/tão cedo.
*Item (B) ERRADO: "até então" ou "até lá".
👦"until then" → "até determinado tempo no passado" ou "antes de determinado tempo no futuro"
*Item (C) CORRETO: até agora.
👱 "so far"(até agora) é sinônimo de "up to now","up until now","until now","hitherto".
*Item (D) ERRADO: "desde então"
👦"since then" → entre o "então" e "agora".
*Item (E) ERRADO:
👉  Questão   32 
In the text, "nevertheless" (R.37) means
A furthermore.
B still less.
C although.
D forever.
E nonetheless.
👍 Comentários e Gabarito - Questão  32(E) 
*
👉  Questão   33 
Based on the text, judge the items below.
I) It took time for PETROBRAS to become interested in the forthcoming oil exploitation offshore São Tomé and
Príncipe.
II) In Africa, PETROBRAS has only been operating in
countries that are far away from each other.
III) PETROBRAS sent a group of delegates to try to reach an agreement with São Toméan authorities.
IV) Talks between the PETROBRAS’ authorities and a São Toméan minister took place over the weekend.
V) Pana is supposed to carry out oil exploitation business with the São Toméan’s representatives as soon as it can.
The only true items are
A) I and III.
B) I and V.
C) II and III.
D) II and IV.
E) IV and V.
👍 Comentários e Gabarito - Questão  33(A) 
*
👉  Questão   34 
According to the text, judge the following items.
I) It is still being discussed how PETROBRAS is to begin to take part in the oil exploitation activities in São Tomé and Príncipe.
II) PETROBRAS has become involved in several bid rounds either to explore or exploit oil in São Toméan waters.
III) Last year, PETROBRAS didn’t make any offer to work in a joint development zone shared by Nigeria and São Tomé and Príncipe.
IV) São Tomé and Príncipe would rather have other international oil companies exploiting or exploring its oil sector than PETROBRAS.
The only true items are
A) I and II.
B) I and III.
C) II and IV.
D) I, III and IV.
E) II, III and IV.
👍 Comentários e Gabarito - Questão  34(B) 
*
👉  Questão   35 
Based on the text, choose the correct option.
A) São Tomé and Príncipe depends on Brazil to exploit its oil which lies inland.
B) President Fradique de Menezes has complained that Brazil is not investing in Africa.
C) President Menezes said that had felt unhappy because PETROBRAS is yet to make an offer to partake in the exploitation of São Toméan oil.
D) During the state visit to São Tomé and Príncipe, President Lula made a commitment regarding future tenders by PETROBRAS.
E) During the presidential visit, no agreement was reached as far as technical assistance was concerned.
👍 Comentários e Gabarito - Questão  35(C) 
*
👉  Questão   36 
According to the text,
A) it is taking time for PETROBRAS to actually come into business with São Tomé and Príncipe.
B) there seems to be no possibilities for PETROBRAS to exploit São Toméan oil.
C) PETROBRAS will buy a Chinese oil company in order to exploit São Tomé and Príncipe’s oil.
D) Brazil and China are both at the same stage in terms of oil exploitation in São Tomé and Príncipe.
E) there is no reason for Brazil to be reluctant to explore São Toméan offshore oil.
👍 Comentários e Gabarito - Questão  36(A) 
*
👉  Questão   37 
Based on the text, it is correct to say that PETROBRAS
A) and China are thought to come to work together in São Tomé and Príncipe.
B) had better exploit São Toméan oil on its own.
C) seems to be particularly interested in São Toméan oil reserve.
D) exploits almost 5% of Angola's oil.
E) has only been operating in areas far away from São Tomé and Príncipe.
👍 Comentários e Gabarito - Questão  37(A) 
*
This text refers to questions from 38 through 43.

Offshore oil discoveries in Brazil to end Middle East Supremacy?

          In the last couple of months, several major offshore oil discoveries in Brazil have made headlines. The discovery of two oil fields has given new life to the idea that Brazil could become the world’s largest oil producer in the coming
decades.
          The discovery of the Carioca field, estimated to hold 33 billion barrels, could alone increase Brazil’s future oil production capacity by 1-1.5 million barrels per day (bpd). This would make it the third largest oil field in the world and turn Brazil into the seventh largest producer of oil. In addition, Brazil’s national oil company PETROBRAS reported in November 2007 that the offshore Tupi field may hold 8 billion barrels of recoverable crude.
          Western news sources have been buzzing with the idea that Brazil could become an energy source large enough to undermine the current supremacy of the Middle East. The need for the U.S. and Europe to diversify away from current oil suppliers is obvious; these suppliers are largely based in instable and growingly anti-Western regions, such as the Middle East, North Africa and West Africa. Brazil, as one of
the leading Latin American economies, is still considered to be one of the most stable oil producing regions.
          Peter Zeihan, VP analysis at Strategic Forecasting, believes that Brazil’s discoveries of what may be two of the world’s three biggest oil finds in the past 30 years could help end the Western Hemisphere’s reliance on Middle East crude. He indicated that the new discoveries would result in a decrease of Saudi Arabia’s position as largest oil producer and exporter.
          The position taken by Strategic Forecasting’s Zeihan is based on the belief that Brazil will be pumping “several million” barrels of crude daily by 2020, but an increase of 1-1.5 million bpd in crude oil production is just a drop in the ocean. At present, the Gulf region transports about 17-18 million bpd to world markets. Total global demand is predicted to be about 112-115 million bpd, with around 55-60 million bpd produced by OPEC to counter lower production
in other regions.
          To end the Middle Eastern supremacy, the world will need, in addition to the Brazilian discoveries, a tripling of Canadian oil sands output and higher fuel efficiency. The U.S. alone imports around 10 million bpd of crude oil, showing that Brazil’s 1-1.5 million bpd could only supply 10%-15% of imports. And this percentage would decrease as import volumes are increased if and when the American economy recovers. So as long as Gulf-based producers are still supplying around 23% of total U.S. imports, the need for stability in the Middle East will remain.

Internet: <www.resourceinvestor.com> (adapted)

👉  Questão   38 
According to the text,
A) several months ago, discoveries of important offshore oil reserves made Brazil hit international headlines.
B) Brazil will be the largest oil producer all over the world by the middle of next year.
C) today’s Brazil capability of producing oil reaches about 1-1.5 million barrels per day.
D) by the end of last year, PETROBRAS announced that Tupi field may contain 8 billion barrels of recoverable crude.
E) at present, Brazil is the third largest oil producer in the world.
👍 Comentários e Gabarito - Questão  38(D) 
*
👉  Questão   39 
Based on the text, choose the incorrect option.
A) Western media sources have been considering the possibility that Brazil could weaken the present leadership of the Middle East in terms of oil production.
B) Some mid eastern producers are unstable and are not friendly towards the USA or Europe.
C) Brazil, one of the main Latin American economies, is taken as a steady oil producing region.
D) Peter Zeihan defends the idea that discoveries in Brazil could help to finish the Occident dependence on some mid-eastern countries.
E) Europe and the USA will soon be self-sufficient in oil production.
👍 Comentários e Gabarito - Questão  39(E) 
*
👉  Questão   40 
Based on what is stated in the text, it can be deduced that
I) in terms of oil production an increase in Brazilian production can bring about changes in Saudi Arabia’s current position.
II) even if there’s an augmentation of 1-1.5 million bpd in Brazil’s oil production by 2020, it shouldn’t suffice the international demand.
III) OPEC is expected to produce about 50% of the total global demand for oil by 2020.
IV) OPEC is responsible for lowering the oil production of other regions.
V) 55-60 million bpd will be the total oil production by 2020.
The total number of true items is
A) 1.
B) 2.
C) 3.
D) 4.
E) 5.
👍 Comentários e Gabarito - Questão  40(C) 
*
👉  Questão   41 
Based on what is found in the text, choose the correct option.
A) The mid eastern countries have the monopoly of oilproduction.
B) The text confirms that Brazil alone can supply around 10 million bpd to the USA.
C) At present, the USA exports about 10 million bpd of crude oil.
D) Brazilian exports to the U.S. will most certainly decrease.
E) American economy depends on the stability of the Gulfbased countries.
👍 Comentários e Gabarito - Questão  41(E) 
*
👉  Questão   42 
In the text, “largely” (R.18) means
A) most completely.
B) completely.
C) less completely.
D) as completely as.
E) almost completely.
👍 Comentários e Gabarito - Questão  42(E) 
*
👉  Questão   43 
In the text, the expression “drop in the ocean” (R.33-34) means
A) big amount.
B) large amount.
C) great amount.
D) huge amount.
E) small amount
👍 Comentários e Gabarito - Questão  43(E) 
*
👉  Questão   44 
In the text, “beneath” (R.3) is the same as
A) above.
B) near.
C) over.
D) behind.
E) underneath.
👍 Comentários e Gabarito - Questão  44(E) 
*
👉  Questão   45 
In the text, “likely” (R.40) could be replaced, without changing the
meaning, by
A) expected.
B) definitely.
C) lovely.
D) certainly.
E) obviously.
👍 Comentários e Gabarito - Questão  45(A) 
*
👉  Questão   46 
Based on the text, choose the correct option.
A) Oil prices have doubled three times as much all along the last ten years.
B) Western countries do not need the petroleum found in Middle Eastern countries.
C) Washington succeeded in getting free from its dependence on foreign energy.
D) The goal of energy independence is understandable but, for the author of the text, it is an illusion.
E) President Nixon was the only person to worry about the North American energy independence.
👍 Comentários e Gabarito - Questão  46(D) 
*
👉  Questão   47 
Based on the text, it can be said that
A) America today imports more than three times as much the amount of oil it used to by the mid seventies.
B) currently, the U.S. imports two-thirds of its consumption everyday.
C) the Bush administration officially determined a slower exploitation of America’s own oil reserves.
D) ethanol from corn will reduce external dependence of the U.S. on foreign oil during the decades to come.
E) the priorities of the nation may be mixed up with the priorities of the domestic oil industry.
👍 Comentários e Gabarito - Questão  47(E) 
*
👉  Questão   48 
According to the text, it can be said that
I) alternative fuels will be a substitute for petroleum.
II) Brazil was already doing what Nixon was pledging.
III) Brazil succeeded in reducing its petroleum based fuel consumption by cars by around 50%.
IV) Brazilian tremendous effort to produce ethanol is as salutary as it is announced.
V) alcohol is neither suitable to replace diesel fuel nor heating oil.
The total number of true items is
A) 1.
B) 2.
C) 3.
D) 4.
E) 5.
👍 Comentários e Gabarito - Questão  48(C) 
*
👉  Questão   49 
Based on the text, choose the correct option.
A) About 80% of the liquid fuels used in Brazil come from ethanol.
B) No disadvantages can be found in the use of ethanol when compared with the use of petroleum.
C) The use of great quantities of ethanol may also be harmful.
D) Corn prices will become lower once the demand for it increases.
E) There is no relation whatsoever between the price of corn and that of hamburgers.
👍 Comentários e Gabarito - Questão  49(C) 
*
👉  Questão   50 
According to the text, it can be concluded that
A) the American serious worry about becoming independent of foreign oil is pointless, in a way.
B) energy independence and globalization are not related issues.
C) the fast exploitation of domestic oil will make it possible for the USA to get rid of foreign imports.
D) American’s will is all that is required to overcome the difficulties in importing oil.
E) the USA is able to get free from foreign oil.
👍 Comentários e Gabarito - Questão  50(A) 
*

PUC/Rio – 2015 – VESTIBULAR – GRUPOS 1, 3 e 4 – LÍNGUA INGLESA – PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO – PROVA COM GABARITO & TEXTO TRADUZIDO.

❑ PROVA DE LÍNGUA INGLESA: PUC/RIO-2015-GRUPOS 1, 3 e 4 - VESTIBULAR-12/10/2014.

https://www.puc-rio.br/vestibular/

❑ ESTRUTURA-PROVA:

➭ 10 Multiple Choice Questions / 5 Options Each Question.

➭ Text  – Do screens make us stupider?
Time for a rethink of reading | http://blogs.discovermagazine.com |

❑ PROVA:

• TEXTO:

Do screens make us stupider?

As telas nos tornam mais estúpidos?

Time for a rethink of reading

É hora de repensar a leitura

At the university where I teach, fewer and fewer new books are available from the library in their physical, printed form.

Na universidade onde leciono, cada vez menos livros novos estão disponíveis na biblioteca na sua forma física, impressa.

And yet, the company that just published my textbook tells me that about 90 percent of students who buy my book choose to lug around the four-pound paper version rather than purchase the weightless e-book.

E, no entanto, a empresa que acaba de publicar o meu manual diz-me que cerca de 90% dos estudantes que compram o meu livro optam por carregar a versão em papel de quatro quilos em vez de comprar o livro eletrónico que não pesa nada.
The information is exactly the same, so why would students opt for the pricier and more cumbersome version? Is the library missing something important about the nature of printed versus electronic books? 
As informações são exatamente as mesmas, então por que os alunos optariam pela versão mais cara e pesada? A biblioteca está perdendo algo importante sobre a natureza dos livros impressos versus eletrônicos?
Some studies do show that information becomes more securely fixed in people’s minds when they read it from paper than when they read it from the screen.

Alguns estudos mostram que as informações ficam mais seguras na mente das pessoas quando elas as leem no papel do que quando as leem na tela.

Findings like these may resonate with our subjective experience of reading, and yet still seem puzzling at an intellectual level.

Descobertas como estas podem estar em sintonia com a nossa experiência subjetiva de leitura e, no entanto, parecerem intrigantes a nível intelectual.

This is because we’re used to thinking about reading—or information processing more generally—as the metaphorical equivalent of consuming food. We talk about devouring novels, digesting a report, and absorbing information.

Isto deve-se ao fato de estarmos habituados a pensar na leitura - ou no processamento de informação em geral - como o equivalente metafórico do consumo de alimentos. Falamos em devorar romances, digerir um relatório e absorver informação.

If we’re ingesting the same material, whether it’s presented in print or electronically, how can the results be so different?
Se estamos ingerindo o mesmo material, quer seja apresentado em papel ou em formato eletrónico, como é que os resultados podem ser tão diferentes?
Within the prevailing food metaphor, the only sensible way to think about these different outcomes is that reading from paper leads to more efficient or complete digestion.

Dentro da metáfora alimentar prevalecente, a única forma sensata de pensar sobre estes resultados diferentes é que a leitura em papel conduz a uma digestão mais eficiente ou completa.

An intuitive explanation may be that visual fatigue or the effort of navigating text onscreen interferes with the processing of information. Or perhaps we’ve picked up shallow mental habits while onscreen that prevent us from taking the time to properly chew on the information as we take it in.

Uma explicação intuitiva pode ser que o cansaço visual ou o esforço de navegar pelo texto na tela interfere no processamento da informação. Ou talvez tenhamos adquirido hábitos mentais superficiais enquanto estamos na tela que nos impedem de parar para mastigar adequadamente as informações à medida que as assimilamos.

In both cases, the implication is that valuable informational nutrients that are “there” in the text end up being mentally excreted rather than absorbed.
Em ambos os casos, a implicação é que valiosos nutrientes informativos que estão “lá” no texto acabam sendo mentalmente excretados em vez de absorvidos.
But, in reality, the whole reading-as-digestion metaphor is deeply flawed.

Mas, na realidade, toda a metáfora da leitura como digestão é profundamente errada.

Cognitive research shows that while reading, it’s possible, among other things, to generate strong visual images based on the text, to marshal arguments against the author’s main point, to speculate about the motivations of characters, to connect the text to personal experiences, to form an opinion, or to notice the sensory and aesthetic qualities of the text, to name just a few.

A pesquisa cognitiva mostra que, durante a leitura, é possível, entre outras coisas, gerar imagens visuais fortes com base no texto, organizar argumentos contra o ponto principal do autor, especular sobre as motivações dos personagens, conectar o texto a experiências pessoais, formar uma opinião ou perceber as qualidades sensoriais e estéticas do texto, para citar apenas algumas.

Not all of these take place every time you read, so there is not just one activity called “reading,” done either poorly or well.
Nem todos estes aspectos ocorrem sempre que se lê, pelo que não existe apenas uma atividade chamada "leitura", mal ou bem feita.
There are probably all sorts of subtle cues around us, influencing our cognitive goals moment by moment.

Provavelmente, há todo o tipo de pistas sutis à nossa volta, que influenciam os nossos objectivos cognitivos a cada momento.

A study showed that when people read a product review in a hard-to-read font, they more carefully evaluated the merits of the arguments than when the same information was presented in easyto-read font — suggesting that when information merely feels hard to process, we automatically bring out the heavy cognitive machinery.

Um estudo demonstrou que, quando as pessoas liam uma crítica de um produto num tipo de letra difícil de ler, avaliavam mais cuidadosamente os méritos dos argumentos do que quando a mesma informação era apresentada num tipo de letra fácil de ler - o que sugere que, quando a informação parece simplesmente difícil de processar, accionamos automaticamente a maquinaria cognitiva pesada.

The emerging research on cognitive goals and their triggers offers an intriguing way to think about why reading the same text in different formats or even styles of presentation might engage the mind in such different ways.

A pesquisa emergente sobre objetivos cognitivos e seus gatilhos oferece uma maneira intrigante de pensar por que a leitura do mesmo texto em diferentes formatos ou mesmo estilos de apresentação pode envolver a mente de maneiras tão diferentes.

A hard-copy textbook may serve as a powerful cue that sets off cognitive activities that are very distinct from those that are involved in reading your Twitter feed or thumbing through a paperback romance novel.
Um livro impresso pode servir como uma sugestão poderosa que desencadeia atividades cognitivas que são muito distintas daquelas que estão envolvidas na leitura do seu feed do Twitter ou folheando um romance de bolso.
The research should also motivate publishers— especially of online text—to think deeply about how elements of presentation and design can serve as signals to nudge the reader into the mental activities that do justice to the text.

A pesquisa também deve motivar os editores – especialmente de textos on-line – a pensar profundamente sobre como os elementos de apresentação e design podem servir como sinais para levar o leitor às atividades mentais que fazem justiça ao texto.

For example, an online literary magazine may leave readers with unsatisfying experiences simply because it’s too hard to arouse the contemplative and sensory goals that lead to properly savoring its content.

Por exemplo, uma revista literária online pode deixar os leitores com experiências insatisfatórias simplesmente porque é muito difícil despertar os objetivos contemplativos e sensoriais que levam a saborear adequadamente seu conteúdo.

The magazine needs to signal that a different kind of reading is called for, perhaps by borrowing some of the elements that poets have long used to cue readers to pay close attention to the language of a poem: stripping away graphic distractions, formatting text sparsely and unconventionally, and surrounding it with generous swaths of empty space.
A revista precisa sinalizar que um tipo diferente de leitura é necessário, talvez tomando emprestados alguns dos elementos que os poetas há muito usam para sugerir aos leitores que prestem muita atenção à linguagem de um poema: eliminando as distrações gráficas, formatando o texto de forma esparsa e não convencional e cercando-o com faixas generosas de espaço vazio.
Understanding how reading works means abandoning the idea that the presentation of a text is as inconsequential as whether a plate of food is served with a sprig of decorative parsley.

Compreender como funciona a leitura significa abandonar a ideia de que a apresentação de um texto é tão inconsequente como o fato de um prato de comida ser servido com um ramo de salsa decorativo.

In fact, the packaging of text likely contains rich implicit instructions for what we do with it.

De fato, a embalagem do texto contém provavelmente ricas instruções implícitas sobre o que fazemos com ele.

Available at: <http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/crux/2014/06/17/do-screens-make-us-stupider-time-for-a-rethink-of-reading/>.Retrieved on: July 10th, 2014. Adapted.

11. Given the information in lines 1-11, which of the following statements is TRUE?
(A) Most students prefer buying electronic books.
(B) The author understands the students’ options concerning the book format.
(C) The price is a major concern for students when purchasing books.
(D) The author’s students prefer physical books rather than e-books.
(E) The library is not equipped with electronic books.

 👍   Comentários e Gabarito    D  

TÓPICO - INFORMAÇÕES DENTRO DO TEXTO:

• Dadas as informações nas linhas 1-11, qual das seguintes afirmações é VERDADEIRA?

(A) Most students prefer buying electronic books.

• A maioria dos alunos prefere comprar livros eletrônicos.

(B) The author understands the students’ options concerning the book format.

• O autor entende as opções dos alunos quanto ao formato do livro.
(C) The price is a major concern for students when purchasing books.

• O preço é uma grande preocupação para os alunos na compra de livros.
(D) The author’s students prefer physical books rather than e-books.

• Os alunos do autor preferem livros físicos em vez de e-books.
(E) The library is not equipped with electronic books.

• A biblioteca não está equipada com livros eletrônicos.

12. The expression in boldface introduces an idea of emphasis in:
(A) “And yet, the company that just published my textbook…” (line 3)
(B) “The information is exactly the same, so why would students opt…” (line 8)
(C) “This is because we’re used to thinking about reading…” (line 17)
(D) “The research should also motivate publishers…” (line 66)
(E) “In fact, the packaging of text likely contains…” (lines 85-86)

 👍   Comentários e Gabarito    E  

TÓPICO - MARCADORES DISCURSIVOS:

The expression in boldface introduces an idea of emphasis in:

A expressão em negrito introduz uma IDEIA DE ÊNFASE em:
(A) “And yet, the company that just published my textbook…” (line 3) – “E NO ENTANTO, a empresa que acabou de publicar meu livro didático…” (IDEIA DE CONTRASTE)
(B) “The information is exactly the same, so why would students opt…” (line 8) – “A informação é exatamente a mesma, então por que os alunos optariam...” (IDEIA DE CONCLUSÃO)
(C) “This is because we’re used to thinking about reading…” (line 17) – “Isso é porque estamos acostumados a pensar em ler...” (IDEIA DE EXPLICAÇÃO)
(D) “The research should also motivate publishers…” (line 66) – “A pesquisa também deve motivar os editores…” (IDEIA DE ADIÇÃO)
(E) “In fact, the packaging of text likely contains…” (lines 85-86) – “De fato, a embalagem do texto provavelmente contém…” (IDEIA DE ÊNFASE)

13. In the fragment “the effort of navigating text onscreen interferes with the processing of information”, “processing” (lines 29-30) is to “process” as:
(A) ”thinking” (line 18) is to “think”.
(B) “consuming” (line 20) is to “consume”.
(C) “ingesting” (line 22) is to “ingest”.
(D) “reading” (line 64) is to “read”.
(E) “abandoning” (line 83) is to “abandon”.

 👍   Comentários e Gabarito    D  

TÓPICO - GERUND FORM & INFINITIVE FORM :

In the fragment “the effort of navigating text onscreen interferes with the processing of information”, “processing” (lines 29-30) is to “process” as:

No fragmento “o esforço de navegar pelo texto na tela interfere no processamento da informação”, “processing” (NOUN) é “process”(VERB)  como:

(A) ”thinking” (VERB) is to “think”(pensar)(VERB).

➭ "[...] This is because we’re used to thinking about reading" – CONSUMING (GERUND) 

(B) “consuming” (VERB) is to “consume”(consumir)(VERB).

➭ "[...] as the metaphorical equivalent of consuming food."  CONSUMING (GERUND)

(C) “ingesting” (VERB) is to “ingest”(ingerir)(VERB).

➭ "[...] If we’re ingesting the same material,..." – INGESTING (PARTICIPLE PRESENT)

(D) “reading” (NOUN) is to “read”(ler)(VERB).

➭ "[...] that are involved in reading your Twitter feed" – READING (NOUN)

(E) “abandoning” (VERB) is to “abandon”(abandonar)(VERB).

➭ "[...] Understanding how reading works means abandoning the idea" – ABANDONING (GERUND)

14. In the fragment “But, in reality, the whole reading-asdigestion metaphor is deeply flawed.” (lines 37-38), the connector But could be replaced by

(A) Therefore
(B) Moreover
(C) Furthermore
(D) What is more
(E) However

 👍   Comentários e Gabarito    E  

TÓPICO - THE MAIN IDEIA - O PROPÓSITO PRINCIPAL DO TEXTO:

In the fragment “But, in reality, the whole reading-asdigestion metaphor is deeply flawed.” (lines 37-38), the connector But could be replaced by

No fragmento “Mas, na realidade, toda a metáfora da leitura como digestão é profundamente falha”. (linhas 37-38), o conector Mas poderia ser substituído por

(A) Therefore – Portanto
(B) Moreover – Além disso
(C) Furthermore – Além disso
(D) What is more – O que é mais
(E) However – No entanto

15. In paragraph 6 (lines 49-65), the author claims that

(A) the cognitive activities triggered when reading a hard- -copy textbook or a Twitter feed are possibly analogous.

(B) the font, the style of presentation and the format are examples of subtle cues that impact on our cognitive goals when reading from screens or from paper.
(C) it is easy to engage the mind into processing online information.
(D) according to a study, people consider product reviews with easy-to-read fonts more reliable than reviews with hard-to-read fonts.
(E) the subtle cues that influence our cognitive goals during the activity of reading distract us from understanding argumentative texts.

 👍   Comentários e Gabarito    B  

TÓPICO - THE MAIN IDEIA - O PROPÓSITO PRINCIPAL DO TEXTO:

In paragraph 6 (lines 49-65), the author claims that

No parágrafo 6 (linhas 49-65), o autor afirma que 

(A) the cognitive activities triggered when reading a hard- -copy textbook or a Twitter feed are possibly analogous. – as atividades cognitivas desencadeadas ao ler um livro impresso ou um feed do Twitter são possivelmente análogas.

(B) the font, the style of presentation and the format are examples of subtle cues that impact on our cognitive goals when reading from screens or from paper. – a fonte, o estilo de apresentação e o formato são exemplos de dicas sutis que afetam nossos objetivos cognitivos ao ler em telas ou em papel.
(C) it is easy to engage the mind into processing online information. – é fácil envolver a mente no processamento de informações online.
(D) according to a study, people consider product reviews with easy-to-read fonts more reliable than reviews with hard-to-read fonts. – 

de acordo com um estudo, as pessoas consideram avaliações de produtos com fontes fáceis de ler mais confiáveis do que avaliações com fontes difíceis de ler.

(E) as pistas sutis que influenciam nossos objetivos

(E) the subtle cues that influence our cognitive goals during the activity of reading distract us from understanding argumentative texts. – as pistas sutis que influenciam nossos objetivos cognitivos durante a atividade de leitura nos distraem da compreensão de textos argumentativos.

16. The demonstrative “those” (line 64), in the fragment “from those that are involved in reading your Twitter feed or thumbing through a paperback romance novel”, makes reference to

(A) styles of presentation (line 60)
(B) hard-copy textbook (line 62)
(C) sets off (line 63)
(D) cognitive activities (line 63)
(E) paperback romance novel (line 65)

 👍   Comentários e Gabarito    D  

TÓPICO - THE MAIN IDEIA - O PROPÓSITO PRINCIPAL DO TEXTO:

The demonstrative “those” (line 64), in the fragment “from those that are involved in reading your Twitter feed or thumbing through a paperback romance novel”, makes reference to

O demonstrativo “aqueles” (linha 64), no fragmento “daqueles que estão envolvidos na leitura de seu feed do Twitter ou folheando um romance de bolso”, faz referência a

(A) styles of presentation (line 60) – estilos de apresentação 
(B) hard-copy textbook (line 62) – livro didático impresso 

(C) sets off (line 63) – começa
(D) cognitive activities (line 63) – atividades cognitivas
(E) paperback romance novel (line 65) – romance de bolso

17. In the fragment “The research should also motivate publishers…” (line 66), “should” conveys the idea of

(A) obligation
(B) possibility
(C) recommendation
(D) condition
(E) request

 👍   Comentários e Gabarito    C  

TÓPICO - MODAL VERB:

In the fragment “The research should also motivate publishers…” (line 66), “should” conveys the idea of

No fragmento “A pesquisa também deve motivar os editores…” (linha 66), “deve” transmite a ideia de

(A) obligation – obrigação
(B) possibility – possibilidade
(C) recommendation – recomendação
(D) condition – condição
(E) request – pedido

18. The word nudge, in the fragment “how elements of presentation and design can serve as signals to nudge the reader into the mental activities that do justice to the text.” (lines 67-70), is closest in meaning to

(A) encourage
(B) annoy
(C) disturb
(D) transform
(E) trouble

 👍   Comentários e Gabarito    A  

TÓPICO - THE MAIN IDEIA - O PROPÓSITO PRINCIPAL DO TEXTO:

 The word nudge, in the fragment “how elements of presentation and design can serve as signals to nudge the reader into the mental activities that do justice to the text.” (lines 67-70), is closest in meaning to

A palavra nudge, no fragmento “como elementos de apresentação e design podem servir como sinais para cutucar o leitor nas atividades mentais que fazem justiça ao texto”. (linhas 67-70), é o significado mais próximo de

(A) encourage – encorajar
(B) annoy – irritar
(C) disturb – perturbar
(D) transform – transformar
(E) trouble – problema

19. In paragraph 7 (lines 66-81), the author defends the idea that magazine editors should borrow some of the elements that poets have long used to cue readers to pay attention to their poems. Among these elements, the one that is NOT mentioned is:

(A) The artistic language used in poetry.
(B) The sparse formatting of the text.
(C) The use of empty spaces around and inside the text.
(D) The lack of graphic distractions.
(E) The unconventional formatting of the text.

 👍   Comentários e Gabarito    A  

TÓPICO - THE MAIN IDEIA - O PROPÓSITO PRINCIPAL DO TEXTO:

In paragraph 7 (lines 66-81), the author defends the idea that magazine editors should borrow some of the elements that poets have long used to cue readers to pay attention to their poems. Among these elements, the one that is NOT mentioned is:

No parágrafo 7 (linhas 66-81), o autor defende a ideia de que os editores de revistas devem tomar emprestados alguns dos elementos que os poetas há muito usam para induzir os leitores a prestar atenção em seus poemas. Entre esses elementos, o que NÃO é mencionado é:

(A) The artistic language used in poetry. – A linguagem artística usada na poesia.
(B) The sparse formatting of the text. – A formatação esparsa do texto.
(C) The use of empty spaces around and inside the text. – O uso de espaços vazios ao redor e dentro do texto.
(D) The lack of graphic distractions. – A falta de distrações gráficas.
(E) The unconventional formatting of the text. – A formatação não convencional do texto.

20. In paragraph 8 (lines 82-87), the author presents her main argument about what she calls “a rethink of reading”. According to her,

(A) online and offline texts should be formatted the same.
(B) the presentation of a text is of no importance for the reader’s engagement in it.
(C) the presentation of a text is of vital importance for the reader’s engagement in it.
(D) the packaging of a text should take into account only the aesthetical aspects of a book.
(E) we find instructions for what we do with a text in online editions, only.

 👍   Comentários e Gabarito    C  

TÓPICO - THE MAIN IDEIA - O PROPÓSITO PRINCIPAL DO TEXTO:

In paragraph 8 (lines 82-87), the author presents her main argument about what she calls “a rethink of reading”. According to her,

No parágrafo 8 (linhas 82-87), a autora apresenta seu principal argumento sobre o que chama de “repensar a leitura”. De acordo com ela,

(A) online and offline texts should be formatted the same. – os textos online e offline devem ser formatados da mesma forma.
(B) the presentation of a text is of no importance for the reader’s engagement in it. – a apresentação de um texto não tem importância para o engajamento do leitor nele.
(C) the presentation of a text is of vital importance for the reader’s engagement in it. – a apresentação de um texto é de vital importância para o engajamento do leitor nele.
(D) the packaging of a text should take into account only the aesthetical aspects of a book. – a embalagem de um texto deve levar em conta apenas os aspectos estéticos de um livro.
(E) we find instructions for what we do with a text in online editions, only. – encontramos instruções sobre o que fazer com um texto apenas nas edições online.