Welcome back to another post!
• A pauta aqui é VESTIBULARES DAS UNIVERSIDADES FEDERAIS.
➧NESTE POST: PROVA de INGLÊS da UnB-2008/2, aplicada em 18/06/2008.
➧BANCA/ORGANIZADOR:
• CEBRASPE(Centro Brasileiro de Pesquisa em Avaliação e Seleção e de Promoção de Eventos).
➧LEITURA de textos de jornais digitais, revistas, websites, é um excelente treino para a prova.
➧PADRÃO/COMPOSIÇÃO DA PROVA:
• 30 Questões do tipo (C) ou (E), onde um erro anula um acerto.
• 30 Questões do tipo (C) ou (E), onde um erro anula um acerto.
• 03 Textos
• 01 Chart.
➧TÓPICOS ABORDADOS ao longo da prova:
1-VERBS:
[to get = chegar, ficar]
2-PHRASAL VERBS - USES:
[to bring about changes = causar mudanças]
[to bring about quick changes = acarretar mudanças rápidas]
[to get over a disruptive agent = recuperar-se de agente perturbador, conseguir superar um agente perturbador]
3-PERFECT TENSE - USES:
[have secured human survival selection = garantiram a seleção de sobrevivência humana]
4-MODAL VERBS - USES:
[can bring about changes = podem causar mudanças]
5-NOUN:
[sovereign = soberano(a)]
[survival(sôrVáivôl) = sobrevivência]
6-ADJECTIVES:
[big = grande(em tamanho)]
[everyday = quotidian(kôuThíriãn) = diário, cotidiano]
[great = grande(em qualidade ou em quantidade)]
7-ADVERBS:
[every day = day in day out = todos os dias]
8-ADJECTIVE PHRASES(Adjective+noun):
[the everyday use = o uso diário]
[The great diversity = A grande diversidade]
9-IDIOMS(Expressões Idiomáticas):
[The head of state = O chefe de estado]
10-COLLOCATIONS:
[ = ]
11-TECHNICAL ENGLISH(Military English, Business English, Finance English, Legal English, Tax English, Customs English and so on):
[the survival of species = a sobrevivência das espécies]
12-CONNECTORES AND LINKERS:
[ = ]
13-GENITIVE CASE:
[Darwin’s ideas = Ideias de Darwin]
14-FALSE COGNATES:
[language = idioma]
➧Agora vamos à PROVA!
TEXTO 1:
(...)
Ecosystem dynamics
1
Introduction of new elements, whether biotic or abiotic,
into an ecosystem tend to have a disruptive effect. In some cases,
this can lead to ecological collapse or trophic cascading and the
death of many species belonging to the ecosystem in question.
Under this deterministic vision, the abstract notion of ecological
health attempts to measure the robustness and recovery capacity
for an ecosystem; i.e. how far the ecosystem is away from its
steady state.
2
Often, however, ecosystems have the ability to rebound
from a disruptive agent. The difference between collapse or a
gentle rebound is determined by two factors: the toxicity of the
introduced element and the resiliency of the original ecosystem.
3
Ecosystems are primarily governed by stochastic
(chance) events, the reactions they provoke on non-living
materials and the responses by organisms to the conditions
surrounding them. Thus, an ecosystem results from the sum of
myriad individual responses of organisms to stimuli from nonliving and living elements in the environment. The presence or
absence of populations merely depends on reproductive and
dispersal success, and population levels fluctuate in response to
stochastic events. As the number of species in an ecosystem is
higher, the number of stimuli is also higher. Since the beginning
of life, in this vision, organisms have survived continuous change
through natural selection of successful feeding, reproductive and
dispersal behavior. Through natural selection the planet’s species
have continuously adapted to change through variation in their
biological composition and distribution.
4
Mathematically it can be demonstrated that greater
numbers of different interacting factors tend to dampen*
fluctuations in each of the individual factors. Given the great
diversity among organisms on Earth, most of the time,
ecosystems only changed very gradually, as some species would
disappear while others would move in. Locally, sub-populations
continuously go extinct, to be replaced later through dispersal of
other sub-populations.
*to dampen – to make less strong.
Internet: <en.wikipedia.org> (adapted).
TEXTO 2:
This text refers to items from 11 through 20.
TEXTO 3:
This text refers to items from 21 through 30.
(...)
1
What is language? On the face of it, the question
seems simple. After all, language is so much a part of our
everyday experience, so effortlessly employed to meet our impulses to communicate with one another, that it cannot be
too intricate a task to figure out how it works. Hidden below
the surface of the “what is language” question, however, is a web of mysteries that have taxed great minds from the
beginning of recorded history. Plato, Lucretius, Descartes,
Rousseau, Darwin, Wittgenstein, and Skinner, to name just a few, have all probed into some aspect of the human
capacity for speech, yet none of them were able to explain
the origin of language, why languages differ, how they are learned, how they relay meaning, or why they are the way
they are and not some other way. These issues remain an
enigma that awaits further exploration.
2
This is not to say we have learned nothing or know
nothing about our ability to utter meaningful sequences of
sound. Centuries of careful observation and experimentation on language have revealed some extraordinary insights into
its fundamental properties, some of them quite surprising.
Perhaps most significant, language has no analogs in the animal kingdom. Nothing remotely similar to language has
been discovered in the vast array of communication system
utilized by the fauna of our planet. Language, it seems, is uniquely human, a fact summarized well by Bertrand Russell
(1948) when he exclaimed: “a dog cannot relate his
autobiography; however eloquently he may bark, he cannot tell you that his parents were honest though poor.”
J. W. Lindsay. Introduction to typology:
the unity and
diversity of language.
Sage, Newbury Park, CA (adapted)
(...)
According to the text, judge the items that follow.
21 According to Bertrand Russel, if a dog could talk, he would
tell us that his parents were honest and poor.
22 The question asked in the beginning of the text has a straight
forward answer.
23 Humans have developed an easy way to communicate with
each other by means of the everyday use of language.
24 Along mankind history, some famous cientists tried to
discover the origin of human speech.
25 Five issues, in a way, still puzzle human mind as far as
language studies are concerned.
26 Speaking a language is a kind of ability we know something
about.
27 It took hundreds of years for scholars to find out some of the
most surprising fundamental human language features.
28 Human beings are the only representative of our planet fauna
to communicate through a system.
In the text,
29 “further” (l.15) is the same as farther.
30 “everyday” (l.3) can be correctly replaced by every day.
According to Bertrand Russel, if a dog could talk, he would tell us that his parents were honest and poor.
(De acordo com Bertrand Russell, se um cachorro pudesse falar, ele nos diria que seus pais eram honestos e pobres.)
The question asked in the beginning of the text has a straight forward answer.
(A pergunta feita no início do texto tem uma resposta direta.)
Humans have developed an easy way to communicate with each other by means of the everyday use of language.
(Os humanos desenvolveram uma maneira fácil de se comunicarem por meio do uso diário do idioma.)
Along mankind history, some famous scientists tried to discover the origin of human speech.
(Ao longo da história da humanidade, alguns cientistas famosos tentaram descobrir a origem da fala humana.)
Five issues, in a way, still puzzle human mind as far as language studies are concerned.
(Cinco questões, de certa forma, ainda confundem a mente humana no que diz respeito aos estudos do idioma.)
Speaking a language is a kind of ability we know something about.
(Falar um idioma é um tipo de habilidade que conhecemos.)
It took hundreds of years for scholars to find out some of the most surprising fundamental human language features.(Demorou centenas de anos para os estudiosos descobrirem algumas das características fundamentais mais surpreendentes da linguagem humana.)
Human beings are the only representative of our planet fauna to communicate through a system.
(O ser humano é o único representante da fauna do nosso planeta a se comunicar por meio de um sistema.)
“further” (l.15) is the same as farther.
“everyday” (l.3) can be correctly replaced by every day.
• TÓPICO-EVERYDAY vs EVERY DAY:
• EVERYDAY é adjetivo e significa "diário".
• EVERY DAY é advérbio e significa "todos os dias".