FGV/VESTIBULAR–EAESP–2018.2–LÍNGUA INGLESA–GABARITO, TEXTOS TRADUZIDOS & AQUISIÇÃO DE VOCABULÁRIO.

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•  FGV-Escola de Administração de Empresas de São Paulo-2018.2-VESTIBULAR-2º SEMESTRE-Aplicada em 20/05/2018.

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❑ ESTRUTURA-PROVA:

• 15 MCQs (Multiple Choice Question) / 5 Options Each Question.

➭ Text (1)  – | The perils of polygamy | The Economist |

➭ Text (2)  – | Germany in the middle ages | the book Germania |

PROVA, TRADUÇÃO, GABARITO & MUITO VOCABULÁRIO

❑ TEXTO 1:

• TEXTO 1:

The perils of polygamy

1

Men in South Sudan typically marry as often as their wealth—often measured in cattle—will allow. Perhaps 40% of marriages are polygamous. “In [our] culture, the more family you have, the more people respect you,” says William, a young IT specialist in search of his second wife (his name, like some others in this article, has been changed). Having studied in America and come back to his home village, he finds that he is wealthy by local standards. So why be content with just one bride?
2
Few South Sudanese see the connection between these matrimonial customs and the country’s horrific civil war. If you ask them the reason for the violence, locals will blame tribalism, greedy politicians, weak institutions and perhaps the oil wealth which gives warlords something to fight over. All true, but not the whole story.
3
Wherever it is widely practised, polygamy destabilizes society, largely because it is a form of inequality which creates an urgent distress in the hearts, and loins, of young men. If a rich man has a Lamborghini, that does not mean that a poor man has to walk, for the supply of cars is not fixed. By contrast, every time a rich man takes an extra wife, another poor man must remain single. If the richest and most powerful 10% of men have, say, four wives each, the bottom 30% of men cannot marry. Young men will take desperate measures to avoid this state.
4
This is one of the reasons why the Arab Spring erupted, why the jihadists of Boko Haram and Islamic State were able to conquer swathes of Nigeria, Iraq and Syria, and why the polygamous parts of Indonesia and Haiti are so turbulent. Polygamous societies are bloodier, more likely to invade their neighbours and more prone to collapse than others are. The taking of multiple wives is a feature of life in all of the 20 most unstable countries on the Fragile States Index compiled by the Fund for Peace, an NGO. Because polygamy is illegal in most rich countries, many Westerners underestimate how common it is. More than a third of women in West Africa are married to a man who has more than one wife. Plural marriages are plentiful in the Arab world, and fairly common in South-East Asia and a few parts of the Caribbean. The cultures involved are usually patrilineal: ie, the family is defined by the male bloodline. And they are patrilocal: wives join the husband’s family and leave their own behind. Marriages are often sealed by the payment of a brideprice from the groom’s family to the bride’s. This is supposed to compensate the bride’s family for the cost of raising her.
5
Brideprice societies where wealth is unevenly distributed lend themselves to polygamy—which in turn inflates the price of brides. By increasing the brideprice, polygamy tends to raise the age at which young men get married; it takes a long time to save enough money. At the same time, it lowers the age at which women get married. All but the wealthiest families need to “sell” their daughters before they can afford to “buy” wives for their sons; they also want the wives they shell out for to be young and fertile. In South Sudan “a girl is called an old lady at age 20 because she cannot bear many children after that,” a local man said. A tribal elder spelled out the maths of the situation. “When you have 10 daughters, each one will give you 30 cows, and they are all for [the father]. So then you have 300 cows.” If a patriarch sells his daughters at 15 and does not let his sons marry until they are 30, he has15 years to enjoy the returns on the assets he gained from brideprice. That’s a lot of milk.

Adapted from The Economist, December 23, 2017

👉 Questão  31 :
With respect to William, the information in paragraph 1 most supports which of the following?
a) As a relatively wealthy South Sudanese, he was able to pay for his IT studies in the United States.
b) He has acquired enough cattle to take more than one wife.
c) His main reason for engaging in polygamy is to improve his status in his home village.
d) He returned to South Sudan because polygamy is prohibited in the United States.
e) He is one of South Sudan’s relatively wealthy men who do not intend to stop with only one wife.

R E S P O S T A :   E

•

👉 Questão  32 :
In paragraph 2, the sentence “All true, but not the whole story” most likely refers to which of the following?
a) It is impossible to point to only one factor as the cause of South Sudan’s civil war.
b) In order to end South Sudan’s civil war, polygamy must be abolished.
c) The widespread matrimonial frustration of many young men must be considered a reason for South Sudan’s civil war.
d) Warlords are not the only people fighting for control of South Sudan’s oil wealth.
e) Few South Sudanese understand that polygamy is the real reason behind the country’s already endemic social and economic problems.

R E S P O S T A :   C

•

👉 Questão  33 :
Which of the following is most supported by the information in the article?
a) Even in a rich country, widespread polygamy is a destabilizing factor.
b) In countries where polygamy is widely practiced, young women rarely want to marry poor young men. c) Emotional inequality causes more conflict and violence than does economic inequality.
d) In any country, young men deprived of access to women cause most of the violence.
e) Inequality resulting from polygamy is harder to rectify than any other form of inequality.

R E S P O S T A :   A

•

👉 Questão  34 :
In paragraph 4, “This” in the phrase “This is one of the reasons why the Arab Spring erupted…” most likely refers specifically to
a) polygamy.
b) the extreme inequality common in certain Arab countries.
c) the powerful natural urge to have at least one wife.
d) the Islamic extremism that encourages the taking of multiple wives.
e) the generalized oppression of women in Arab countries.

R E S P O S T A :   C

•

👉 Questão  35 :
With respect to countries in which polygamy is practiced, the information in the article supports all of the following except
a) they are usually among the world’s most unstable countries.
b) they are invariably ruled by undemocratic national governments.
c) they tend to suffer from widespread internal violence.
d) they often act aggressively against neighboring countries.
e) they are not necessarily poor.

R E S P O S T A :   B

•

👉 Questão  36 :
According to the information in the article, the brideprice is
a) money that the family of a the bride gives the groom before the wedding.
b) one tradition that all polygamous marriages have in common.
c) illegal in countries that forbid polygamous marriages.
d) more problematic for young men in polygamous societies than in non-polygamous societies.
e) perhaps the worst aspect of a patriarchal society, because it transforms the bride into a commodity.

R E S P O S T A :   D

•

👉 Questão  37 :
With respect to the exclusively financial aspects of the brideprice, a South Sudanese cattle farmer would most likely get the biggest benefit from which of the following situations?
a) All his children are boys.
b) All his children are girls.
c) He has more boys than girls.
d) He has more girls than boys.
e) He has the same number of girls and boys.

R E S P O S T A :   B

•

👉 Questão  38 :
The last sentence of the article, “That’s a lot of milk,” most likely refers to which aspect of certain polygamous societies?
a) Making sure your daughters marry early and your sons marry late can be very lucrative.
b) Whatever money or goods a woman earns from her brideprice always goes to her father.
c) The younger a girl is, the more valuable she is on the marriage market.
d) Women older than 20 have a hard time finding husbands and thus earn very little money from their brideprice.
e) Cattle and single women are equally valuable as commodities in impoverished farming communities.

R E S P O S T A :   A

•

• TEXTO 2:

Germany in the middle ages

By Simon Winder

1

The optimism of the central Middle Ages (the 'high' Middle Ages as they are sometimes called, with the implication of a top point on a graph or on a rollercoaster) comes sadly undone for Germany in the fourteenth century. The crusades had more or less given up and the Holy Roman Emperor was no longer the powerful figure he had been, but life for the hundreds of self-supporting, fairly small-scale regions of Germany had continued to be tolerable, with a rising population, reasonable security and established systems of justice. All this changed for the unhappy generations arriving after 1280 or so. One striking fact that cannot be ignored when spending too much time wandering around local churches in Germany is, through the sheer density of memorials, the unfairness of your fate based on when you were born. Sculptures and, later, paintings stare back at you asserting or even boasting their subjects' secure, civic, prominent and enjoyable existence. But other birth dates intersect with the most ghastly events. Indeed, more often than not memorials tend to come from prosperous times and a lack of memorials means something has·gone seriously wrong – that the community has temporarily lost its enthusiasm for marking its own providential happiness. We are ourselves of course acutely aware of this in the twentieth century, where specific age groups suffered millions of deaths while in some parts of Europe others could come through almost unscathed [ilesos] – and·in others of course, such as Poland or the western Soviet Union in the early 1940s, there was no generation left undevastated.
2
The first half of the fourteenth century was a comparable nightmare, with similar or worse percentages of dead (albeit in a much smaller overall population) to those experienced in Central and Eastern Europe in the Second World War (1939-1945). In some places the Thirty Years War was to offer something similar. Within the period for which we have worthwhile records these three points (the 1340s, the 1630s and the 1940s) are the worst times to have been alive in Central Europe's history.
3
The crisis of the fourteenth century began with an immense famine. It seems to have rained and rained and rained. Crops completely failed over huge areas. It was so wet that salt could not be dried to preserve meat. Transport was always too poor to allow for much food to arrive from non-afflicted areas, but in any event there were hardly any of these. People were driven to eat the seed corn needed for the following year's crop. It has been suggested that the story of Hansel and Gretel stemmed from this awful time. Germany was at the heart of a general Northern European torture. There had always been famines, but this was the one that became known as the Great Famine, killing off an unknown but massive number of people. Having absorbed such a nightmarish blow, Germans then had to face the Black Death in 1349 – a still mysterious epidemic that swept across Eurasia, killing many millions. The statistics are conjectural but prosperous places such as Bremen and Hamburg seem to have lost up to two-thirds of their inhabitants, whole villages ceased to exist and were·never re-founded, entire regions became depopulated. The combination of the Great Famine and the Black Death seems to have reduced the number of Germans by about forty per cent. It is perhaps the event in Europe's history least possible to visualize. Some historians have suggested that Europe's civilization, that of a vigorous intellectual life, of the great cathedrals, of an expansive and outward-looking world, should be viewed as coming to an end by 1350. Buildings such as Bamberg Cathedral should perhaps be seen much as we look at Machu Picchu, as fascinating remnants of a dead culture, even if in Europe's case they were re-used by subsequent inhabitants. Though probably too extreme, it is a useful way of thinking about just how much we really have in common, as “Europeans,” with this earlier period – we yearn for continuity as it makes us feel happy, but perhaps that continuity is there in a more tentative way than we would like to think.

Adapted from Chapter 3 of the book Germania.

👉 Questão  39 :
The term “’high’ Middle Ages,” as cited in the first sentence, most likely indicates which of the following?
a) In that period, Germany as a whole reached a level of wealth and culture that it has never again equaled.
b) Soon after that moment in history, life in Germany became worse.
c) At that moment in history, the civilizing influence of the crusades and the Holy Roman Emperor began to evaporate.
d) The people of Germany were unprepared for the drastic changes that would soon come.
e) It was at that moment that religious faith began to collapse in Germany.

R E S P O S T A :   B

•

👉 Questão  40 :
According to the information in the article,
a) the history of Germany in the Middle Ages is one of war, famine, and plague.
b) during most of the 1200s, life in the several German regions was precarious at best.
c) the year 1280 is generally considered the year when the central Middle Ages ended in Germany.
d) it is undeniable that in Germany in the Middle Ages, date of birth determined important aspects of a person’s future.
e) no one has been able to explain why death and destruction were so widespread in Germany during the central Middle Ages.

R E S P O S T A :   D

•

👉 Questão  41 :
With respect to the memorials that can still be found in many local churches in Germany, the information in the article most supports which of the following?
a) Before 1280, sculptured memorials were very common; after that date, painted memorials began to predominate.
b) Wealthy families placed such memorials in churches to commemorate important events such as births, weddings and funerals.
c) Almost no memorials remain from the period before 1280.
d) When times where bad, the subject matter of such memorials tended to be religious rather than nonreligious.
e) When such memorials from a given historical period are absent, that period was probably marked by serious problems.

R E S P O S T A :   E

•

👉 Questão  42 :
The information in the article most supports which of the following?
a) Disasters in the fourteenth century killed more people in Germany than at any other time in that country’s history.
b) What happened in Poland and the Soviet Union in the early 1940s is similar to what happened in those regions in the 1340s and the 1630s.
c) Unlike the destruction that took place in Central and Eastern Europe in the Second World War, the destruction that occurred in the first half of the fourteenth century was limited to German territory.

d) The disastrous period that began in the German territories after 1280 lasted longer than either the Thirty Years War or the Second World War.
e) It is likely that more Germans died in the disasters of the late Middle Ages than died in the Thirty Years War and the Second World War put together.

R E S P O S T A :   D

•

👉 Questão  43 :
According to the information in the article, all of the following most likely contributed to the Great Famine of the fourteenth century except
a) rain.
b) insufficient amounts of dry salt.
c) precarious transportation systems.
d) the difficulty of preserving meat.
e) seed corn unfit for human consumption.

R E S P O S T A :   E

•

👉 Questão  44 :
According to the information in the article, the Black Death
a) affected a larger geographical area than did the Great Famine.
b) was in general confined to Germany’s cities and towns, having little impact on rural areas.
c) killed around 40% of all Germans.
d) is considered the most destructive plague that ever occurred.
e) marked the end of the Middle Ages.

R E S P O S T A :   A

•

👉 Questão  45 :
In the last paragraph, the article most likely mentions Bamberg Cathedral in order to
a) draw attention to the vigorous but transitory nature of Germany’s central Middle Ages civilization.
b) highlight the fact that what we call “European” culture in fact comprises many distinct, often unrelated cultures.
c) support the idea that Europe’s great central Middle Ages civilization may be considered a world that died.

d) emphasize that the Great Famine and the Black Death did not destroy all aspects of Germany’s central Middle Ages culture.
e) suggest that, contrary to popular belief, modern historians know almost nothing of real substance about the central Middle Ages.

R E S P O S T A :   C

•

FGV/VESTIBULAR–EAESP–2017.2–LÍNGUA INGLESA–GABARITO, TEXTOS TRADUZIDOS & AQUISIÇÃO DE VOCABULÁRIO.

www.inglesparaconcursos.blog.br

❑ PROVA DE LÍNGUA INGLESA:

• FGV-Escola de Administração de Empresas de São Paulo-2017.2-VESTIBULAR-2º SEMESTRE-Aplicada em 04/06/17.

❑ ESTRUTURA-PROVA:

• 15 MCQs (Multiple Choice Question) / 5 Options Each Question.
• Língua Inglesa e Interpretação de Textos - 31 a 45
• Text (1)  – | Culture War | Foreign Affairs |
• Text (2)  – | German submarines (u-boats) (2) | London Review of Books |

PROVA, TRADUÇÃO, GABARITO & MUITO VOCABULÁRIO

❑ PROVA:

❑ TRADUÇÃO-TEXTO 1:

CULTURE WAR

GUERRA CULTURAL

By James Cuno

>> [1º PARÁGRAFO]:

In December 2007, the Italian government opened an exhibition in Rome of 69 artifacts that four major U.S. museums had agreed to return to Italy on the grounds [base legal] that they had been illegally excavated and exported from the country.

Em dezembro de 2007, o governo italiano abriu uma exposição em Roma de 69 artefatos que quatro grandes museus dos EUA concordaram em devolver à Itália sob a justificativa [base legal] de que eles haviam sido ilegalmente escavados e exportados do país.

• "opened" /ˈoʊpənd/ - abriu, começou.
• "exhibition" /ˌek.sɪ'bɪʃ.ən/ - exposição.
• "On the grounds that" é uma expressão idiomática que significa "com base em" ou "sob a justificativa de".
• 
• "excavated" /ˈɛkskəˌveɪtɪd/ - escavado.
• "exported" /ɪkˈspɔɹtəd/ - exportado.

Leading nearly 200 journalists through the exhibition, Francesco Rutelli, Italy’s then cultural minister, proclaimed, “The odyssey of these objects, which started with their brutal removal from the bowels [entranhas] of the earth, didn’t end on the shelf of some American museum.

Liderando quase 200 jornalistas pela exposição, Francesco Rutelli, então ministro da cultura da Itália, proclamou: “A odisseia desses objetos, que começou com sua remoção brutal das entranhas da terra, não terminou na prateleira de algum museu americano. 

With nostalgia, they have returned. These beautiful pieces have reconquered their souls.” Rutelli was not just anthropomorphizing ancient artifacts by giving them souls.

Com nostalgia, eles retornaram. Essas belas peças reconquistaram suas almas.” Rutelli não estava apenas antropomorfizando artefatos antigos ao dar-lhes almas.

By insisting that they were the property of Italy and important to its national identity, he was also giving them citizenship.

Ao insistir que eram propriedade da Itália e importantes para sua identidade nacional, ele também estava dando-lhes cidadania.

• "citizenship" /ˈsɪtɪzənˌʃɪp/ (the state of being a member of a particular country and having rights because of it) - cidadania.

>> [2º PARÁGRAFO]:

Rutelli has hardly been the only government official to insist that artifacts belong to the places from which they originally came.

Rutelli dificilmente foi o único funcionário de governo a insistir que os artefatos pertencem aos lugares de onde vieram originalmente.

In 2011, the German government agreed to return to Turkey a 3,000-yearold sphinx that German archaeologists had excavated from central Anatolia in the early twentieth century.

Em 2011, o governo alemão concordou em devolver à Turquia uma esfinge de 3.000 anos que arqueólogos alemães haviam escavado na Anatólia central no início do século XX.

Afterward, the Turkish minister of culture, Ertugrul Gunay, declared that “each and every antiquity in any part of the world should eventually go back to its homeland.”

Depois, o ministro da cultura turco, Ertugrul Gunay, declarou que “toda e qualquer antiguidade em qualquer parte do mundo deveria eventualmente retornar à sua terra natal”.

• "Afterward" /'æf.tɚ.wɚd/  - depois. posteriormente, mais tarde.

>> [3º PARÁGRAFO]:
Such claims on the national identity of antiquities are at the root of many states’ cultural property laws, which in the last few decades have been used by governments to reclaim objects from museums and other collections abroad.

Tais reivindicações sobre a identidade nacional de relíquias, estão na raiz das leis de propriedade cultural de muitos estados, que nas últimas décadas têm sido usadas por governos para recuperar objetos de museus e outras coleções no exterior. 

• "identity" /aɪ'dɛntɪˌti/  - identidade.
• "antiquities" //æn'tɪkwətiz/  - objetos antigos, relíquias.

Despite UNESCO’s declaration that “no culture is a hermetically sealed entity,” governments are increasingly making claims of ownership of cultural property on the basis of selfproclaimed and fixed state-based identities.

Apesar da declaração da UNESCO de que "nenhuma cultura é uma entidade hermeticamente selada", os governos estão cada vez mais fazendo reivindicações de propriedade de propriedade cultural com base em identidades autoproclamadas e fixas baseadas no estado.

Many use ancient cultural objects to affirm continuity with a glorious and powerful past as a way of burnishing [lustrar, polir] their modern political image – Egypt with the Pharaonic era, Iran with ancient Persia, Italy with the Roman Empire.

Muitos usam objetos culturais antigos para afirmar a continuidade com um passado glorioso e poderoso como uma forma de polir [lustrar, polir] sua imagem política moderna - Egito com a era faraônica, Irã com a antiga Pérsia, Itália com o Império Romano.

These arguments amount to protectionist claims on culture. Rather than acknowledge that culture is in a state of constant flux, modern governments present it as standing still, in order to use cultural objects to promote their own states’ national identities.

Esses argumentos equivalem a reivindicações protecionistas sobre a cultura. Em vez de reconhecer que a cultura está em um estado de fluxo constante, os governos modernos a apresentam como parada, a fim de usar objetos culturais para promover as identidades nacionais de seus próprios estados.
>> [4º PARÁGRAFO]:
In the battle over cultural heritage, repatriation claims based strictly on national origin are more than just denials of cultural exchange: they are also arguments against the promise of encyclopedic museums – a category that includes the Metropolitan Museum of Art, in New York; the British Museum, in London; and the Louvre, in Paris.

Na batalha pelo patrimônio cultural, as reivindicações de repatriação baseadas estritamente na origem nacional são mais do que apenas negações de troca cultural: elas também são argumentos contra a promessa de museus enciclopédicos – uma categoria que inclui o Metropolitan Museum of Art, em Nova York; o British Museum, em Londres; e o Louvre, em Paris. 

• "heritage" /'hɛɹɪtɪdʒ//  - patrimônio, herança, legado.

By presenting the artifacts of one time and one culture next to those of other times and cultures, encyclopedic museums encourage curiosity about the world and its many peoples.

Ao apresentar os artefatos de uma época e uma cultura ao lado daqueles de outras épocas e culturas, os museus enciclopédicos estimulam a curiosidade sobre o mundo e seus muitos povos.

They also promote a cosmopolitan worldview, as opposed to a nationalist concept of cultural identity.

Eles também promovem uma visão de mundo cosmopolita, em oposição a um conceito nacionalista de identidade cultural.

In an era of globalization that is nonetheless marked by resurgent nationalism and sectarianism, antiquities and their history should not be used to stoke [fortalecer] such narrow identities.

Em uma era de globalização que é, no entanto, marcada pelo nacionalismo e sectarismo ressurgentes, as antiguidades e sua história não devem ser usadas para fortalecer identidades tão estreitas.

Instead, they should express the guiding principles of the world’s great museums: pluralism, diversity, and the idea that culture shouldn’t stop at borders – and nor, for that matter, should the cosmopolitan ideals represented by encyclopedic museums.

Em vez disso, elas devem expressar os princípios orientadores dos grandes museus do mundo: pluralismo, diversidade e a ideia de que a cultura não deve parar nas fronteiras – e nem, nesse caso, os ideais cosmopolitas representados pelos museus enciclopédicos.

Rather than acquiesce to frivolous, if stubborn, calls for repatriation, often accompanied by threats of cultural embargoes, encyclopedic museums should encourage the development of mutually beneficial relationships with museums everywhere in the world that share their cosmopolitan vision.

Em vez de aquiescer a apelos frívolos, ainda que teimosos, de repatriação, frequentemente acompanhados de ameaças de embargos culturais, os museus enciclopédicos devem encorajar o desenvolvimento de relacionamentos mutuamente benéficos com museus em todo o mundo que compartilhem sua visão cosmopolita.

Cultural property should be recognized for what it is: the legacy of humankind and not of the modern nation-state, subject to the political agenda of its current ruling elite.

A propriedade cultural deve ser reconhecida pelo que é: o legado da humanidade e não do estado-nação moderno, sujeito à agenda política de sua atual elite governante.

31 – ( FGV-Escola de Administração de Empresas de São Paulo-2017.2-VESTIBULAR-2º SEMESTRE) With respect to the December 2007 exhibition of 69 artifacts in Rome, the information in the article most supports which of the following?

a) The Italian government had to negotiate for many years in order to convince the four U.S. museums to repatriate the 69 artifacts.
b) During a period of many years, the 69 artifacts were stolen from Italian museums and sold to four U.S. museums.
c) Italy’s cultural minister publicly questioned whether the 69 artifacts had in fact gone directly to the four U.S. museums after they left Italy.
d) Before repatriating the 69 artifacts, the four U.S. museums recognized that it had been a mistake to accept those artifacts in the first place.
e) Before the December 2007 exhibition opened in Rome, most Italians were unaware that the 69 artifacts had been illegally taken from the country.

      Comentários e Gabarito    D  
TÓPICO - VOCABULÁRIO & RELAÇÃO SEMÂNTICA COM TRECHO DO TEXTO:

With respect to the December 2007 exhibition of 69 artifacts in Rome, the information in the article most supports which of the following?

Com relação à exposição de 69 artefatos em Roma em dezembro de 2007, as informações no artigo mais apoiam qual das seguintes opções?

a) The Italian government had to negotiate for many years in order to convince the four U.S. museums to repatriate the 69 artifacts.

O governo italiano teve que negociar por muitos anos para convencer os quatro museus dos EUA a repatriar os 69 artefatos.
b) During a period of many years, the 69 artifacts were stolen from Italian museums and sold to four U.S. museums.

Durante um período de muitos anos, os 69 artefatos foram roubados de museus italianos e vendidos para quatro museus dos EUA.
c) Italy’s cultural minister publicly questioned whether the 69 artifacts had in fact gone directly to the four U.S. museums after they left Italy.

O ministro da cultura da Itália questionou publicamente se os 69 artefatos tinham de fato ido diretamente para os quatro museus dos EUA depois que eles deixaram a Itália.
d) Before repatriating the 69 artifacts, the four U.S. museums recognized that it had been a mistake to accept those artifacts in the first place.

Antes de repatriar os 69 artefatos, os quatro museus dos EUA reconheceram que tinha sido um erro aceitar esses artefatos em primeiro lugar.

>> Conforme o trecho (início do 1º parágrafo):

• "[...] In December 2007, the Italian government opened an exhibition in Rome of 69 artifacts that four major U.S. museums had agreed to return to Italy on the grounds that they had been illegally excavated and exported from the country."
• Em dezembro de 2007, o governo italiano abriu uma exposição em Roma de 69 artefatos que quatro grandes museus dos EUA concordaram em devolver à Itália sob a alegação de que eles haviam sido ilegalmente escavados e exportados do país.

e) Before the December 2007 exhibition opened in Rome, most Italians were unaware that the 69 artifacts had been illegally taken from the country.

Antes da exposição de dezembro de 2007 ser inaugurada em Roma, a maioria dos italianos não sabia que os 69 artefatos tinham sido ilegalmente retirados do país.

32 – ( FGV-Escola de Administração de Empresas de São Paulo-2017.2-VESTIBULAR-2º SEMESTRE) According to Francesco Rutelli,

• the 69 artifacts that were returned to Italy

a) can be understood only within the context of Italian history.
b) will never leave Rome again.
c) were all prominent items in the collections of the four U.S. museums.
d) lost something important when they left Italy for the U.S.
e) deserve the rights and protections that any Italian citizen has.

      Comentários e Gabarito    B  
TÓPICO - VOCABULÁRIO & RELAÇÃO SEMÂNTICA COM TRECHO DO TEXTO:

According to Francesco Rutelli,

De acordo com Francesco Rutelli,

• the 69 artifacts that were returned to Italy
• os 69 artefatos que foram devolvidos à Itália

a) can be understood only within the context of Italian history.

 podem ser compreendidos apenas dentro do contexto da história italiana.
b) will never leave Rome again.

nunca mais deixarão Roma.
c) were all prominent items in the collections of the four U.S. museums.

eram todos itens proeminentes nas coleções dos quatro museus dos EUA.
d) lost something important when they left Italy for the U.S.

perderam algo importante quando deixaram a Itália para os EUA.

>> Conforme o trecho (1º parágrafo):

• "[...] With nostalgia, they have returned. These beautiful pieces have reconquered their souls.” Rutelli was not just anthropomorphizing ancient artifacts by giving them souls."
• Com nostalgia, eles retornaram. Essas belas peças reconquistaram suas almas.” Rutelli não estava apenas antropomorfizando artefatos antigos ao dar-lhes almas.
• "SOULS" /'soʊlz/ - almas
• "RECONQUERED" /ˌriː'kɒŋ.kərd/ - reconquistada.

e) deserve the rights and protections that any Italian citizen has.

merecem os direitos e proteções que qualquer cidadão italiano tem.

33 – ( FGV-Escola de Administração de Empresas de São Paulo-2017.2-VESTIBULAR-2º SEMESTRE) Which of the following is most supported by the information in the article?

a) Germany was the first European country to return an illegally excavated artifact to its land of origin.
b) The 3,000-year-old sphinx was the first in a series of artifacts that the German government has agreed to send back to Turkey.
c) When the 3,000-year-old sphinx was created, Anatolia was the center of Turkish culture.
d) According to Francesco Rutelli, every ancient artifact must, without exception, be returned to its land of origin.
e) If Turkish museums take Ertugrul Gunay seriously, it’s possible they could lose some of their artifacts.

      Comentários e Gabarito    E  
TÓPICO - VOCABULÁRIO & RELAÇÃO SEMÂNTICA COM TRECHO DO TEXTO:

Which of the following is most supported by the information in the article?

Qual das seguintes opções é mais apoiada pelas informações do artigo?
a) Germany was the first European country to return an illegally excavated artifact to its land of origin.

 A Alemanha foi o primeiro país europeu a devolver um artefato escavado ilegalmente à sua terra de origem.
b) The 3,000-year-old sphinx was the first in a series of artifacts that the German government has agreed to send back to Turkey.

A esfinge de 3.000 anos foi o primeiro de uma série de artefatos que o governo alemão concordou em enviar de volta à Turquia.
c) When the 3,000-year-old sphinx was created, Anatolia was the center of Turkish culture.

Quando a esfinge de 3.000 anos foi criada, a Anatólia era o centro da cultura turca.
d) According to Francesco Rutelli, every ancient artifact must, without exception, be returned to its land of origin.

De acordo com Francesco Rutelli, todo artefato antigo deve, sem exceção, ser devolvido à sua terra de origem.
e) If Turkish museums take Ertugrul Gunay seriously, it’s possible they could lose some of their artifacts.

Se os museus turcos levarem Ertugrul Gunay a sério, é possível que percam alguns de seus artefatos.

>> Conforme o trecho (final do 2º parágrafo):

• "[...] Afterward, the Turkish minister of culture, Ertugrul Gunay, declared that “each and every antiquity in any part of the world should eventually go back to its homeland.” 
• Depois, o ministro da cultura turco, Ertugrul Gunay, declarou que “toda e qualquer relíquias em qualquer parte do mundo deveria enfim retornar à sua terra natal”.
• "EVENTUALLY" /ɪˈven.tʃu.ə.li/ (in the end, especially after a long time or a lot of effort, problems, etc.) - finalmente, por fim, posteriormente, consequentemente.

34 – ( FGV-Escola de Administração de Empresas de São Paulo-2017.2-VESTIBULAR-2º SEMESTRE) In paragraph 3, the phrase

• “no culture is a hermetically sealed entity”

most likely supports the idea that

a) as declared by Ertugrul Gunay, “each and every antiquity in any part of the world should eventually go back to its homeland.”

b) there is nothing inherently wrong with artifacts from one country remaining in another country.

c) if an artifact was illegally taken from a country, then it must be returned.

d) as an impartial, international organization, UNESCO should be the judge of which antiquities should be returned to their homelands.

e) national cultural property laws are by their nature invalid.

      Comentários e Gabarito    B  
TÓPICO - VOCABULÁRIO & RELAÇÃO SEMÂNTICA COM TRECHO DO TEXTO:

• "no culture is a hermetically sealed entity”
• "nenhuma cultura é uma entidade hermeticamente selada (lacrada, trancada)”

most likely supports the idea that

provavelmente apoia a ideia de que
a) as declared by Ertugrul Gunay, “each and every antiquity in any part of the world should eventually go back to its homeland.”

como declarado por Ertugrul Gunay, “toda e qualquer relíquia em qualquer parte do mundo deve eventualmente retornar à sua terra natal.”

b) there is nothing inherently wrong with artifacts from one country remaining in another country.

não há nada inerentemente errado com artefatos de um país permanecendo em outro país.

>> Conforme o trecho (3º parágrafo):

• "[...] Despite UNESCO’s declaration that “no culture is a hermetically sealed entity,” governments are increasingly making claims of ownership of cultural property on the basis of self-proclaimed and fixed state-based identities.”
• Apesar da declaração da UNESCO de que “nenhuma cultura é uma entidade hermeticamente fechada”, os governos estão cada vez mais reivindicando a propriedade de bens culturais com base em identidades autoproclamadas e fixas baseadas no Estado. 

c) if an artifact was illegally taken from a country, then it must be returned.

se um artefato foi ilegalmente retirado de um país, então ele deve ser devolvido.

d) as an impartial, international organization, UNESCO should be the judge of which antiquities should be returned to their homelands.

como uma organização internacional imparcial, a UNESCO deve ser a juíza de quais antiguidades devem ser devolvidas às suas terras natais.

e) national cultural property laws are by their nature invalid.

as leis nacionais de propriedade cultural são por natureza inválidas.

35 – ( FGV-Escola de Administração de Empresas de São Paulo-2017.2-VESTIBULAR-2º SEMESTRE) With respect to certain governments that demand the repatriation of ancient artifacts, the information in the article supports all of the following except

a) they use the conflict over such artifacts as a way to distract people’s attention from more serious problems.
b) they try to present themselves as the continuation of an illustrious past.
c) they are not completely satisfied with their current political image.
d) motivated by self-interest, they present a nationalistic idea of culture.
e) they treat their countries’ ancient artifacts as a kind of exclusive national property.

      Comentários e Gabarito    A  
TÓPICO - VOCABULÁRIO & RELAÇÃO SEMÂNTICA COM TRECHO DO TEXTO:

With respect to certain governments that demand the repatriation of ancient artifacts, the information in the article supports all of the following except

Em relação a certos governos que exigem a repatriação de artefatos antigos, as informações no artigo apoiam todos os itens a seguir, exceto
a) they use the conflict over such artifacts as a way to distract people’s attention from more serious problems.

eles usam o conflito sobre tais artefatos como uma forma de distrair a atenção das pessoas de problemas mais sérios.

>> Em desacordo com o trecho (final do 3º parágrafo):

• "[...] Many use ancient cultural objects to affirm continuity with a glorious and powerful past as a way of burnishing [lustrar, polir] their modern political image – Egypt with the Pharaonic era, Iran with ancient Persia, Italy with the Roman Empire. These arguments amount to protectionist claims on culture. Rather than acknowledge that culture is in a state of constant flux, modern governments present it as standing still, in order to use cultural objects to promote their own states’ national identities.”
• Muitos usam objetos culturais antigos para afirmar a continuidade com um passado glorioso e poderoso como uma forma de lustrar, sua imagem política moderna – Egito com a era faraônica, Irã com a antiga Pérsia, Itália com o Império Romano. Esses argumentos equivalem a reivindicações protecionistas sobre a cultura. Em vez de reconhecer que a cultura está em um estado de fluxo constante, os governos modernos a apresentam como parada, a fim de usar objetos culturais para promover as identidades nacionais de seus próprios estados.

b) they try to present themselves as the continuation of an illustrious past.

eles tentam se apresentar como a continuação de um passado ilustre.
c) they are not completely satisfied with their current political image.

eles não estão completamente satisfeitos com sua imagem política atual.
d) motivated by self-interest, they present a nationalistic idea of culture.

motivados pelo interesse próprio, eles apresentam uma ideia nacionalista de cultura.
e) they treat their countries’ ancient artifacts as a kind of exclusive national property.

eles tratam os artefatos antigos de seus países como uma espécie de propriedade nacional exclusiva.

36 – ( FGV-Escola de Administração de Empresas de São Paulo-2017.2-VESTIBULAR-2º SEMESTRE) According to the information in the article, encyclopedic museums

a) have been seriously affected by the demand that they return valuable artifacts to their countries of origin.
b) are the world’s greatest repositories of learning and culture.
c) are designed so that visitors can compare and contrast various cultures, peoples, and periods.
d) give attention to all cultures in order to stimulate curiosity about the world and its peoples.
e) reject the idea that nations should promote their own cultural identity.

      Comentários e Gabarito    C  
TÓPICO - VOCABULÁRIO & RELAÇÃO SEMÂNTICA COM TRECHO DO TEXTO:

According to the information in the article, encyclopedic museums

De acordo com as informações do artigo, museus enciclopédicos

a) have been seriously affected by the demand that they return valuable artifacts to their countries of origin.

foram seriamente afetados pela demanda de que devolvam artefatos valiosos aos seus países de origem.
b) are the world’s greatest repositories of learning and culture.

são os maiores repositórios de aprendizado e cultura do mundo.
c) are designed so that visitors can compare and contrast various cultures, peoples, and periods.

são projetados para que os visitantes possam comparar e contrastar várias culturas, povos e períodos.

>> Conforme o trecho (4º parágrafo):

• "[...] By presenting the artifacts of one time and one culture next to those of other times and cultures, encyclopedic museums encourage curiosity about the world and its many peoples. They also promote a cosmopolitan worldview, as opposed to a nationalist concept of cultural identity.”
• Ao apresentar os artefatos de uma época e uma cultura próximos aos de outras épocas e culturas, os museus enciclopédicos estimulam a curiosidade sobre o mundo e seus muitos povos. Eles também promovem uma visão de mundo cosmopolita, em oposição a um conceito nacionalista de identidade cultural.

d) give attention to all cultures in order to stimulate curiosity about the world and its peoples.

dão atenção a todas as culturas para estimular a curiosidade sobre o mundo e seus povos.
e) reject the idea that nations should promote their own cultural identity.

rejeitam a ideia de que as nações devem promover sua própria identidade cultural.

37 – ( FGV-Escola de Administração de Empresas de São Paulo-2017.2-VESTIBULAR-2º SEMESTRE) Which of the following is most supported by the information in the article?

a) Nationalism and sectarianism can be the enemies of encyclopedic museums.
b) It is the duty of encyclopedic museums to facilitate the unrestricted cross-border movement of antiquities and cultural artifacts.
c) Encyclopedic museums should be allowed to set up offices in as many countries as possible.
d) The existence of encyclopedic museums is proof that international cultural exchange cannot be stopped.
e) When an important antiquity or cultural artifact is in an encyclopedic museum’s collection, it should remain there forever.

      Comentários e Gabarito    A  
TÓPICO - VOCABULÁRIO & RELAÇÃO SEMÂNTICA COM TRECHO DO TEXTO:

Which of the following is most supported by the information in the article?

De acordo com as informações do artigo, museus enciclopédicos

a) Nationalism and sectarianism can be the enemies of encyclopedic museums.

O nacionalismo e o sectarismo podem ser inimigos dos museus enciclopédicos.

>> Conforme o trecho (4º parágrafo):

• "[...] In an era of globalization that is nonetheless marked by resurgent nationalism and sectarianism, antiquities and their history should not be used to stoke [fortalecer] such narrow identities.”
• Numa era de globalização que é, no entanto, marcada pelo nacionalismo e sectarismo ressurgentes, as antiguidades e a sua história não devem ser usadas para fortalecer identidades tão estreitas.

b) It is the duty of encyclopedic museums to facilitate the unrestricted cross-border movement of antiquities and cultural artifacts.

É dever dos museus enciclopédicos facilitar o movimento transfronteiriço irrestrito de antiguidades e artefatos culturais.
c) Encyclopedic museums should be allowed to set up offices in as many countries as possible.

são projetados para que os visitantes possam comparar e contrastar várias culturas, povos e períodos.
d) The existence of encyclopedic museums is proof that international cultural exchange cannot be stopped.

A existência de museus enciclopédicos é a prova de que o intercâmbio cultural internacional não pode ser interrompido.
e) When an important antiquity or cultural artifact is in an encyclopedic museum’s collection, it should remain there forever.

Quando uma antiguidade ou artefato cultural importante está na coleção de um museu enciclopédico, ele deve permanecer lá para sempre.

38 – ( FGV-Escola de Administração de Empresas de São Paulo-2017.2-VESTIBULAR-2º SEMESTRE) According to the information in the article,

• the demand that an artifact be repatriated is most likely all of the following except

a) politically motivated.
b) foolish and poorly reasoned.
c) a rejection of plurality and diversity.
d) a reaction against cosmopolitan ideals.
e) an example of a cultural embargo.

      Comentários e Gabarito    E  
TÓPICO - VOCABULÁRIO & RELAÇÃO SEMÂNTICA COM TRECHO DO TEXTO:

According to the information in the article,

De acordo com as informações do artigo,

• the demand that an artifact be repatriated is most likely all of the following except
• a exigência de que um artefato seja repatriado é provavelmente tudo o que se segue, exceto

a) politically motivated.

 politicamente motivada.
b) foolish and poorly reasoned.

tola e mal fundamentada.
c) a rejection of plurality and diversity.

uma rejeição da pluralidade e da diversidade.
d) a reaction against cosmopolitan ideals.

uma reação contra ideais cosmopolitas.
e) an example of a cultural embargo.

um exemplo de embargo cultural.

>> Em desacordo com o trecho (final do 4º parágrafo):

• "[...] Rather than acquiesce to frivolous, if stubborn, calls for repatriation, often accompanied by threats of cultural embargoes, encyclopedic museums should encourage the development of mutually beneficial relationships with museums everywhere in the world that share their cosmopolitan vision.”
• Em vez de concordar com pedidos frívolos, embora teimosos, de repatriação, muitas vezes acompanhados de ameaças de embargos culturais, os museus enciclopédicos devem incentivar o desenvolvimento de relacionamentos mutuamente benéficos com museus em todo o mundo que compartilhem sua visão cosmopolita.

❑ TRADUÇÃO-TEXTO 2:

GERMAN SUBMARINES (U-BOATS) (2)

SUBMARINOS ALEMÃES (U-BOATS) (2)

By N.A.M. Rodger

>> [1º PARÁGRAFO]:

Warships are built for war, but not only for war. They have always had an eloquent symbolic value as expressions of power, wealth and resolve [determinação], as instruments of threat or reassurance. They speak this language in peacetime just as much as in war. But ‘language’ should really be in the plural. Different kinds of warship convey different meanings, in different languages, and the languages are not easy to translate. This applies to all warships, but especially to submarines. The range of ideas and associations linked with German submarines, for example, in the period of the two world wars and since, were not the same inside Germany as outside. For many episodes of Anglo-German submarine history there are at least three versions of the narrative: the British, the German and what actually happened.

Os navios de guerra são construídos para a guerra, mas não apenas para a guerra. Eles sempre tiveram um valor simbólico eloquente como expressões de poder, riqueza e determinação, como instrumentos de ameaça ou segurança. Eles falam essa linguagem em tempos de paz tanto quanto na guerra. Mas "linguagem" deveria realmente estar no plural. Diferentes tipos de navios de guerra transmitem significados diferentes, em diferentes idiomas, e os idiomas não são fáceis de traduzir. Isso se aplica a todos os navios de guerra, mas especialmente aos submarinos. A gama de ideias e associações ligadas aos submarinos alemães, por exemplo, no período das duas guerras mundiais e desde então, não eram as mesmas dentro da Alemanha e fora dela. Para muitos episódios da história dos submarinos anglo-germânicos, há pelo menos três versões da narrativa: a britânica, a alemã e o que realmente aconteceu.
>> [2º PARÁGRAFO]:
During the Second World War, the British officially described all enemy submarines as ‘U-boats’, regardless of nationality, so that they would all be tainted [manchados, tachados] by the sinister connotations of the German word, and so that the public would not confuse their activities with the heroic campaigns of British and allied submariners. Today, most books in English on the First World War still describe Germany’s adoption of ‘unrestricted submarine warfare’ as the critical point of the naval war, but what they imagine to have taken place bears only a slight resemblance [semelhança] to the reality. ‘Unrestricted submarine war’ implies the rejection of legal restraints [restrições] that did not exist, for international law as yet had taken almost no note of the existence of submarines. The German submarine force was divided into different commands that followed different policies and operated different types of boat, but most of them were occupied with stopping cargo ships on the surface in daylight in coastal waters, then allowing the crews to escape in their boats before sinking the ships by shellfire or scuttling charges. This was a highly efficient form of attack involving minimal loss of life. In August 1916 Lieutenant Lothar von Arnauld de la Perière, the captain of U-35, returned to his base having sunk 54 ships, still the record for the single most destructive submarine patrol in history. The quayside [cais] was black with cheering crowds, ‘and yet,’ he commented, ‘so far we had scarcely had any adventures. It was all rather humdrum. We would stop the ship, order the crew into the boats, check the ship’s papers, give the crew a course to the nearest land and sink the prize.’

Durante a Segunda Guerra Mundial, os britânicos descreveram oficialmente todos os submarinos inimigos como ‘U-boats’, independentemente da nacionalidade, para que todos fossem manchados [manchados, tachados] pelas conotações sinistras da palavra alemã e para que o público não confundisse suas atividades com as campanhas heróicas dos submarinistas britânicos e aliados. Hoje, a maioria dos livros em inglês sobre a Primeira Guerra Mundial ainda descreve a adoção da ‘guerra submarina irrestrita’ pela Alemanha como o ponto crítico da guerra naval, mas o que eles imaginam ter ocorrido tem apenas uma ligeira semelhança [semelhança] com a realidade. ‘Guerra submarina irrestrita’ implica a rejeição de restrições legais [restrições] que não existiam, pois o direito internacional até então quase não havia tomado nota da existência de submarinos. A força submarina alemã foi dividida em diferentes comandos que seguiam diferentes políticas e operavam diferentes tipos de barcos, mas a maioria deles estava ocupada em parar navios de carga na superfície à luz do dia em águas costeiras, permitindo então que as tripulações escapassem em seus barcos antes de afundar os navios com fogo de artilharia ou cargas de afundamento. Esta era uma forma altamente eficiente de ataque envolvendo perda mínima de vidas. Em agosto de 1916, o tenente Lothar von Arnauld de la Perière, capitão do U-35, retornou à sua base tendo afundado 54 navios, ainda o recorde para a patrulha submarina mais destrutiva da história. O cais [cais] estava preto com multidões aplaudindo, "e ainda assim", ele comentou, "até agora mal tivemos aventuras. Era tudo bastante monótono. Parávamos o navio, ordenávamos à tripulação que entrasse nos barcos, verificávamos os documentos do navio, dávamos à tripulação um curso para a terra mais próxima e afundávamos o prêmio".

>> [3º PARÁGRAFO]:

This practice was economical and brilliantly successful, but German senior officers were not cheering. It was hateful to German admirals, and even more to generals, because to them it looked like a concession to civilian values that would ruin Germany’s reputation for Abschreckung (‘frightfulness’ or terror). They wanted the U-boats to torpedo passenger liners, which was difficult to achieve and had limited military value, because the mass slaughter of civilians, they believed, would frighten enemies into surrendering and drive neutrals into port. So they ordered the reluctant submariners to abandon surface attacks in favour of the more murderous, but much less effective, submerged attack. The German submariners knew (as did the British) that the economic blockade was Germany’s most effective weapon. But economic blockade was an alien concept to German senior officers, and had little to do with victory as they understood it: they weren’t fighting to win so much as to assert the social values of the German military and claim their rightful status in the command of society.

Essa prática era econômica e brilhantemente bem-sucedida, mas os oficiais superiores alemães não estavam comemorando. Era odioso para os almirantes alemães, e ainda mais para os generais, porque para eles parecia uma concessão aos valores civis que arruinaria a reputação da Alemanha de Abschreckung (‘terrível’ ou terror). Eles queriam que os U-boats torpedeassem navios de passageiros, o que era difícil de conseguir e tinha valor militar limitado, porque o massacre em massa de civis, eles acreditavam, assustaria os inimigos a se renderem e levaria os neutros ao porto. Então eles ordenaram que os submarinistas relutantes abandonassem os ataques de superfície em favor do ataque submerso mais assassino, mas muito menos eficaz. Os submarinistas alemães sabiam (assim como os britânicos) que o bloqueio econômico era a arma mais eficaz da Alemanha. Mas o bloqueio econômico era um conceito estranho para os oficiais superiores alemães, e tinha pouco a ver com a vitória como eles a entendiam: eles não estavam lutando para vencer, mas para afirmar os valores sociais dos militares alemães e reivindicar seu status legítimo no comando da sociedade.

39 – ( FGV-Escola de Administração de Empresas de São Paulo-2017.2-VESTIBULAR-2º SEMESTRE) Which of the following is most supported by the information in the article?

a) Warships are as useful in peacetime as they are in time of war.
b) Language and cultural barriers make it impossible to reach a global agreement on what a warship symbolizes.
c) Nowadays warships are more useful as symbols of national power than as actual instruments of destruction.
d) Of all warships, submarines are both the most feared and the most controversial.
e) There are no warships that have only one purpose.

      Comentários e Gabarito    E  
TÓPICO - VOCABULÁRIO & RELAÇÃO SEMÂNTICA COM TRECHO DO TEXTO:

Which of the following is most supported by the information in the article?

Qual das seguintes opções é mais apoiada pelas informações do artigo?

a) Warships are as useful in peacetime as they are in time of war.

Os navios de guerra são tão úteis em tempos de paz quanto em tempos de guerra.
b) Language and cultural barriers make it impossible to reach a global agreement on what a warship symbolizes.

As barreiras linguísticas e culturais tornam impossível chegar a um acordo global sobre o que um navio de guerra simboliza.
c) Nowadays warships are more useful as symbols of national power than as actual instruments of destruction.

Hoje em dia, os navios de guerra são mais úteis como símbolos de poder nacional do que como instrumentos reais de destruição.
d) Of all warships, submarines are both the most feared and the most controversial.

De todos os navios de guerra, os submarinos são os mais temidos e os mais controversos.
e) There are no warships that have only one purpose.

Não há navios de guerra que tenham apenas um propósito.

>> Conforme o trecho (4º parágrafo):

• "[...] Warships are built for war, but not only for war. They have always had an eloquent symbolic value as expressions of power, wealth and resolve, as instruments of threat or reassurance.”
• Navios de guerra são construídos para a guerra, mas não somente para a guerra. Eles sempre tiveram um valor simbólico eloquente como expressões de poder, riqueza e determinação, como instrumentos de ameaça ou garantia.

40 – ( FGV-Escola de Administração de Empresas de São Paulo-2017.2-VESTIBULAR-2º SEMESTRE) According to the information in the article,

• the word "Ubout"

a) was created by the British during the Second World War as a term for any non-British submarine.

b) was used by the British as a propaganda tool during the Second World War.
c) was used by the British to symbolize German military atrocities committed on land and sea during the Second World War.
d) meant something different to each country involved in the Second World War.
e) because of its sinister connotations, is no longer used by the German Navy.

      Comentários e Gabarito    B  
TÓPICO - VOCABULÁRIO & RELAÇÃO SEMÂNTICA COM TRECHO DO TEXTO:

According to the information in the article,

De acordo com as informações do artigo,

• the word "Ubout"

a) was created by the British during the Second World War as a term for any non-British submarine.

foi criada pelos britânicos durante a Segunda Guerra Mundial como um termo para qualquer submarino não britânico.

b) was used by the British as a propaganda tool during the Second World War.

foi usada pelos britânicos como uma ferramenta de propaganda durante a Segunda Guerra Mundial.

>> Conforme o trecho (2º parágrafo):

• "[...] During the Second World War, the British officially described all enemy submarines as ‘U-boats’, regardless of nationality, so that they would all be tainted [manchados, tachados] by the sinister connotations of the German word, and so that the public would not confuse their activities with the heroic campaigns of British and allied submariners.”
• Durante a Segunda Guerra Mundial, os britânicos descreveram oficialmente todos os submarinos inimigos como "U-boats", independentemente da nacionalidade, para que todos fossem  tachados pelas conotações sinistras da palavra alemã e para que o público não confundisse suas atividades com as campanhas heróicas dos submarinistas britânicos e aliados.

c) was used by the British to symbolize German military atrocities committed on land and sea during the Second World War.

foi usada pelos britânicos para simbolizar atrocidades militares alemãs cometidas em terra e no mar durante a Segunda Guerra Mundial.
d) meant something different to each country involved in the Second World War.

significava algo diferente para cada país envolvido na Segunda Guerra Mundial.
e) because of its sinister connotations, is no longer used by the German Navy.

por causa de suas conotações sinistras, não é mais usada pela Marinha Alemã.

41 – ( FGV-Escola de Administração de Empresas de São Paulo-2017.2-VESTIBULAR-2º SEMESTRE) In paragraph 2, the term

• “unrestricted submarine warfare”

most likely

a) refers to a military strategy that the Germans adopted at the beginning of the Second World War.
b) refers to a military strategy adopted by both the British and Germans at the beginning of the Second World War.
c) implies a paradox, since all warfare must observe some restrictions.
d) should, from a juridical point of view, be considered inaccurate.
e) was a distortion of the truth deliberately fabricated by the British as part of their anti-German propaganda efforts during the First World War.

      Comentários e Gabarito    D  
TÓPICO - VOCABULÁRIO & RELAÇÃO SEMÂNTICA COM TRECHO DO TEXTO:

In paragraph 2, the term

No parágrafo 2, o termo

• “unrestricted submarine warfare”
• “guerra submarina irrestrita”

most likely

provavelmente

a) refers to a military strategy that the Germans adopted at the beginning of the Second World War.

refere-se a uma estratégia militar que os alemães adotaram no início da Segunda Guerra Mundial.
b) refers to a military strategy adopted by both the British and Germans at the beginning of the Second World War.

refere-se a uma estratégia militar adotada tanto pelos britânicos quanto pelos alemães no início da Segunda Guerra Mundial.
c) implies a paradox, since all warfare must observe some restrictions.

implica um paradoxo, já que toda guerra deve observar algumas restrições.
d) should, from a juridical point of view, be considered inaccurate.

deve, de um ponto de vista jurídico, ser considerada imprecisa.

>> Conforme o trecho (2º parágrafo):

• "[...] ‘Unrestricted submarine war’ implies the rejection of legal restraints [restrições] that did not exist, for international law as yet had taken almost no note of the existence of submarines.”
• ‘Guerra submarina irrestrita’ implica a rejeição de restrições legais que não existiam, pois o direito internacional ainda não tinha tomado nota da existência de submarinos.

e) was a distortion of the truth deliberately fabricated by the British as part of their anti-German propaganda efforts during the First World War.

foi uma distorção da verdade deliberadamente fabricada pelos britânicos como parte de seus esforços de propaganda anti-alemã durante a Primeira Guerra Mundial.

42 – ( FGV-Escola de Administração de Empresas de São Paulo-2017.2-VESTIBULAR-2º SEMESTRE) According to the information in the article,

• during World War One, Uboats in general

a) were interested in sinking cargo ships but not in killing their crews.
b) preferred to attack enemy warships and cargo ships in daylight in coastal waters.
c) preferred to attack on the surface because they were unable to remain underwater for long periods.

d) were directed by a highly centralized and efficient chain of command.
e) concentrated on cargo ships because such vessels had no defense against torpedoes.

      Comentários e Gabarito    A  
TÓPICO - VOCABULÁRIO & RELAÇÃO SEMÂNTICA COM TRECHO DO TEXTO:

According to the information in the article,

De acordo com as informações do artigo,

• during World War One, Uboats in general
• durante a Primeira Guerra Mundial, os Uboats em geral

a) were interested in sinking cargo ships but not in killing their crews.

estavam interessados ​​em afundar navios de carga, mas não em matar suas tripulações.

>> Conforme o trecho (2º parágrafo):

• "[...] The German submarine force was divided into different commands that followed different policies and operated different types of boat, but most of them were occupied with stopping cargo ships on the surface in daylight in coastal waters, then allowing the crews to escape in their boats before sinking the ships by shellfire or scuttling charges."
• A força submarina alemã foi dividida em diferentes comandos que seguiam diferentes políticas e operavam diferentes tipos de barcos, mas a maioria deles estava ocupada em parar navios de carga na superfície durante o dia em águas costeiras, permitindo então que as tripulações escapassem em seus barcos antes de afundar os navios com fogo de artilharia ou cargas de afundamento.

b) preferred to attack enemy warships and cargo ships in daylight in coastal waters.

preferiam atacar navios de guerra e navios de carga inimigos à luz do dia em águas costeiras.
c) preferred to attack on the surface because they were unable to remain underwater for long periods.

preferiam atacar na superfície porque não conseguiam permanecer submersos por longos períodos.

d) were directed by a highly centralized and efficient chain of command.

eram dirigidos por uma cadeia de comando altamente centralizada e eficiente.
e) concentrated on cargo ships because such vessels had no defense against torpedoes.

se concentravam em navios de carga porque tais embarcações não tinham defesa contra torpedos.

43 – ( FGV-Escola de Administração de Empresas de São Paulo-2017.2-VESTIBULAR-2º SEMESTRE) Which of the following probably best expresses an ironic aspect of the 1916 patrol of the German submarine U-35?

a) Although the patrol took place at the height of the war, U-35 sank no enemy warships.
b) Although the patrol took place more than 100 years ago, it still holds the record as the most destructive in history.
c) Although the patrol was highly destructive, it was not very exciting.
d) Despite the destruction it caused, U-35 was not involved in any atrocities or war crimes.
e) U-35 sank 54 ships; not one was confiscated for German use.

      Comentários e Gabarito    C  
TÓPICO - VOCABULÁRIO & RELAÇÃO SEMÂNTICA COM TRECHO DO TEXTO:

Which of the following probably best expresses an ironic aspect of the 1916 patrol of the German submarine U-35?

Qual das seguintes provavelmente expressa melhor um aspecto irônico da patrulha de 1916 do submarino alemão U-35?
a) Although the patrol took place at the height of the war, U-35 sank no enemy warships.

Embora a patrulha tenha ocorrido no auge da guerra, o U-35 não afundou nenhum navio de guerra inimigo.
b) Although the patrol took place more than 100 years ago, it still holds the record as the most destructive in history.

Embora a patrulha tenha ocorrido há mais de 100 anos, ela ainda detém o recorde de mais destrutiva da história.
c) Although the patrol was highly destructive, it was not very exciting.

Embora a patrulha tenha sido altamente destrutiva, não foi muito emocionante.

>> Conforme o trecho (2º parágrafo):

• "[...] The quayside [cais] was black with cheering crowds, ‘and yet,’ he commented, ‘so far we had scarcely had any adventures. It was all rather humdrum."
• O cais estava preto com multidões animadas, ‘e ainda assim’, ele comentou, ‘até agora mal tivemos aventuras. Era tudo bastante monótono.

d) Despite the destruction it caused, U-35 was not involved in any atrocities or war crimes.

Apesar da destruição que causou, o U-35 não se envolveu em nenhuma atrocidade ou crime de guerra.
e) U-35 sank 54 ships; not one was confiscated for German use.

O U-35 afundou 54 navios; nenhum foi confiscado para uso alemão.

44 – ( FGV-Escola de Administração de Empresas de São Paulo-2017.2-VESTIBULAR-2º SEMESTRE) At the beginning of paragraph 3, the phrase

• “…German senior officers were not cheering…”

most likely refers to which of the following?

a) German senior officers believed that U-35 should have sunk even more cargo ships.
b) German senior officers feared that the submarine warfare policy was harmful to Germany’s image.
c) German senior officers believed that U-35 was merely doing its duty and therefore deserved no special praise.
d) German senior officers were worried that, despite occasional successes, they were losing the war.
e) German senior officers were struggling to abolish any civilian control over the war effort.

      Comentários e Gabarito    B  
TÓPICO - VOCABULÁRIO & RELAÇÃO SEMÂNTICA COM TRECHO DO TEXTO:

At the beginning of paragraph 3, the phrase

No início do parágrafo 3, a frase

• “…German senior officers were not cheering…”
• “…os oficiais superiores alemães não estavam comemorando…”

most likely refers to which of the following?

provavelmente se refere a qual dos seguintes?

a) German senior officers believed that U-35 should have sunk even more cargo ships.

Os oficiais superiores alemães acreditavam que o U-35 deveria ter afundado ainda mais navios de carga.
b) German senior officers feared that the submarine warfare policy was harmful to Germany’s image.

Os oficiais superiores alemães temiam que a política de guerra submarina fosse prejudicial à imagem da Alemanha.

c) German senior officers believed that U-35 was merely doing its duty and therefore deserved no special praise.

Os oficiais superiores alemães acreditavam que o U-35 estava apenas cumprindo seu dever e, portanto, não merecia nenhum elogio especial.
d) German senior officers were worried that, despite occasional successes, they were losing the war.

Os oficiais superiores alemães estavam preocupados que, apesar dos sucessos ocasionais, eles estavam perdendo a guerra.
e) German senior officers were struggling to abolish any civilian control over the war effort.

Os oficiais superiores alemães estavam lutando para abolir qualquer controle civil sobre o esforço de guerra.

45 – ( FGV-Escola de Administração de Empresas de São Paulo-2017.2-VESTIBULAR-2º SEMESTRE) With respect to the economic blockade enforced by Uboats in the early years of the First World War, the information supports all of the following except

a) both Germans and British considered it an efficient war policy.
b) German admirals and generals thought it sent the wrong message to enemies and neutrals.

c) German admirals and generals accepted it as the lesser of two evils.
d) German admirals and generals detested it as a civilian rather than military idea.
e) for German admirals and generals, what it accomplished was secondary to what it represented.

      Comentários e Gabarito    C  
TÓPICO - VOCABULÁRIO & RELAÇÃO SEMÂNTICA COM TRECHO DO TEXTO:

With respect to the economic blockade enforced by Uboats in the early years of the First World War, the information supports all of the following except

Com relação ao bloqueio econômico imposto pelos Uboats nos primeiros anos da Primeira Guerra Mundial, as informações apoiam todos os seguintes, exceto
a) both Germans and British considered it an efficient war policy.

tanto os alemães quanto os britânicos o consideraram uma política de guerra eficiente.
b) German admirals and generals thought it sent the wrong message to enemies and neutrals.

almirantes e generais alemães pensaram que ele enviou a mensagem errada aos inimigos e neutros.

c) German admirals and generals accepted it as the lesser of two evils.

almirantes e generais alemães o aceitaram como o menor de dois males.
d) German admirals and generals detested it as a civilian rather than military idea.

almirantes e generais alemães o detestaram como uma ideia civil e não militar.
e) for German admirals and generals, what it accomplished was secondary to what it represented.

para almirantes e generais alemães, o que ele realizou foi secundário ao que ele representou.