CESPE/UnB –2009 –ANAC – ESPECIALISTA EM REGULAÇÃO DE AVIAÇÃO CIVIL (CARGO 2) – LÍNGUA INGLESA – CONCURSO PÚBLICO – AGÊNCIA NACIONAL DE AVIAÇÃO CIVIL – PROVA COM GABARITO.

❑ Welcome back to another post!

www.cespe.unb.br.

❑ PROVA DE LÍNGUA INGLESA: CESP/UnB-2009-ANAC-ESPECIALISTA EM REGULAÇÃO DE AVIAÇÃO CIVIL-19/07/2009.

❑ ESTRUTURA-PROVA:

➭ 25 Questions.

➭ Text (1) – Death grip: spin training turns tragic | www.aopa.org (10 questions)

➭ Text (2) – Information associated with the carriage of Dangerous Goods by air | www.caa.co.uk (9 questions)

➭ Text (3) – Aviation safety regulation within a European framework | www.caa.co.uk (6 questions)

❑ GABARITO:

01-C, 02-E, 03-E, 04-C, 05-E

06-C, 07-E, 08-E, 09-C, 10-E

11-C, 12-E, 13-E, 14-C, 15-E

16-E, 17-X, 18-E, 19-C, 20-E

21-C, 22-E, 23-E, 24-C, 25-C

➧ TEXT 1: This text refers to items from 01 through 10.

Death grip: spin training turns tragic

         

In aviation, a little fear can be a good thing. A wary appreciation for what could go wrong makes for a safer pilot than brash cockiness in the cockpit. The key is not to lethealthy fear become debilitating panic in the face of stress. Seized by overpowering fright, an impulsive pilot may overpower the one thing that could avert disaster — the more experienced pilot beside him.
          

On June 8, 2006, a CFI-in-training and his instructor were killed when they failed to recover from an intentional spin. The accident airplane, a Cessna 152, showed no sign of mechanical failure and had been used earlier that day for spin training without incident. The student reportedly had a history of impulsive and panicked behavior during stressful situations, including locking his grip on the yoke and refusing to give up control of the airplane.
         

The flight departed Phoenix Deer Valley Airport in Phoenix, Ariz., at about 2:45 p. m. The airplane proceeded northwest toward the local practice area, climbing to 6,100 feet msl. The 200-hour pilot, who held a commercial certificate, was enrolled in a multiengine CFI course that required spin training as part of the curriculum. The purpose of the instructional flight was to introduce the pilot to spins and practice spin-recovery procedures.

Internet: <www.aopa.org> (adapted).

Based on the text, judge the items below.

1 In aviation, a little fear is healthy fear.

2 In aviation, reliable prediction of what could not work out well is advisable.

3 A safer pilot is that one who shows to be rather confident in the cockpit.

4 A planned spin can be dangerous.

5 The Cessna 152 had been used for spin training the day before the accident.

According to what can be found in the text, it can be concluded that 

6 despite the repeated trainee’s behaviour being known he went on being trained.

7 the training flight was supposed to last approximately 2.40 minutes.

8 spin training was an optional activity of the curriculum.

9 the student had not yet had previous spin training.

10 “accident” (R.10) and “incident” (R.12) are

➧ TEXT 2: This text refers to items from 11 through 19.

         

Information associated with the carriage of Dangerous Goods by air

The carriage of dangerous goods by air requires strict regulation in order to ensure safety.
         

The Dangerous Goods Office carries out inspections and has a scheme for the recording and investigation of incidents, as required by Annex 18. Regarding inspections, the four authorised Inspectors carry out inspections to check for compliance with all the requirements of the Technical Instructions. Audit style inspections are carried out on operators and their handling agents with a view to assessing whether adequate procedures and training are in place to ensure compliance with the operators responsibilities of the Technical Instructions. Inspections are also carried out in freight sheds/warehouses, on the ramp and in airport terminals; they are to check on packages and documents, procedures for handling dangerous goods, the state of training for those involved and the provision of adequate notices at cargo acceptance points and passenger check-in areas.
          

The Inspectors are empowered to seize packages of dangerous goods if there are reasonable grounds to suspect a consignment does not comply with all applicable requirements.

Internet: <www.caa.co.uk>

(adapted).

Judge the following items about the ideas and the linguistic structure of the text above.

11 The transport of hazardous goods demands well-defined rules to prevent accidents.

12 The Dangerous Goods Office undertakes actions so as not to let accidents happen.

13 Inspectors are in charge of checking the Technical
Instructions.

14 Inspections are carried out in an official manner fashion.

15 Once in action, operators and their handling agents no longer need training.

16 Inspectors can check sheds and warehouses but not ramps.

17 Inspectors do not have to look into the passengers’ documents.

18 There must be sound reasons for inspectors to suspect a consignment.

19 “seize” (R.19) means to take something and keep or hold it.

       RESPOSTAS COMENTADAS       

11 The transport of hazardous goods demands well-defined rules to prevent accidents.  –  O transporte de mercadorias perigosas exige regras bem definidas para evitar acidentes.

• CORRETO conforme, o trecho:
• [...] The carriage of dangerous goods by air requires strict regulation in order to ensure safety.
• O transporte aéreo de mercadorias perigosas exige uma regulamentação rigorosa para garantir a segurança.

➧ TERMINOLOGIA TÉCNICA:

(1) HAZARDOUS (translation) – PERIGOSO | DE PERIGO.

[www.linguee.com.br]

(2) HAZARDOUS (definition: dangerous, especially to people’s health or safety ) – hazardous to health (perigoso para a saúde.) – hazardous waste (resíduos perigosos).

[www.ldoceonline.com]

(3) HAZARDOUS (definition: dangerous and involving risk, especially to someone's health) – hazardous industries (indústrias perigosas) – hazardous materials (materiais perigosos) – hazardous substances (substâncias perigosas). hazardous driving conditions – condições perigosas de direção) – hazardous spills (derramamentos perigosos) – hazardous flights (voos perigosos) – hazardous environments (ambientes perigosos) – hazardous place (lugar perigoso) – hazardous things (coisas perigosas.) – a hazardous-duty robot (um robô de serviço perigoso) - against hazardous alcohol consumption (contra o consumo perigoso de álcool) – non-hazardous inorganic wastes (resíduos inorgânicos não perigosos).

[https://dictionary.cambridge.org]

➧ TEXT 3: This text refers to items from 20 through 25.

Aviation safety regulation within a European framework

        

The role of the CAA’s Safety Regulation Group is
to develop our UK world-class aviation safety environment, in partnership with industry, by driving continuous improvements in aviation safety in the UK and, in partnership with the European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA), across Europe.
        

The European Community established EASA in
2003 with the legal competence to be the rulemaking and standard setting organisation for all aviation safety regulation on behalf of its member states. The agency is now actively undertaking the tasks of aircraft and product certification, and it has responsibility for the rules related to the design and maintenance of aircraft products and parts, plus setting standards for those organisations involved in design, production and maintenance of these products and parts. Arrangements for further expansion of the Agency’s rulemaking role are advancing apace and the detailed Implementing Rules for aircraft operations and flight crew licensing are expected to be completed during 2009. Similarly, work has begun on developing draft (high level) Essential Requirements to cover air traffic management and aerodrome activities, and this is expected to be the third and final major phase of the transition to a coherent European rulemaking body for aviation safety regulation.

Internet: <www.caa.co.uk>

(adapted).

Judge the following items, about the ideas and the structure of the text above.

20 The UK, EASA and industry joined together to assure the current environment safety procedures.

21 EASA was set up in the early 2000s.

22 EASA is thought to make aviation safety rules for all.

23 EASA is responsible for the design and maintenance of aircraft products.

24 Organizations dealing with aircraft products are to reach the standards defined by EASA.

25 Flight crew licensing is awaited to be ended in 2009.

CESPE/UnB –2009 –ANAC – ESPECIALISTA EM REGULAÇÃO DE AVIAÇÃO CIVIL (CARGO 3) – LÍNGUA INGLESA – CONCURSO PÚBLICO – AGÊNCIA NACIONAL DE AVIAÇÃO CIVIL – PROVA COM GABARITO.

❑ Welcome back to another post!

www.cespe.unb.br.

❑ PROVA DE LÍNGUA INGLESA: CESPE/UnB-2009-ANAC-ESPECIALISTA EM REGULAÇÃO DE AVIAÇÃO CIVIL (CARGO 3)-19/07/2009.

❑ ESTRUTURA-PROVA:

➭ 20 Questions.

➭ Text (1) – | Government: stay out of the Economy | www.businessweek.com |

➭ Text (2) – | A fight breaks out at the low-cost airline | www.economist.com |

❑ TEXTO 1: This text refers to items from 9 through 20.

Government: stay out of the Economy

         

The current expansion of government intervention is going to undermine economic growth. Pro or con? Over the past nine months, government intervention in the economy has spread like a wildfire. From federally mandated executive compensation rules for companies and job roles
that had nothing to do with the financial meltdown, to the ouster of General Motors (GM) CEO Rick Wagoner at the behest of the White House, to forcing banks to take and keep Troubled Asset Relief Program money, Washington’s tentacles are reaching into the minutiae of private business dealings like never before. Setting aside the long-term philosophical questions this raises about the role of government in society, one short-term question is whether or not it will aid recovery. I do not believe it will.
          

A 1998 Congressional Joint Economic Committee study concluded the optimal size of government to maximize economic growth was about 18% of gross domestic product (GDP). Even before today’s unprecedented debt and spending, all levels of government in the U.S. controlled 37% of GDP. Recent federal spending will drive up government’s share to more than 40%. A single federal 22 health-care plan would gobble up another 16%, putting more than 50% of the economy in government’s hands.
          

Economists increasingly understand the Great Depression was prolonged by government intervention in trade, private industry, and banking. We have evidence from other countries, too. As Ireland’s tax burden and share of GDP fell, the Celtic Tiger roared. Recent National Bureau of Economic Research findings show that Jamaica’s pursuit of “social justice” policies has retarded its growth compared with its less interventionist sister island, Barbados. From 1960 to 2002, Barbados’ per capita GDP doubled, but Jamaica’s grew only 50%.
          

Government has an important and legitimate role to play in a growing economy. It should enforce contracts, create a level playing field for all businesses, and steadfastly promote the rule of law. U.S. entrepreneurs can take it from there.

Internet: <www.businessweek.com> (adapted).

Judge the following items according to the text.
11 The U.S. has experienced an intervention in the economy.
👍 Comentários e Gabarito  11-(C) 
*
12 Excessive government spending can be a drag on the economy.
👍 Comentários e Gabarito  12-(E) 
*
13 Economists have supported the government policies.
👍 Comentários e Gabarito  13-(E) 
*
14 In the author’s view, government intervention will aid in economy recovery.
👍 Comentários e Gabarito  14-(E) 
*
15 According to economists, government intervention
lengthened the Great Depression.
👍 Comentários e Gabarito  15-(C) 
*
16 General Motors chief executive officer Rick Wagoner has ben dismissed.
👍 Comentários e Gabarito  16-(C) 
*
In the text,
17 “undermine” (R.2) is the same as reinforce.
👍 Comentários e Gabarito  17-(E) 
*
18 “that” (R.6) can be correctly replaced by whose.
👍 Comentários e Gabarito  18-(E) 
*
19 “meltdown” (R.6) means a process of irreversible decline.
👍 Comentários e Gabarito  19-(X) 
*
20 “behest” (R.8) is closest in meaning to an authoritative command or request.
👍 Comentários e Gabarito  20-(C) 
*
21 “entrepreneurs” (R.37) means people who organize, operate, and assume the risk for a business venture.
👍 Comentários e Gabarito  21-(C) 
* 
22 “gobble” (R.22) is synonymous with swallow.
👍 Comentários e Gabarito  22-(C) 
*

❑ TEXTO 2:

A fight breaks out at the low-cost airline

         

There is never a good time to have a full-blown
boardroom brawl in public. But for Sir Stelios Haji-Ioannou, a flamboyant serial entrepreneur, to have chosen this moment to go to war with his fellow directors at easyJet, a budget airline, is as puzzling as it is potentially destructive.
         

The airline industry is reeling from the twin effects of seesawing fuel prices and tumbling demand. Thirty airlines have already succumbed this year and as many again are forecast to disappear in 2009. As Europe’s fourth-biggest airline, easyJet, founded by Sir Stelios 13 years ago, will not be one of them. Its strong balance-sheet, modern fleet and low-cost operating model mean it is much better placed than most of its competitors to ride out the storm. But it is still feeling the strain. Sir Stelios, who controls 38% of easyJet, began his attack on November 13th, arguing that the airline’s plans to expand its fleet during the recession should be abandoned. He added that easyJet should consider paying a dividend from 2011, reversing its policy of investing available funds to support the airline’s growth. To this end, he invoked rights that were established when the company was floated, by proposing to put two representatives of his holding company, easyGroup, on the board. Sir Stelios hinted
that if the chairman, Sir Colin Chandler, refused to
acquiesce, he would reassume the chairmanship himself, as he is entitled to do. Sir Stelios says he is only calling for a more cautious approach. Some observers think that his knowledge of the shipping industry, which is undergoing even greater pain than the airline business, has persuaded him that this is a time to batten down hatches. Others have suggested that he needs the promise of a dividend flow to fund his other interests. There has even been some far-fetched speculation that he may be trying to drive down easyJet’s share price in order to retake control of it.
          

Whatever his reasons, they spell trouble for easyJet. The airline’s expansion plans for the coming year are modest: capacity is planned to grow by 5% compared with the 15% that is easyJet’s norm. Given the desperate state of Alitalia and the difficulties of Iberia, easyJet, which has hubs at Milan Malpensa and Madrid Barajas, is in a strong position to benefit. Mr van Klaveren fears that the ultra-cautious approach Sir Stelios is advocating, combined with talk of dividends, could result in the stock going “ex-growth” and losing the premium it shares with its rival, Ryanair. It is hard to see how that is in anyone’s interests.

Internet: <www.economist.com> (adapted).

Judge the following items about the ideas and the linguistic structure of the text above.
23 Easyjet’s founder, Sir Stelios Haji-Ioannou, has had a quarrel with his board of directors.
👍 Comentários e Gabarito  23-(C) 
*
24 Sir Stelios’ plans for easyJet include a rapid expansion of its fleet.
👍 Comentários e Gabarito  24-(E) 
*
25 Aside from the number of airships operating together, easyJet seems better placed than its competitors to ride out the storm.
👍 Comentários e Gabarito  25-(E) 
*
26 Sir Stelios hinted that unless Sir Colin Chandler complied with his plans of reversing easyJet’s policy of investing available funds to support the airline’s growth, he would reassume the chairmanship.
👍 Comentários e Gabarito  26-(C) 
*
27 The speculation that Sir Stelios may be trying to drive down easyJet’s share price is unlikely to be true.
👍 Comentários e Gabarito  27-(C) 
*
28 The word “puzzling” (R.5) is synonymous with baffling.
👍 Comentários e Gabarito  28-(C) 
*
29 The word “strain” (R.14) means strategy.
👍 Comentários e Gabarito  29-(E) 
*
30 The expression “to batten down hatches” (R.29) is closest in meaning to deal with numbers.
👍 Comentários e Gabarito  30-(E) 
*

CESPE-2012-ANAC-ANALISTA ADMINISTRATIVO - LÍNGUA INGLESA - CONCURSO PÚBLICO - AGÊNCIA NACIONAL DE AVIAÇÃO CIVIL - Prova com gabarito.

Welcome back to another post!

➧ PROVA DE LÍNGUA INGLESA: CESPE-2012-ANAC-ANALISTA ADMINISTRATIVO, aplicação em 02/12/2012.

➧ BANCA/ORGANIZADOR: CESPE.

➧ GABARITO:

01-C, 02-C, 03-C, 04-C, 05-E

➧ TEXT:

 The worst passwords of 2012

          

If any of your passwords are on this list, then shame on you and go change them now. SplashData, which makes password management applications, has released its annual "worst passwords" list compiled from common passwords that are posted by hackers. The top three — "password", "123456" and "12345678" — have not changed since last year. New ones include "jesus", "ninja", "mustang", "password1" and "welcome". Other passwords have moved up and down on the list. The most surprising addition is probably "welcome",  which, according to CEO Morgan Slain, "means that people are not even changing default passwords… and it doesn't take that much time to make a new password!"
          

You should have different passwords for all of your accounts. To make it easier to remember them all, Slain suggests thinking about passwords as “passphrases”. For instance, use a phrase like “dog eats bone” and add underscores, dashes, hyphens, and other punctuation marks to satisfy the special character requirement: “dog_eats_bone!”.

Internet: <www.cnn.com> (adapted).

Based on the text above, judge the following items.

01. The expression "For instance" (R.15-16) is used to introduce an example.

02. The article criticizes the reader who uses any of the passwords listed on the compilation prepared by SplashData.

03. It can be concluded from the text that the word "welcome" is the default password for many services.

04. The sentence "You should have different passwords for all of your accounts" (R.13-14) expresses an advice to the reader.

05. Morgan Slain believes people do not change passwords because it's time consuming.

CESPE-2013-INPE-NÍVEL SUPERIOR (CARGO 6) - LÍNGUA INGLESA - CONCURSO PÚBLICO - INSTITUTO NACIONAL DA PROPRIEDADE INDUSTRIAL- Prova com gabarito.

Welcome back to another post!

➧ PROVA DE LÍNGUA INGLESA: CESPE-2013-INPE-NÍVEL SUPERIOR (CARGO 6), aplicação em 03/02/2013.

➧ BANCA/ORGANIZADOR: CESPE.

➧ GABARITO:

01-E, 02-C, 03-E, 04-E, 05-E

06-C, 07-C, 08-C, 09-C, 10-C

11-E, 12-C, 13-C, 14-X, 15-C

16-C, 17-E, 18-E, 19-C, 20-C

➧ DICAS:

Vocábulos RADICAIS como "exclusive","never","always","for sure", etc, via de regra invalidam a afirmativa.

➧ TEXT I:

Intellectual Property

          

Industrial property legislation is part of the wider body of law known as intellectual property. Intellectual property relates to items of information or knowledge, which can be incorporated in tangible objects at the same time in an unlimited number of copies at different locations anywhere in the world. The property is not in those copies but in the information or knowledge reflected in them.
Intellectual property rights are also characterized by certain limitations, such as limited duration in the case of copyright and patents.
          

The importance of protecting intellectual property was first recognized in the Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property in 1883 and the Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works in 1886. Both treaties are administered by the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO).
          

Countries generally have laws to protect intellectual property for two main reasons. One is to give statutory expression to the moral and economic rights of creators in their creations and to the rights of the public in accessing those creations. The second is to promote creativity and the dissemination and application of its results, and to encourage fair trade, which would contribute to economic and social development.
          

Intellectual property is usually divided into two branches, namely industrial property and copyright.
          

Copyright relates to artistic creations, such as poems, novels, music, paintings, and cinematographic works. The expression copyright refers to the main act which, in respect of literary and artistic creations, may be made only by the author or with his authorization.
          

The broad application of the term “industrial” is clearly set out in the Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property (Article 1 (3)): “Industrial property shall be understood in the broadest sense and shall apply not only to industry and commerce proper, but likewise to agricultural and extractive industries and to all manufactured or natural products, for example, wines, grain, tobacco leaf, fruit, cattle, minerals, mineral waters, beer, flowers, and flour.”
          

Industrial property takes a range of forms. These include patents to protect inventions; and industrial designs, which are aesthetic creations determining the appearance of industrial products. Industrial property also covers trademarks, service marks, layout-designs of integrated circuits, commercial names and designations, as well as geographical indications, and protection against unfair competition. In some of these, the aspect of intellectual creation, although existent, is less clearly defined. What counts here is that the object of industrial property typically consists of signs transmitting information, in particular to consumers, as regards products and services offered on the market. Protection is directed against unauthorized use of such signs likely to mislead consumers, and against misleading practices in general.

Understanding Industrial Property. World Intellectual Property Organization – WIPO, p. 3-5. In: Internet: <http://www.wipo.int> (adapted).

According to the text above, judge the following items.

01. The term "property" can be replaced by the word propriety, without distorting the general meaning of the text.

02. Copyright and Industrial Property are normally considered as the two constituents of Intellectual Property.

03. The international organization WIPO is responsible for enacting legislation intended to regulate intellectual property in every country.

04. Intellectual property laws concern themselves with the property of the copies of artistic or industrial products.

05. Protection granted by industrial property rights is exclusive to those products in which the aspects of intellectual creation are explicit.

06. "Intellectual property" is an umbrella term which defines a group of laws, including those concerning industrial property.

 

➧ TEXT II:

An Economic History of Patent Institutions

          

Scholars such as Max Weber and Douglass North have suggested that intellectual property systems had an important impact on the course of economic development. However, questions from other eras are still current today, ranging from whether patents and copyrights constitute ideal policies toward intellectual inventions and their philosophical rationale to the growing concerns of international political economy. Throughout their history, patent and copyright regimes have confronted and accommodated technological innovations that were no less significant and contentious for their time than those of the
twenty-first century.

 

The British Patent System

           

Britain is noted for the establishment of a patent system which has been in continuous operation for a longer period than any other in the world. English monarchs frequently used patents to reward favorites with privileges, such as monopolies over trade that increased the retail prices of commodities. It was not until the seventeenth century that patents were associated entirely with awards to inventors, when Section 6 of the Statute of Monopolies repealed the practice of royal monopoly grants to all except patentees of inventions.
          

The British patent system established significant barriers in the form of prohibitively high costs that limited access to property rights in invention to a privileged few. Patent fees provided an important source of revenues for the Crown and its employees, and created a class of administrators who had strong incentives to block proposed reforms.
          

In addition to the monetary costs, complicated administrative procedures that inventors had to follow made transactions costs also high. Thus nation-wide lobbies of manufacturers and patentees expressed dissatisfaction with the operation of the British patent system. However, it was not until after the Crystal Palace Exhibition in 1851 that their concerns were finally addressed, in an effort to meet the burgeoning competition from the United States. In 1852 the efforts of numerous societies and of individual engineers, inventors and manufacturers that had been made over many decades were finally rewarded. Parliament approved the Patent Law Amendment Act, which authorized the first major adjustment of the system in two centuries.
          

However, the adjustments made at that time were not completely satisfactory. One source of dissatisfaction that endured until the end of the nineteenth century was the state of the common law regarding patents. British patents were granted "by the grace of the Crown" and therefore were subject to any restrictions that the government cared to impose. According to the statutes, as a matter of national expediency, patents were to be granted if "they be not contrary to the law, nor mischievous to the State, by raising prices of commodities at home, or to the hurt of trade, or generally inconvenient." The Crown possessed the ability to revoke any patents that were deemed inconvenient or contrary to public policy. […]

The Patent System in the United States

          

The United States stands out as having established one of the most successful patent systems in the world. American industrial supremacy has frequently been credited to its favorable treatment of inventors and the inducements held out for inventive activity. The first Article of the U.S. Constitution included a clause to "promote the Progress of Science and the useful Arts by securing for limited Times to Authors and Inventors the exclusive Right to their respective Writings and Discoveries." Congress complied by passing a patent statute in April 1790. In 1836 the United States created the first modern patent institution in the world, a system whose features differed in significant respects from those of other major countries.
           

The primary feature of the "American system" is that all applications are subject to an examination for conformity with the laws and for novelty. An examination system was set in place in 1790, when a select committee consisting of the Secretary of State (Thomas Jefferson), the Attorney General and the Secretary of War scrutinized the applications. These duties proved to be too time-consuming for highly ranked officials who had other onerous duties, so three years later it was replaced by a registration system. The validity of patents was left up to the district courts, which had the power to set in motion a process that could end in the repeal of the patent.
           

Another important feature of the American patent system is that it was based on the presumption that social welfare coincided with the individual welfare of inventors. Accordingly, legislators rejected restrictions on the rights of American inventors.
          

Nevertheless, economists such as Joseph Schumpeter have linked market concentration and innovation, and patent rights are often felt to encourage the establishment of monopoly enterprises. Thus, an important aspect of the enforcement of patents and intellectual property in general depends on competition or antitrust policies. The attitudes of the judiciary towards patent conflicts are primarily shaped by their interpretation of the monopoly aspect of the patent grant. The American judiciary in the early nineteenth century did not recognize patents as monopolies, arguing that patentees added to social welfare through innovations which had never existed before, whereas monopolists secured to themselves rights that already belong to the public.[…]

B. Zorina Khan. In: Internet: <http://eh.net/encyclopedia/article/khan.patents> (adapted).

According to the information provided by text, judge the items below.

07. Although they play an important role in the economic development of countries, patents and copyrights are still questioned as effective instruments for dealing with intellectual inventions.

08. The British patent system is the oldest one in the world, but it only took the form that we are familiar with today, i.e. protection for inventors, after the seventeenth century.

09. Before regulation, British monarchs would use the patent system unfairly, thus favoring some people over others, which led to the increase in the prices of goods.

10. The word “patentees” (ℓ.12) can be understood as patent holders.

11. The new class of administrators that emerged from the patent fees system would not agree with the high costs of the patent procedure.

12. In mid-nineteenth century, the British patent system was adjusted in order to be able to face business competition with the expanding American market.

13. Up to the end of the nineteenth century, not all patents requested would be granted; they had to be approved by the Crown.

14. The Crown had the power to refuse the issuing of patents that would violate the laws or raise the prices of goods unjustifiably.

15. It is believed that the outstanding performance of the US industry is due to the efficiency of this country’s patent system.

16. The basis of a system for protecting intellectual inventions was already stated in the U.S. Constitution.

17. Innovation was one of the criteria required by the committee responsible for examining the applications for patents.

18. In the American patent system, the idea of protection of individual rights goes against the idea of collective welfare.

19. Some economists establish a cause and effect relation between patent laws and the constitution of monopolies.

20. The American judiciary argues that the difference between patentees and monopolists lies in the innovative skills that the former display.