❑ Welcome back to another post!
❑ PROVA DE LÍNGUA INGLESA: UECE-2019/1-VESTIBULAR-1ª FASE-02/12/2018.
❑ ORGANIZADOR: www.uece.br/cev
❑ ESTRUTURA-PROVA:
➭ 08 Multiple Choice Questions / 4 Options Each Question.
➭ Text – Can you learn in your sleep? | www.medicalnewstoday.com |
❑ GABARITO:
01-D, 02-A, 03-D, 04-B
05-A, 06-D, 07-B, 08-C
❑ TEXT:
❑ TRADUÇÃO DO TEXTO:
Can you learn in your sleep?
(É possível aprender durante o sono?)
Sleep is known to be crucial for learning and
memory formation. What's more, scientists have even
managed to pick out specific memories and
consolidate them during sleep. However, the exact
mechanisms behind this were unknown — until now.
(O sono é conhecido por ser crucial para a aprendizagem e a formação da memória. Além disso, os cientistas conseguiram mesmo selecionar memórias específicas e consolidá-las durante o sono. No entanto, os mecanismos exatos por detrás disto eram desconhecidos - até agora.)
Those among us who grew up with the
popular cartoon "Dexter's Laboratory" might
remember the famous episode wherein Dexter's
trying to learn French overnight. He creates a device
that helps him to learn in his sleep by playing French
phrases to him. Of course, since the show is a
comedy, Dexter's record gets stuck on the phrase
"Omelette du fromage" and the next day he's
incapable of saying anything else. This is, of course, a
problem that puts him through a series of hilarious
situations.
(Aqueles entre nós que cresceram com o popular desenho animado "O Laboratório de Dexter", devem lembrar-se do famoso episódio em que Dexter tenta aprender francês durante a noite. Cria um aparelho que o ajuda a aprender durante o sono, reproduzindo-lhe frases em francês. Claro que, como a série é uma comédia, o disco de Dexter fica preso na frase "Omelette du fromage" e no dia seguinte ele é incapaz de dizer qualquer outra coisa. Este é, naturalmente, um problema que o faz passar por uma série de situações hilariantes.)
The idea that we can learn in our sleep has
captivated the minds of artists and scientists alike;
the possibility that one day we could all drastically
improve our productivity by learning in our sleep is
very appealing. But could such a scenario ever
become a reality?
(A ideia de que podemos aprender enquanto dormimos cativou as mentes de artistas e cientistas; a possibilidade de um dia podermos todos melhorar drasticamente a nossa produtividade aprendendo enquanto dormimos é muito apelativa. Mas será que um cenário destes pode alguma vez tornar-se realidade?)
New research seems to suggest so, and
scientists in general are moving closer to
understanding precisely what goes on in the brain
when we sleep and how the restful state affects
learning and memory formation.
(Novas investigações parecem sugerir que sim, e os cientistas em geral estão aproximando -se da compreensão exata do que se passa no cérebro quando dormimos e de como o estado de repouso afeta a aprendizagem e a formação da memória.)
For instance, previous studies have shown
that non-rapid eye movement (non-REM) sleep — or
dreamless sleep — is crucial for consolidating
memories. It has also been shown that sleep spindles,
or sudden spikes in oscillatory brain activity that can
be seen on an electroencephalogram (EEG) during the
second stage of non-REM sleep, are key for this
memory consolidation. Scientists were also able to
specifically target certain memories and reactivate, or
strengthen, them by using auditory cues.
(Por exemplo, estudos anteriores mostraram que o sono sem movimentos rápidos dos olhos (não-REM) - ou sono sem sonhos - é crucial para a consolidação das memórias. Foi também demonstrado que os fusos do sono, ou picos súbitos de atividade cerebral oscilatória que podem ser observados num eletroencefalograma (EEG) durante a segunda fase do sono não-REM, são fundamentais para esta consolidação da memória. Os cientistas puderam também visar especificamente certas memórias e reactivá-las, ou reforçá-las, utilizando pistas auditivas.)
However, the mechanism behind such
achievements remained mysterious until now.
Researchers were also unaware if such mechanisms
would help with memorizing new information.
(No entanto, o mecanismo subjacente a esses resultados permaneceu misterioso até agora. Os investigadores também não sabiam se esses mecanismos ajudariam a memorizar novas informações.)
Therefore, a team of researchers set out to
investigate. Scott Cairney, from the University of York
in the United Kingdom, co-led the research with
Bernhard Staresina, who works at the University of
Birmingham, also in the U.K. Their findings were
published in the journal Current Biology.
(Por isso, uma equipa de investigadores propôs-se a investigar. Scott Cairney, da Universidade de York, no Reino Unido, co-liderou a investigação com Bernhard Staresina, que trabalha na Universidade de Birmingham, também no Reino Unido. Os seus resultados foram publicados na revista Current Biology.)
Cairney explains the motivation for the
research, saying, "We are quite certain that memories
are reactivated in the brain during sleep, but we don't
know the neural processes that underpin this
phenomenon." "Sleep spindles," he continues, "have
been linked to the benefits of sleep for memory in
previous research, so we wanted to investigate
whether these brain waves mediate reactivation. If
they support memory reactivation, we further
reasoned that it could be possible to decipher memory
signals at the time that these spindles took place."
(Cairney explica a motivação da investigação, dizendo: "Temos a certeza de que as memórias são reativadas no cérebro durante o sono, mas não conhecemos os processos neurais que estão na base deste fenômeno". "Os fusos do sono", continua, "foram associados aos benefícios do sono para a memória em investigações anteriores, pelo que quisemos investigar se estas ondas cerebrais medeiam a reativação. Se apoiarem a reativação da memória, pensámos que poderia ser possível decifrar os sinais de memória no momento em que estes fusos ocorrem.")
To test their hypotheses, Cairney and his
colleagues asked 46 participants "to learn
associations between words and pictures of objects or
scenes before a nap." Afterward, some of the
participants took a 90-minute nap, whereas others
stayed awake. To those who napped, "Half of the
words were [...] replayed during the nap to trigger
the reactivation of the newly learned picture
memories," explains Cairney.
(Para testar as suas hipóteses, Cairney e os seus colegas pediram a 46 participantes que "aprendessem associações entre palavras e imagens de objetos ou cenas antes de uma soneca". Depois, alguns dos participantes dormiram uma soneca de 90 minutos, enquanto outros permaneceram acordados. Para os que dormiam a soneca, "metade das palavras eram [...] repetidas durante a soneca para desencadear a reativação das memórias de imagens recentemente aprendidas", explica Cairney.)
"When the participants woke after a good
period of sleep," he says, "we presented them again
with the words and asked them to recall the object
and scene pictures. We found that their memory was
better for the pictures that were connected to the
words that were presented in sleep, compared to
those words that weren't," Cairney reports.
("Quando os participantes acordaram após um bom período de sono", diz ele, "apresentámos-lhes novamente as palavras e pedimos-lhes que recordassem as imagens dos objectos e das cenas. Descobrimos que a sua memória era melhor para as imagens que estavam ligadas às palavras que foram apresentadas durante o sono, em comparação com as palavras que não foram apresentadas", relata Cairney.)
Using an EEG machine, the researchers were
also able to see that playing the associated words to
reactivate memories triggered sleep spindles in the
participants' brains. More specifically, the EEG sleep
spindle patterns "told" the researchers whether the
participants were processing memories related to
objects or memories related to scenes.
(Utilizando uma máquina de EEG, os investigadores puderam também verificar que a reprodução das palavras associadas para reativar memórias desencadeava fusos de sono no cérebro dos participantes. Mais especificamente, os padrões dos fusos de sono do EEG "disseram" aos investigadores se os participantes estavam a processar memórias relacionadas com objectos ou memórias relacionadas com cenas.)
"Our data suggest that spindles facilitate
processing of relevant memory features during sleep
and that this process boosts memory consolidation,"
says Staresina. "While it has been shown previously,"
he continues, "that targeted memory reactivation can
boost memory consolidation during sleep, we now
show that sleep spindles might represent the key
underlying mechanism."
("Os nossos dados sugerem que os fusos facilitam o processamento de características relevantes da memória durante o sono e que este processo aumenta a consolidação da memória", afirma Staresina. "Embora tenha sido demonstrado anteriormente", continua ele, "que a reativação da memória direcionada pode impulsionar a consolidação da memória durante o sono, mostramos agora que os fusos do sono podem representar o principal mecanismo subjacente".)
Cairney adds, "When you are awake you
learn new things, but when you are asleep you refine
them, making it easier to retrieve them and apply
them correctly when you need them the most. This is
important for how we learn but also for how we might
help retain healthy brain functions."
(Cairney acrescenta: "Quando estamos acordados, aprendemos coisas novas, mas quando estamos dormindo, aperfeiçoamo-las, tornando mais fácil recuperá-las e aplicá-las corretamente quando mais precisamos delas. Isto é importante para a forma como aprendemos, mas também para a forma como podemos ajudar a manter funções cerebrais saudáveis".)
Staresina suggests that this newly gained
knowledge could lead to effective strategies for
boosting memory while sleeping.
(Staresina sugere que estes novos conhecimentos podem conduzir a estratégias eficazes para melhorar a memória durante o sono.)
So, though learning things from scratch à la
"Dexter's Lab" may take a while to become a reality,
we can safely say that our brains continue to learn
while we sleep, and that researchers just got a lot
closer to understanding why this happens.
(Assim, embora aprender coisas do zero à la "Laboratório de Dexter" possa demorar algum tempo a tornar-se realidade, podemos dizer com segurança que o nosso cérebro continua aprendendo enquanto dormimos e que os investigadores acabaram de ficar muito mais perto de compreender por que razão isso acontece.)
From:
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/
articles/Mar/2018
❑ QUESTIONÁRIO:
01 – (UECE-2019/1-1ª FASE-LÍNGUA INGLESA-VESTIBULAR)
According to the text, the idea that sleep is
relevant to learning
A) seems to be absolutely new and surprising.
B) has been frequently studied without success.
C) has never received attention from the scientific
community.
D) is common knowledge among scientists.
• ANSWER (D)
- The idea that sleep is relevant to learning...
(A ideia de que O SONO é relevante para a aprendizagem ...)
*Afirmative (A): seems to be absolutely new and surprising.(parece ser absolutamente nova e surpreendente.)
*Afirmative (B): has been frequently studied without success.(tem sido freqüentemente estudada sem sucesso.)
*Afirmative (C): has never received attention from the scientific community.(nunca recebeu atenção da comunidade científica.)
*Afirmative (D): is common knowledge among scientists.(é um conhecimento comum entre os cientistas.)
- LOOK AT THE 1ST PARAGRAPH:
"[...] Sleep is known to be crucial for learning and memory formation. What's more, scientists have even managed to pick out specific memories and consolidate them during sleep. However, the exact mechanisms behind this were unknown — until now."(Sabe-se que o sono é crucial para o aprendizado e a formação da memória. Além do mais, os cientistas conseguiram até escolher memórias específicas e consolidá-las durante o sono. No entanto, os mecanismos exatos por trás disso eram desconhecidos - até agora. ")
- SO, ACCORDING TO THE TEXT, the idea that sleep is relevant to learning:
- it does not seem to be absolutely new because scientists have even managed to choose specific memories and consolidate them during sleep, that is, sleep has received attention from the scientific community and has obtained positive results.
- It is a common knowledge among scientists.
- The only thing, however, is that scientists have assumed that they are unaware of the mechanism that it occurs.
02 – (UECE-2019/1-1ª FASE-LÍNGUA INGLESA-VESTIBULAR)
The novelty of the research mentioned in the
text is related to the
A) unveiling of what exactly allows us to learn in our
sleep.
B) unexpected contradiction of what was already
known.
C) age of people involved and to the way their
dreams were reported.
D) fact that they were supposed to speak while
sleeping.
• ANSWER (A)
- The novelty of the research mentioned in the text is related to the...
(A novidade da pesquisa citada no texto está relacionada à)
*Afirmative (A): unveiling of what exactly allows us to learn in our sleep.(o desvendamento do que exatamente nos permite aprender durante o sono.)
*Afirmative (B): unexpected contradiction of what was already known.(A contradição inesperada do que já era conhecido.)
*Afirmative (C): age of people involved and to the way their dreams were reported.(a idade das pessoas envolvidas e a forma como seus sonhos foram relatados.)
*Afirmative (D): fact that they were supposed to speak while sleeping.(o fato de que deveriam falar enquanto dormiam.)
03 – (UECE-2019/1-1ª FASE-LÍNGUA INGLESA-VESTIBULAR)
Among the previous studies, the text reports
one in which an association was established between
A) dreaming and successfully recalling new
information from the day.
B) listening to recordings during sleep and mental
confusion when waking.
C) being woken in the second REM stage of sleep
and forgetting things more easily.
D) the non-REM stage of sleep and the reactivation
and consolidation of memories.
• ANSWER (D)
- Among the previous studies, the text reports one in which an association was established between...
(Entre os estudos anteriores, o texto relata um em que foi estabelecida uma associação entre)
*Afirmative (A): dreaming and successfully recalling new information from the day.(sonhar e recordar com sucesso novas informações do dia.)
*Afirmative (B): listening to recordings during sleep and mental confusion when waking.(ouvir gravações durante o sono e confusão mental ao acordar.)
*Afirmative (C): being woken in the second REM stage of sleep and forgetting things more easily.(ser acordado no segundo estágio REM do sono e esquecer mais facilmente as coisas.)
*Afirmative (D): the non-REM stage of sleep and the reactivation and consolidation of memories.(a fase não REM do sono e a reativação e consolidação de memórias.)
04 – (UECE-2019/1-1ª FASE-LÍNGUA INGLESA-VESTIBULAR)
The new investigation was led by researchers
working at
A) the University of New York and a team from the
University of Birmingham.
B) the University of Birmingham and another
university in the UK.
C) two American universities and two other British
institutions.
D) a British University and Dexter’s Lab.
• ANSWER (B)
- The new investigation was led by researchers working at...
(A nova investigação foi conduzida por pesquisadores que trabalham na ...)
*Afirmative (A): the University of New York and a team from the University of Birmingham.(na University of New York e uma equipe da University of Birmingham.)
*Afirmative (B): the University of Birmingham and another university in the UK.(na Universidade de Birmingham e em outra universidade no Reino Unido.)
*Afirmative (C): two American universities and two other British institutions.(em duas universidades americanas e duas outras instituições britânicas.)
*Afirmative (D): a British University and Dexter’s Lab.(na British University e no Dexter’s Lab.)
05 – (UECE-2019/1-1ª FASE-LÍNGUA INGLESA-VESTIBULAR)
As to the methodology used in the research, a
group of participants had to learn associations
between words and pictures of objects or scenes and
then
A) while taking a nap, had half the words played
again.
B) sleep while listening to a recording of all the
words.
C) fall asleep thinking of the words and images.
D) take a nap and study the associations again.
• ANSWER (A)
- As to the methodology used in the research, a group of participants had to learn associations between words and pictures of objects or scenes and then...
(Quanto à metodologia utilizada na pesquisa, um grupo de participantes teve que aprender associações entre palavras e imagens de objetos ou cenas e em seguida)
*Afirmative (A): while taking a nap, had half the words played again.(durante um cochilo, teve metade das palavras repetidas.)
*Afirmative (B): sleep while listening to a recording of all the words.(dormir enquanto ouvia uma gravação de todas as palavras.)
*Afirmative (C): fall asleep thinking of the words and images.(adormecer pensando nas palavras e imagens.)
*Afirmative (D): take a nap and study the associations again.(tirar um cochilo e estudar novamente as associações.)
06 – (UECE-2019/1-1ª FASE-LÍNGUA INGLESA-VESTIBULAR)
As to the results of the research, the
participants who took a nap
A) were able to recall all the associations learned
before sleeping.
B) memorized more words and associations when
they slept for a longer period.
C) had a performance quite similar to those who did
not sleep after the presentation of the words.
D) had better memory of the pictures associated
with the words replayed in their sleep.
• ANSWER (D)
- As to the results of the research, the participants who took a nap...
(Quanto aos resultados da pesquisa, os participantes que cochilaram...)
*Afirmative (A): were able to recall all the associations learned before sleeping.(conseguiram relembrar todas as associações aprendidas antes de dormir.)
*Afirmative (B): memorized more words and associations when they slept for a longer period.(memorizaram mais palavras e associações quando dormiram por mais tempo.)
*Afirmative (C): had a performance quite similar to those who did not sleep after the presentation of the words.(tiveram desempenho bastante semelhante aos que não dormiram após a apresentação das palavras.)
*Afirmative (D): had better memory of the pictures associated with the words replayed in their sleep.(tiveram melhor memória das imagens associadas às palavras repetidas durante o sono.)
07 – (UECE-2019/1-1ª FASE-LÍNGUA INGLESA-VESTIBULAR)
Another finding of the research is related to the
electroencephalogram (EEG) that was done while the
participants were sleeping and exposed to the replay
of the words, which revealed
A) activation of brain areas not related to memories.
B) the type of brain activity going on: memory of
objects or of scenes.
C) a huge net of synapses never registered when a
person is sleeping.
D) a type of neuronal activity usually associated
with dreams.
• ANSWER (B)
08 – (UECE-2019/1-1ª FASE-LÍNGUA INGLESA-VESTIBULAR)
Scott Cairney, one of the researchers
responsible for the study, explains that the results are
relevant to understand
A) how much brain work is carried out while a
person sleeps.
B) how our brain functions while we are dreaming.
C) the way we learn and the way we keep healthy
brain functions.
D) the relation between brain activity in sleep and
our mood after waking.
• ANSWER (C)