UERJ-2014 – VESTIBULAR ESTADUAL– 1ª FASE – 1º EXAME DE QUALIFICAÇÃO – LÍNGUA INGLESA – UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL DO ESTADO DO RIO DE JANEIRO – PROVA COM GABARITO.

❑ PROVA DE LÍNGUA INGLESA: UERJ-2014-VESTIBULAR-1º EXAME DE QUALIFICAÇÃO.

https://www.uerj.br

❑ ESTRUTURA-PROVA:

➭ 5 MCQs (Multiple Choice Questions) / 4 Options Each Question.

• Text  – Wiser and older | telegraph.co.uk |

❑ TEXTO:

Wiser and older

Sometimes the world of science and medicine produces something that can only be described as unalloyed good news. We are used to stories about pollution scares and increases in the rates of cancer, but bubbling beneath is the stark reality that we live at a time when humans are healthier and live longer than at any time in our history.

The Office for National Statistics figures, recently released, make heartening if surprising reading. They show that most men are surviving until the age of 85, while women are living four years longer. Furthermore, we can expect these figures to increase as the century progresses. What’s driving this extraordinary increase in human longevity?

The increase has been driven by a number of advances. Firstly, the huge reduction in neonatal and infant deaths. These days, nearly all babies born in a prosperous advanced nation can expect to survive into adulthood. Over half the couples in the world are having fewer than two children each. This is partly because almost everywhere infant mortality is falling, globally faster today than at any time in human history.

Sanitation, vaccination and better diets have increased lifespans once we survive infancy, but they cannot wholly explain why people are living into their eighties and beyond. A cut in physical stress and a huge reduction in exposure to toxic and carcinogenic substances in the environment may explain much of the increase. In the 1950s, thousands died or became very ill during the London smogs. That threat, along with numerous other environmental containments, has gone. We have also begun to stop smoking and we are drinking less, too.

Finally, life is much safer than it used to be. As psychologist Steven Pinker shows in his book, The better angels of our nature, the history of all societies has shown an amazing decline in violence over the past century. We are ten times less likely to be murdered today than we were two hundred years ago, and three times less likely to be killed on the roads than we were in the 1960s.

So, can the increase in longevity continue? According to gerontologists, there is no clear answer. Currently the maximum human lifespan is 122 years, attained by the French woman Jeanne Calment who died in 1997. Significantly, no one has come close to her astonishing record. Instead, more and more of us are dodging the bullets of middle age and living to our personal genetic potential.

So how long is the natural human lifespan? The answer seems to be that, in a world where infectious diseases are kept at bay and where we are safe from predators and starvation, and provided we keep our lifestyles in check, most people should reach 80 or 90.

Something very big is going on, wrote Ban Ki-moon, the United Nations secretary general. He warned that “the social and economic implications of this phenomenon are profound, extending far beyond the individual older person and the immediate family, touching broader society and the global community in unprecedented ways”. What the figures show more than anything is that we need a rapid and radical rethink of how we treat the elderly among us, as they will soon be the majority.

telegraph.co.uk

01 – (UERJ-2014-VESTIBULAR-1º EXAME DE QUALIFICAÇÃO)

The first paragraph introduces the subject of the text by calling it unalloyed good news (l. 2).

This expression refers to the following fact:

(A) people are living longer
(B) science is changing quickly
(C) pollution is increasing slowly
(D) medicine is developing faster

👍 Comentários e Gabarito  A 
TÓPICO - IDEIA CONTEXTUAL ou INFORMAÇÃO DENTRO DO TEXTO:

- O primeiro parágrafo introduz o assunto do texto chamando-o de unalloyed good news.

- Esta expressão se refere ao seguinte fato:

(A) people are living longer

(as pessoas estão vivendo mais)

(B) science is changing quickly

(a ciência está mudando rapidamente)

(C) pollution is increasing slowly

(a poluição está aumentando lentamente)

(D) medicine is developing faster

(medicina está se desenvolvendo mais rápido)

- EXPLANATION:

- A questão é sobre a relação entre uma expressão nominal e seu referente, relação entre partes do texto.

1) Sometimes the world of science and medicine produces something that can only be described as unalloyed good news. We are used to stories about pollution scares and increases in the rates of cancer, but bubbling beneath is the stark reality that we live at a time when humans are healthier and live longer than at any time in our history.

2) O ponto de vista contextual é que a ciência produziu algo que pode ser descrito como uma noticia realmente boa.

3) E que noticia é esta?

4) A resposta encontramos mais adiante no trecho 'humans are healthier and live longer than at any time in our history'(os humanos estão mais saudáveis e vivem mais do que em qualquer outro momento da nossa história), em outras palavras, o aumento da longevidade humana.

5) Portanto marcar a opção (a) 'people are living longer'.

02 – (UERJ-2014-VESTIBULAR-1º EXAME DE QUALIFICAÇÃO)

most men are surviving until the age of 85, while women are living four years longer. (l. 6-7)

According to the sentence above, women will probably reach the age of:

(A) 80
(B) 81
(C) 85
(D) 89

👍 Comentários e Gabarito  D 
TÓPICO - IDEIA CONTEXTUAL ou INFORMAÇÃO DENTRO DO TEXTO:

- most men are surviving until the age of 85, while women are living four years longer.
- De acordo com a sentença acima, as mulheres provavelmente atingirão a idade de:

(A) 80
(B) 81
(C) 85
(D) 89

- EXPLANATION:

- A questão 18 é sobre informação implícita no texto, inferência matemática, relação entre partes do texto.

1) Segundo o trecho destacado, a maioria dos homens sobrevive até os 85 anos, enquanto as mulheres vivem quatro anos a mais.

2) Portanto, infere-se que as mulheres provavelmente chegarão à idade projetada de 89 anos.

03 – (UERJ-2014-VESTIBULAR-1º EXAME DE QUALIFICAÇÃO)

From the third to the fifth paragraph, the author presents the advances that led to an increase in human longevity.
In the fourth paragraph, the pair of factors affected by those advances is:

(A) diet and stress
(B) society and lifespan
(C) sanitation and infancy
(D) lifestyle and environment

👍 Comentários e Gabarito  D 
TÓPICO - IDEIA CONTEXTUAL ou INFORMAÇÃO DENTRO DO TEXTO:

- Do terceiro ao quinto parágrafo, o autor apresenta os avanços que levaram ao aumento da longevidade humana.

- No quarto parágrafo, o par de fatores afetados por esses avanços é...

(A) diet and stress
(B) society and lifespan
(C) sanitation and infancy
(D) lifestyle and environment

- EXPLANATION:

- 4º parágrafo:

'Sanitation, vaccination and better diets have increased lifespans once we survive infancy, but they cannot wholly explain why people are living into their eighties and beyond. A cut in physical stress and a huge reduction in exposure to toxic and carcinogenic substances in the environment may explain much of the increase. In the 1950s, thousands died or became very ill during the London smogs. That threat, along with numerous other environmental containments, has gone. We have also begun to stop smoking and we are drinking less, too.'

- Note que 'lifespans' e 'the environment' são os dois fatores de forma positiva pelas mudanças conforme destacadas no texto.

- 'lifestyle' e 'lifespans' são vocábulos semanticamente equivalentes, ambos expressão 'estilo de vida', ''

04 – (UERJ-2014-VESTIBULAR-1º EXAME DE QUALIFICAÇÃO)

most people should reach 80 or 90. (l. 31)

The function of should in the fragment above is to:

(A) give advice
(B) clear doubt
(C) express possibility
(D) impose obligation

👍 Comentários e Gabarito  C 
TÓPICO - VERBO MODAL:

most people should reach 80 or 90.
- A função de 'should' no fragmento acima é:
(A) give advice
(B) clear doubt
(C) express possibility
(D) impose obligation

- EXPLANATION:

- A questão é sobre uso de verbo modal, função metalinguística do modal should.

- 7º parágrafo:

'[...] The answer seems to be that, in a world where infectious diseases are kept at bay and where we are safe from predators and starvation, and provided we keep our lifestyles in check, most people should reach 80 or 90.'

- 'most people should reach 80 or 90' = a maioria das pessoas deve chegar aos 80 ou 90 anos.

- Note que quando se diz que a maioria das pessoas deve chegar aos 80 ou 90 anos, transmite-se uma ideia de possibilidade, ou seja, a ideia é, existe uma possibilidade das pessoas alcançarem  80 ou 90 anos, não é uma certeza, mas existe sim uma probabilidade da longevidade acontecer.

- Portanto é só marcar a alternativa (C), visto que o modal should expressa a ideia de possibilidade.

05 – (UERJ-2014-VESTIBULAR-1º EXAME DE QUALIFICAÇÃO)

Words and expressions such as older (title), live longer (l. 4), longevity (l. 8), older person (l. 34) and the elderly (l. 36) belong to the same semantic field.

The elderly is translated as:

(A) antigos
(B) idosos
(C) obsoletos
(D) longínquos

👍 Comentários e Gabarito  B 
TÓPICO - TRADUÇÃO / SINÔNIMOS :
- Words and expressions such as older (title), live longer (l. 4), longevity (l. 8), older person (l. 34) and the elderly (l. 36) pertencem ao mesmo campo semântico.

- The elderly is translated as:
(A) antigos
(B) idosos
(C) obsoletos
(D) longínquos

- EXPLANATION:

- A questão é sobre tradução, sinonímia, conhecimento lexical.

- older(mais velho), live longer(viver mais), longevity(longevidade), older person(pessoa mais velha), the elderly(os idosos).

- Todas as palavras fazem referência à ideia de algo que está relacionado com a duração da vida das pessoas, ou seja, a longevidade humana.

- Portanto, das opções apresentadas, marque a (B) pois 'idosos' é única que se refere a longevidade.